AP Physics 2: Algebra-Based FRQ Room
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AP Physics 2: Algebra-Based Free Response Questions
The best way to get better at FRQs is practice. Browse through dozens of practice AP Physics 2: Algebra-Based FRQs to get ready for the big day.
Adjustable Pipe Flow Experiment
In an experiment, water flows through a pipe whose cross-sectional area can be mechanically adjusted
Airflow and Lift on an Aircraft Wing using Bernoulli's Principle
An aircraft wing is designed so that the airspeed over the top surface is 250 m/s and beneath the wi
Airflow over an Airfoil Experiment
A wind tunnel experiment investigates the pressure distribution on an airfoil. Sensors along the cho
Airfoil Lift and Pressure Differential Measurements
An aerospace student designs an experiment in a wind tunnel to measure the lift generated by an airf
Airfoil Pressure Distribution Study
A series of experiments was conducted in a wind tunnel to measure the pressure distribution along a
Analysis of Flow in a Curved Pipe
Water flows through a curved pipe, where the curvature induces additional centrifugal effects.
Analyzing Submerged Structures in Fluids
A marine structure is designed to float partially submerged in a lake. The structure has a total mas
Bernoulli’s Equation in a Constricted Pipe
A fluid flows through a horizontal pipe that gradually constricts. At the wide section (Point 1) the
Bernoulli's Equation with Incorrect Height Reference
A student constructs an experiment using a pipe system with both horizontal and vertical segments to
Bernoulli's Principle in Lift Generation
Aircraft wings generate lift in part due to differences in airspeed above and below the wing. (a) Ex
Buoyancy and Immersion Fraction
A homogeneous solid object has a mass of $$200$$ kg and a volume of $$1.0$$ m³. It is placed in two
Buoyancy and Stability of a Floating Body
A rectangular boat with a