AP Physics 2: Algebra-Based FRQ Room
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AP Physics 2: Algebra-Based Free Response Questions
The best way to get better at FRQs is practice. Browse through dozens of practice AP $AP Physics 2: Algebra-Based FRQs to get ready for the big day.
Adjustable Pipe Flow Experiment
In an experiment, water flows through a pipe whose cross-sectional area can be mechanically adjusted
Airflow and Lift on an Airfoil
An airplane wing is designed so that the air above the wing travels at a different speed than the ai
Airflow Over an Airplane Wing via Bernoulli's Equation
Airflow over an airplane wing results in a pressure difference that contributes to lift. Answer the
Airfoil Lift and Pressure Differential Measurements
An aerospace student designs an experiment in a wind tunnel to measure the lift generated by an airf
Airfoil Pressure Distribution Study
A series of experiments was conducted in a wind tunnel to measure the pressure distribution along a
Analysis of Experimental Data: Fluid Pressure on Vertical Surfaces
A civil engineer conducts an experiment to measure the pressure exerted by water on a vertical surfa
Analysis of Flow in a Curved Pipe
Water flows through a curved pipe, where the curvature induces additional centrifugal effects.
Analyzing Experimental Data on Fluid Flow
Researchers studied the flow of an incompressible fluid in a pipe by measuring the flow speed and co
Bernoulli’s Equation in a Constricted Pipe
A pump forces water through a horizontal pipe that gradually constricts. At point 1 (where the pipe
Bernoulli's Equation in a Horizontal Pipe
A horizontal pipe carries water and gradually narrows. In the wide Section 1 (diameter 8 cm), the wa
Bernoulli's Equation in Constricted Flow
Water flows through a horizontal pipe that gradually narrows. At Point 1, the cross-sectional area i
Bernoulli's Equation in Pipe Flow
A pump forces water through a horizontal pipe that includes a constriction. At Point 1 (just after t
Bernoulli's Equation with Incorrect Height Reference
A student constructs an experiment using a pipe system with both horizontal and vertical segments to
Bernoulli’s Principle and Air Flow Over an Airfoil
An airfoil (wing cross-section) diagram shows streamlines of air with different velocities above and
Buoyancy and Archimedes' Principle Investigation
In a laboratory experiment, a researcher investigates the buoyancy of objects using ethyl alcohol (d
Buoyancy and Fractional Submersion
An object with a mass of $$150\,kg$$ and a volume of $$0.75\,m^3$$ is placed in a liquid of density
Buoyancy and Immersion Fraction
A homogeneous solid object has a mass of $$200$$ kg and a volume of $$1.0$$ m³. It is placed in two
Buoyancy and Submerged Volume
This problem focuses on buoyancy calculations using Archimedes’ principle and the concept of volume
Buoyancy Experiment with Incorrect Variable Substitution
A student designs an experiment to determine the fraction of an object's volume that is submerged wh
Buoyant Force and Submerged Volume Analysis
An object with a mass of 150 kg and a volume of 0.75 m³ is observed to float in ethyl alcohol (densi
Channel Flow Dynamics Analysis
A researcher examines fluid flow in a channel with varying cross-sectional areas, applying the conti
Column Pressure Analysis
A series of experiments is conducted to analyze the pressure exerted by vertical cement columns on t
Comparing Fluid Pressures in Different Media
Two open-top tanks contain different fluids. Tank 1 is filled with water (density = $$1000 \cdot kg/
Computer Simulation of Fluid Flow in Pipes
A researcher uses a computer simulation to model fluid flow in pipes containing obstacles. The simul
Continuity Equation in a Non-Uniform Pipe
A researcher is analyzing water flow in a circular pipe whose diameter changes along its length. At
Continuity Equation in a Varying-Diameter Pipe
A fluid flows through a pipe that changes diameter along its length. At Section 1, the pipe has a ra
Continuity Equation: Flow in a Non-uniform Pipe
A circular pipe carries water smoothly. At Point 1, the radius is $$2\,cm$$ with a measured velocity
Density Determination by Immersion Experiment
A student conducts an experiment to determine the density of a metal cylinder by measuring the chang
Density Determination Experiment
A student performs an experiment to determine the density of three different liquids by measuring sm
Density Measurement via Displacement Experiment
In this experiment, a student uses the displacement method to measure the density of an unknown liqu
Designing a Multi-Variable Experiment on Fluid Properties
A research team is designing an experiment to investigate how fluid density, viscosity, and flow spe
Designing a Water Fountain: Pressure and Flow
A landscape architect is designing a water fountain and needs the water jet to reach a maximum heigh
Designing an Optimal Fluid Transport System
In a chemical plant, an optimal fluid transport system needs to be designed for a viscous liquid. De
Determining Buoyant Force on a Partially Submerged Object
A physics student examines the buoyant force experienced by an object when it is partially submerged
Dynamics of a Floating Body in Fluid
A student investigates the dynamics of a floating object in water. The hypothesis is that when an ob
Effect of Fluid Density on Buoyancy Force
An object with a fixed volume of $$0.1 \; m^3$$ is fully submerged in two different fluids. Answer t
Energy Conservation in Fluid Flows
Using Bernoulli's equation, derive an expression that relates the change in kinetic energy per unit
Examining Temperature Effects on Density and Pressure
A fluid contained in a sealed vessel is heated from $$20^\circ C$$ to $$80^\circ C$$. At $$20^\circ
Experimental Design: Measuring Fluid Density Using Displacement
A researcher aims to measure the density of an unknown liquid using a water displacement method in a
Experimental Determination of Fluid Viscosity Using Flow Rate Measurements
A researcher seeks to determine the viscosity of a fluid using a capillary tube method. In the exper
Exploration of Hydrostatic Pressure in a Dam Wall
A dam holds back a reservoir of water with a density of $$1000~kg/m^3$$. Consider the dam's vertical
Flow in an Open Channel: Continuity and Energy Considerations
Water flows in an open channel that narrows from a width of 4.0 m to 2.0 m. In the wider section, th
Flow Through Irregular Channels
An experiment is carried out to measure water flow in an irregular channel where the cross-sectional
Fluid Flow in an Open-Channel System: Integration of Concepts
A researcher conducts a comprehensive investigation of fluid flow in an open-channel system (e.g., a
Fluid Flow in Curved Pipes and Centrifugal Effects
In a chemical processing plant, fluid flows through a curved pipe. The curvature induces centrifugal
Fluid Jet from a Tank Orifice
Water is flowing out of a small circular hole located near the bottom of a large tank. According to
Force Analysis on a Dam Structure Using Fluid Pressure
A dam holds back a reservoir of water with a depth of 20 m. The vertical face of the dam has a width
Force on a Dam from Hydrostatic Pressure
A dam holds back a body of water. The vertical, rectangular face of the dam is 10 m high and 20 m wi
Graphical Analysis of Flow Speed Variation
A researcher has collected experimental data on the relationship between a pipe's cross-sectional ar
Hydrostatic Force on a Rectangular Dam
A dam is 20 m wide and 15 m high, holding back water with a density of $$1000 \; kg/m^3$$.
Hydrostatic Pressure in Fluid Tanks
A tank is filled with water (density = $$1000 \cdot kg/m^3$$). The gauge pressure in the tank is mea
Hydrostatic Pressure Miscalculation Experiment
A student sets up an experiment to measure the pressure at the bottom of a water tank. The student f
Hydrostatic Pressure Profile in a Tank
An open tank is filled with a liquid of density $$\rho$$. The pressure at a depth h is given by $$P
Impact of Temperature on Fluid Density and Pressure
In a controlled experiment, it is observed that a liquid's density decreases by 1% for every 5°C inc
Investigating Fluid Pressure with a Manometer
A researcher employs a U-tube manometer to measure the gauge pressure in a pressurized system using
Investigating the Effects of Fluid Density on Buoyancy of a Hot Air Balloon
A small-scale hot air balloon model has a volume of $$50 \cdot m^3$$. During a test, the density of
Lift Generation in Airfoils
An airplane wing is designed so that air flows over its upper surface at a higher speed than beneath
Measurement and Correction of Fluid Pressure
A pressure sensor installed in a water tank provides the following readings at different depths: |
Pressure Distribution in a Fluid at Rest
Consider a tank filled with a liquid of density $$\rho$$. The pressure at a given depth is described
Pressure Sensor Calibration in Fluid Storage Tanks
An engineer uses a pressure sensor at the bottom of a water storage tank to measure the fluid level.
Pressure Variation in a Fluid Column
A tall building has a water tank located on its roof, 50 m above ground level. (a) Calculate the hyd
Static Fluid Pressure in a Tank
A cylindrical tank is filled with water (density $$\rho = 1000 \; kg/m^3$$). Consider a point locate
Temperature Effects on Fluid Density
In an experiment, the density of water was measured at different temperatures. The results are shown
Temperature Effects on Fluid Density and Pressure
A particular fluid has a density of 950 kg/m³ at 20°C and its density decreases by 0.2% for every 1°
Temperature Effects on Fluid Pressure
Changes in temperature can affect the density of a fluid, and therefore the hydrostatic pressure at
The Impact of Temperature on Fluid Viscosity and Flow
During an experiment, it was observed that the viscosity of a fluid decreases as temperature increas
Turbulent vs. Laminar Flow: Reynolds Number Misinterpretation
A student conducts an experiment to study the transition from laminar to turbulent flow in a pipe by
Variable Buoyancy: Measuring Submerged Fraction of an Object
Design an experiment to measure how the submerged volume fraction of an object changes in fluids wit
Venturi Meter and Bernoulli's Equation
A Venturi meter is installed in a horizontal pipe. The pipe narrows such that the cross-sectional ar
Adiabatic Process Analysis: Measuring Temperature and Work in Rapid Gas Expansion
Adiabatic processes occur with no heat transfer. Design an experiment to analyze a rapid gas expansi
Adiabatic vs. Isothermal Process Comparison
A gas transitions between the same initial and final states via two different processes: an adiabati
Adiabatic vs. Isothermal Transition Timing Experiment Error
A student designs an experiment to compare adiabatic and isothermal expansions of a gas by rapidly m
Analysis of Conduction, Convection, and Radiation in Heat Transfer Experiment
An experiment is designed to study different modes of heat transfer. In one part of the experiment,
Comparative Analysis of Convection and Radiation Heating
A scientist conducts an experiment comparing two heating methods: convection and radiation. The tabl
Comparative Analysis of Heat Loss in Buildings
In residential buildings during winter, significant energy loss occurs due to heat transfer. (a) Id
Comparison of Isothermal and Adiabatic Processes
A gas transitions between the same initial and final states via two different paths: one is isotherm
Conduction Across Layered Materials
A claim is made that the rate of heat transfer through a composite wall can be accurately described
Contained Gas Pressure and the Ideal Gas Law
Investigate the pressure exerted by a gas confined in a cylindrical container. Summarize how the Ide
Designing a Heat Engine
A heat engine draws $$800\;J$$ of heat from a high-temperature source and expels $$450\;J$$ as exhau
Designing a Thermodynamic Experiment
You are tasked with designing an experiment to measure the effect of temperature on the rate of heat
Designing a Thermos: Minimizing Heat Transfer
A thermos is designed to keep liquids hot by minimizing heat transfer. Discuss the design features c
Designing an Experiment on Thermal Conductivity Variation with Material
A laboratory experiment is conducted to compare the thermal conductivity of different materials usin
Determining Specific Heat Capacity Through Comparative Heating
In a laboratory experiment, a student heats 200 g of water and 200 g of an unknown liquid with the s
Deviations of Real Gases from Ideal Behavior
The ideal gas law, $$PV = nRT$$, describes gases under ideal conditions. However, at high pressures
Effects of Mole Number on Gas Pressure
In a series of experiments with a fixed-volume container at constant temperature, the number of mole
Effects of Volume Changes on Gas Pressure and Work in Isobaric Processes
In an isobaric process, a gas expands or contracts at constant pressure, doing work on or by the sur
Entropy Change in Gas Mixing Experiment
Two chambers, each containing 0.5 moles of an identical ideal gas at 300 K and with a volume of 0.01
Entropy Change Measurement Experiment Error
A student designs an experiment to measure the entropy change of a gas during sudden expansion into
Entropy Changes in Thermodynamic Processes
A researcher examines a system that undergoes two processes: the system absorbs heat and then reject
Experimental Design for Gas Effusion
Graham's law states that the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root
Heat Conduction Through Materials
Heat conduction in a material is governed by the equation $$\frac{Q}{\Delta t} = \frac{k * A * \Delt
Heat Engine Work Cycle Analysis
A heat engine operates by drawing $$Q_H = 800\,J$$ of heat from a high-temperature source and discar
Heat Transfer by Conduction
For a metal rod, the rate of heat transfer by conduction is described by $$\frac{Q}{\Delta t}=\frac{
Heat Transfer by Conduction in Building Insulation
A building wall is made of a material with thermal conductivity $$k = 0.04\;W/(m*K)$$. The wall has
Isothermal and Adiabatic Processes in Ideal Gases
An ideal gas undergoes an isothermal expansion from an initial volume $$V_1$$ to a final volume $$V_
Kinetic Energy and Temperature Relationship
An experiment on an ideal gas was conducted to measure the average molecular kinetic energy and temp
Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution Analysis
A researcher claims that increasing the temperature of a gas not only increases the average speed of
Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution Analysis
The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution characterizes the spread of molecular speeds in an ideal gas. (a)
Pressure Changes in a Sealed Rigid Container
A sealed, rigid container (i.e., constant volume) contains an ideal gas. (a) Derive the relationsh
Pressure Changes in an Isochoric Process
In an isochoric process, a gas is heated while its volume remains constant, causing the pressure to
Pressure Force in a Confined Gas
A cylindrical container of radius 15 cm and height 30 cm contains 0.6 mole of an ideal gas at 433 K.
Radiative Heat Transfer Experiment Error
In an experiment designed to quantify radiative heat transfer, a student sets up a hot plate surroun
Refrigeration Cycle Energy Analysis
A researcher studies a refrigeration cycle that operates through a closed loop consisting of compres
Reversibility and Work in Thermodynamic Cycles
A reversible thermodynamic cycle is performed, and a P–V diagram of the cycle is recorded. Use the d
Specific Heat Capacity Calorimetry Experiment Error
A student performs a calorimetry experiment to determine the specific heat capacity of a metal sampl
Transient Heat Conduction Analysis
The transient heat conduction in a solid can be described by the heat equation: $$\frac{\partial T}{
Work Calculation in Sequential Thermodynamic Processes
A gas undergoes a two-step process: an isobaric expansion followed by an isochoric heating. Using th
Work Done in Thermodynamic Processes
A gas undergoes two different expansion processes between the same initial and final states as descr
Work in Cyclic Thermodynamic Processes
A researcher analyzes two different cyclic processes shown on P–V diagrams. Process 1 follows a rect
Comparative Analysis: Charging by Conduction vs. Induction
A metal sphere is charged using two distinct methods: conduction and induction. Compare the processe
Diagram Analysis: Electric Field Lines and Equipotentials in a Dipole
The following diagram represents an electric dipole configuration. It shows two charges located on t
Distance Dependence in Coulomb's Law
Coulomb's Law quantitatively describes the force between two point charges as inversely proportional
Electric Field and Potential of an Infinite Charged Sheet
A very large sheet has a uniform surface charge density σ = 5.0×10^-6 C/m². Answer the following: (a
Electric Field Due to a Dipole
A dipole consists of two point charges: $$+4.0 \times 10^{-9} \; C$$ and $$-4.0 \times 10^{-9} \; C$
Electric Field Superposition in a Triangular Configuration
Three point charges are fixed at the vertices of an equilateral triangle. A fourth charge is placed
Electric Potential Due to a Point Charge
A point charge of $$+2.0*10^{-9}$$ C creates an electric potential in the surrounding space. (a) Ca
Electric Potential Due to Multiple Charges
Consider two point charges: $$Q_1 = +2 \times 10^{-9} \; C$$ located at \((-0.04 \; m, 0)\) and $$Q_
Electric Potential Energy in Uniform Field
A researcher moves a charge $$q$$ along the direction of a uniform electric field $$E$$. The displac
Electric Potential from Multiple Point Charges
Two fixed point charges, $$Q_1$$ and $$Q_2$$, are located at specified positions. A point A is locat
Electric Potential Measurement Setup: Reference Point Error
An experiment is set up to measure the electric potential around a fixed point charge. A voltmeter i
Electrostatic Shielding
A researcher investigates the phenomenon of electrostatic shielding by placing a charged rod near a
Energy Storage in a Parallel-Plate Capacitor
A parallel-plate capacitor has a capacitance of 10 nF and holds a charge of 50 μC on each plate. (a
Energy Storage: Impact of Plate Separation in a Capacitor Connected to a Battery
A parallel-plate capacitor connected to a battery maintains a constant potential difference V. Initi
Equilibrium of an Object in a Uniform Electric Field
An object of mass 5 g is suspended in a uniform electric field of $$1.0*10^{6}$$ N/C such that the u
Equipotential Maps for a Dipole Configuration
An electric dipole consisting of charges $$+Q$$ and $$-Q$$ creates an intricate pattern of electric
Mapping Equipotential Surfaces in a Non-uniform Electric Field
In a region of space, the electric potential has been measured at various distances from a fixed cha
Motion of a Charged Particle in Combined Electric and Gravitational Fields
A charged particle has a mass of $$2.0*10^{-3}$$ kg and a charge of $$+1.0*10^{-6}$$ C. It is releas
Potential Difference in a Non-Uniform Electric Field
Consider a region where the electric field varies with position according to $$E(x) = 5.0*10^{4} - 2
Potential Difference in a Parallel-Plate Capacitor
A parallel-plate capacitor has plates of area A = 0.05 m² separated by a distance d = 0.001 m and is
Square Charge Configuration
A researcher sets up a square configuration in vacuum with four point charges placed at the corners
Superposition of Forces in a Square Configuration
Four equal positive point charges are placed at the vertices of a square. A negative charge is place
Torque on an Electric Dipole
An electric dipole in a uniform electric field experiences a torque that tends to align the dipole w
Vector Addition of Electric Forces in an Equilateral Triangle
Three point charges are placed at the vertices of an equilateral triangle with each side measuring 0
Work and Change in Electric Potential Energy in a Uniform Field
A positive test charge of $$q = +2.0 \times 10^{-6}\,C$$ is moved a distance of $$0.05\,m$$ in the d
Work Done and Change in Electric Potential Energy
A particle with charge $$q = +3.0 \times 10^{-9} \; C$$ is displaced by $$0.05 \; m$$ in the directi
Work Done in a Uniform Electric Field
A positive charge $$q$$ is moved through a distance $$d$$ in a uniform electric field $$E$$. Analyze
Analysis of a Circuit with Time-Dependent Current (Transient Response)
In an RC circuit, the current during the charging phase of a capacitor is given by $$I(t) = \frac{V}
Analyzing Ammeter and Voltmeter Measurements
A circuit is constructed with a battery and a resistor. An ammeter and a voltmeter are connected to
Analyzing Series-Parallel Combinations of Capacitors
Capacitors can be combined in series or parallel to yield different equivalent capacitances. Answer
Analyzing the Effect of Wire Geometry on Resistance Measurements
A student investigates how the resistance of a wire depends on its length and cross-sectional area b
Applying Kirchhoff’s Laws in Multi-Loop Circuits
A circuit consists of two loops sharing a common resistor. The components of this circuit are provid
Battery and Capacitor in Renewable Energy Applications
In a simplified model of a solar panel energy storage system, a battery with an ideal EMF of 18 V an
Battery Internal Resistance and Terminal Voltage
This question investigates the effects of a battery's internal resistance on its terminal voltage wh
Battery Internal Resistance and Terminal Voltage Analysis
A battery with an electromotive force (EMF) of 12 V is modeled as an ideal voltage source in series
Capacitor Charging Experiment in an RC Circuit
A student assembles an RC circuit that includes a 12 V battery, a 3 Ω resistor, and an initially unc
Capacitor Discharging Analysis
A fully charged 12 V capacitor in an RC circuit is allowed to discharge through a resistor. The volt
Capacitor Energy Storage and Discharge Efficiency
A capacitor with a capacitance of 10 μF is charged to 12 V and then discharged through a load. The t
Circuit Analysis with Multiple Voltage Sources
A circuit contains two batteries with EMFs of 12 V and 9 V connected in opposition (i.e., the positi
Circuit Analysis: Series and Parallel Resistors
In an experiment, a circuit is assembled using a battery with voltage $$V$$ and a network of resisto
Circuit Diagram Analysis
Examine the following circuit diagram and answer the questions below. The diagram is meant to repres
Comparison of Energy Storage in Capacitors and Batteries
Both capacitors and batteries store energy, but they do so via different physical mechanisms. Answer
Determining Effective Resistance in a Complex Series-Parallel Network
A student constructs a circuit consisting of four resistors arranged in a complex series-parallel co
Effect of Adding a Parallel Resistor in a Series Circuit
Consider a circuit consisting of a 9 V battery connected in series with a 12 Ω resistor. A 24 Ω resi
Effect of Wire Geometry on Resistance and Current Flow
The resistance of a wire is governed by its material and geometric properties, as expressed by $$R=\
Impact of Internal Resistance on Battery Performance
A battery with an electromotive force (EMF) of $$9\,V$$ and an internal resistance of $$1\,\Omega$$
Investigating Charge Leakage Effects in Capacitor Charging Experiment
A student studies the charging curve of a capacitor in an RC circuit by recording the voltage over t
Maximum Power Transfer in a Circuit with Internal Resistance
A battery with an EMF of 9 V and an internal resistance of $$1\;\Omega$$ is connected to an external
Multi-loop Circuit Analysis with a Capacitor
A circuit consists of two loops. In the first loop, a resistor of $$4\,\Omega$$ is connected in seri
Power Dissipation in Resistor Circuits
A resistor circuit is tested under various load conditions. The table below provides the measured vo
RC Circuit Analysis with Switch Operations
In an RC circuit with a switch, experimental measurements indicate that immediately after closing th
RC Circuit Response and Steady State Behavior
Consider an RC circuit containing a battery, a resistor, a capacitor, and an additional resistor in
Resistivity and Material Properties
In a study of different conductive materials, wires of identical dimensions (length = 2 m, cross-sec
Resistivity and Material Properties Experiment
A student investigates the influence of material properties on resistance by measuring wires made of
Resistor Networks and Equivalent Resistance
A circuit contains three resistors arranged in a mixed series-parallel configuration. Resistors R1 =
Resistor Networks: Series and Parallel Combinations
Consider a circuit containing resistors arranged both in series and in parallel as indicated by the
Transient Response Analysis in an RC Circuit
An RC circuit is connected to a $$10 \text{ V}$$ battery with a resistor of $$5 \Omega$$ and a capac
Transient Response Analysis in an RC Circuit at Switch Closure
An RC circuit is suddenly closed (switch closed), resulting in a rapid change in current through the
Validating Ohm's Law with a Non-Ohmic Conductor
A student attempts to validate Ohm's law by plotting the voltage-current (V–I) relationship for a fi
Voltage Drop Analysis with Battery Internal Resistance
A battery with an EMF of 12 V and an internal resistance of 0.5 Ω is connected to an external resist
Wire Resistance Calculation
A platinum wire has a length of $$2\,m$$ and a radius of $$1\,mm$$. Given the resistivity of platinu
Analyzing Induced EMF with Sinusoidal Variation
Consider a loop in which the magnetic flux varies sinusoidally over time, described by $$\Theta_B(t)
Changing Magnetic Flux Through a Circuit
Magnetic flux through a loop can be altered by changes in the loop’s area, the strength of the magne
Charged Particle in a Non-Uniform Magnetic Field
A charged particle with charge $$q = 2 \times 10^{-6}$$ C moves along the x-axis at a constant speed
Comparative Analysis of Induced Currents
A physics laboratory is set up to compare three different methods of inducing a current in a wire lo
Design and Optimization of an Electromagnet
A student is tasked with designing an electromagnet using a solenoid to generate a target magnetic f
Designing a Magnetic Levitation Experiment
A researcher aims to levitate a small object using a combination of current-carrying coils and perma
Designing an Electromagnet with a Solenoid
Electromagnets can be constructed using solenoids. In this problem, you will derive the magnetic fie
Designing an Electromagnetic Induction Experiment
You are tasked with designing an experiment to investigate how the rotational speed of a coil affect
Determining Magnetic Permeability via Solenoid Insertion
Design an experiment to determine the magnetic permeability of a material by inserting it into a sol
Distance Dependence of Magnetic Field from a Current Wire
An experiment measured the magnetic field strength at various distances from a long, straight wire c
Effect of Magnetic Field Strength on Induced Current
Design an experiment to explore how varying the magnetic field strength affects the induced current
Effect of Material's Magnetic Permeability
Magnetic permeability is a material property that affects how a material responds to an external mag
Electromagnetic Induction and Energy Conversion
This FRQ focuses on the conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy via electromagnetic i
Energy Dissipation in Resistive Magnetic Systems
An experiment investigates energy dissipation in a circuit where an induced current flows through a
Experimental Determination of Magnetic Permeability
Design an experiment to measure the magnetic permeability of various materials by comparing the magn
Faraday's Law in Rotating Loop Experiment
An experiment is conducted in which a circular loop rotates at a constant angular speed in a uniform
Force Cancellation in a U-Shaped Conductor
Design an experiment to investigate the conditions under which the net magnetic force on a U-shaped
Force on a Current-Carrying Wire
Consider a U-shaped wire placed in a uniform magnetic field that is directed out of the page. A curr
Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field
A charged particle moves through a uniform magnetic field. Analyze the factors affecting the magnitu
Graphical Analysis of Magnetic Flux Change
This FRQ involves analyzing experimental data on magnetic flux change over time, determining the ind
Induced EMF in a Time-Varying Solenoid Field
A solenoid with 300 turns and a cross-sectional area of 0.05 m² produces an axial magnetic field tha
Investigating Induced Current in a Loop with Changing Orientation
Design an experiment to investigate how changing the orientation of a loop relative to a magnetic fi
Investigating the Uniform Magnetic Field Within a Solenoid
A researcher sets up a solenoid experiment to measure the uniform magnetic field inside the coil. Th
Magnetic Field Diagram Analysis
Examine the provided diagram of a bar magnet's magnetic field. The diagram shows a bar magnet labele
Magnetic Field Visualization and Field Lines
This FRQ addresses mapping magnetic fields using iron filings and interpreting the patterns observed
Magnetic Field vs. Distance from Wire
A long, straight wire carrying a constant current produces a magnetic field whose strength decreases
Magnetic Force Cancellation in a U-Shaped Wire
A U-shaped wire is immersed in a uniform magnetic field of $$0.5\;T$$. The report claims that by pas
Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor
A U-shaped wire is partially immersed in a uniform magnetic field. Parts of the wire experience diff
Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Wire in a U-Shaped Conductor
This FRQ examines the application of the magnetic force formula on current-carrying conductors and e
Magnetic Force on a Moving Charge
A charged particle moves through a uniform magnetic field. Use the relationship that the magnetic fo
Magnetic Force on Protons Near a Current-Carrying Wire
In an experiment to study the deflection of protons moving near a long, straight current-carrying wi
Magnetic Levitation System Design
A researcher is tasked with designing a magnetic levitation system to suspend a small object. The go
Mapping Magnetic Field Lines with Iron Filings
A bar magnet is placed on a flat surface and iron filings are sprinkled around it. Describe how yo
Mapping the Magnetic Field of a Current-Carrying Wire
Design an experiment to map the magnetic field produced by a long, straight current-carrying wire an
Measurement of Induced Current in a Transformer Experiment
A group of students builds a simple transformer and measures the induced current in the secondary co
Measurement of Lorentz Force on a Moving Conductor
A laboratory experiment is set up to measure the Lorentz force acting on a copper bar that slides al
Motional EMF and Energy Conversion Analysis
A conducting rod of length $$l = 0.8 \; m$$ moves to the right at a constant speed of $$v = 4 \; m/s
Motional EMF in a Moving Conductor
A conducting rod moving through a magnetic field develops an induced emf due to magnetic forces on f
Motional EMF in a Sliding Bar Circuit
A U-shaped rail of length 1 m is connected by a sliding conductive bar, forming a rectangular circui
Net Force on a Current-Carrying U-shaped Wire
Consider a U-shaped wire immersed in a uniform magnetic field of magnitude $$B = 0.2 \; T$$ directed
Right-Hand Rule Application in a Multi-Charge System
Three particles are moving in a uniform magnetic field of $$0.4$$ T with the following properties: •
Solenoid and Uniform Magnetic Field
Investigate the magnetic field inside a solenoid and the assumption of its uniformity.
Solenoid Magnetic Field Measurement Experiment
A team of students sets out to measure the magnetic field inside a solenoid using a Hall effect sens
Testing the Right-Hand Rule for Magnetic Force Directions
An experiment is performed where charged particles are propelled in known directions through a unifo
Trajectory Analysis of a Charged Particle in a Non-Uniform Magnetic Field
A charged particle with charge $$q$$ and mass $$m$$ enters a region where the magnetic field varies
U-Shaped Wire in a Magnetic Field
A U-shaped wire is immersed in a uniform magnetic field. Analyze the forces on its different segment
Uniform Magnetic Field in a Solenoid Experiment
An experiment is conducted using a solenoid as an electromagnet, and it is claimed that the magnetic
Zero Net Force Condition in a U-Shaped Conductor
A U-shaped conductor is placed in a uniform magnetic field and carries a current. Under specific con
Analyzing the Polarization of Electromagnetic Waves
Polarization describes the orientation of light waves. In this problem, you will explain polarizatio
Comprehensive Analysis of Optical Imaging Systems
Design an experiment that integrates lenses and mirrors to project an image onto a screen. This comp
Concave Mirror Ray Diagram: Reflection Error Analysis
A student is asked to draw ray diagrams for a concave mirror experiment. The student accurately reco
Converging Lens Magnification Experiment
A student performs an experiment with a converging (bi-convex) lens. In this setup, an object is pla
Convex Mirror Image Formation
This question examines the properties of images formed by convex mirrors and requires you to perform
Diffraction Limits in Optical Instruments
The resolving power of optical instruments is limited by diffraction. Answer the following:
Diverging Lens: Sign Convention Error Analysis
In an experiment using a diverging lens, a student measures object distance, image distance, and ima
Double Slit Interference Experiment
In a Young's double-slit experiment, two slits separated by $$d = 1.5 \text{ mm}$$ are illuminated b
Electromagnetic Wave Characteristics
An electromagnetic wave travels in a vacuum with a speed of $$c = 3.0*10^8\,m/s$$ and has a waveleng
Image Formation by Convex Mirrors
A convex mirror has a focal length of $$20\,cm$$. An object is placed $$30\,cm$$ in front of the mir
Image Formation with a Convex Mirror
An object 8 cm tall is placed 30 cm in front of a convex mirror with a focal length of -15 cm (using
Impact of Wavelength on Single Slit Diffraction Patterns
In an experiment, a student investigates how changing the light's wavelength affects the diffraction
Interference Patterns in Thin Films
A thin oil film (with refractive index n = 1.3) lies on water (n = 1.33) and is illuminated with whi
Investigating the Law of Reflection with a Plane Mirror
Develop an experiment to verify the law of reflection using a plane mirror. Your design should inclu
Lens-Mirror Combination Instrument
A researcher designs an optical instrument that integrates a converging lens with a focal length of
Optical Fibers and Total Internal Reflection
Optical fibers use total internal reflection to transmit light signals with minimal loss. Consider a
Plane Mirror Image Analysis
A researcher investigates image formation by plane mirrors. An object is placed 2.0 m in front of a
Polarization and Electromagnetic Wave Behavior
In an experiment testing polarization, a polarizer is rotated and the transmitted light intensity is
Polarization and Light Intensity Experiment
A student in an optics lab investigates the effect of polarization on light transmission. The experi
Ray Tracing Verification for Spherical Mirrors
Design an experiment to verify the mirror equation using ray tracing with a concave spherical mirror
Reflection and Refraction using Snell’s Law
Light undergoes refraction when passing between different media. Consider light traveling from air i
Reflection and Refraction: Snell's Law Experiment
A researcher directs a beam of light from air (index $$n_1 = 1.0$$) into a glass block with an index
Single Slit Diffraction Analysis
A single slit of width $$a = 0.1\,mm$$ is illuminated by monochromatic light with a wavelength of $$
Single Slit Diffraction Analysis
In a single slit experiment, a diffraction pattern is recorded. A graph of intensity versus angle is
Spherical Mirror Ray Tracing and Image Analysis
A student investigates the formation of images using a concave mirror through ray tracing. The exper
Spherical Mirrors: Concave Mirror Ray Tracing
An experiment is performed using a concave mirror. The following table shows measurements for two di
Total Internal Reflection in Prisms
A triangular prism made of glass with an index of 1.6 is used to redirect a light beam. A light ray
Total Internal Reflection: Critical Angle Error Analysis
In an experiment intended to determine the critical angle for total internal reflection at the water
Total Internal Reflection: Measuring the Critical Angle between Water and Air
Design an experiment to determine the critical angle for total internal reflection at the water-air
Young's Double-Slit Experiment Analysis
In a Young's double-slit experiment, the slit separation is $$d = 1.5*10^{-3}\,m$$, the distance to
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- Of course, make sure to run through College Board's past FRQ questions!
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- Reddit it also a great place to find AP free response questions that other students may have access to.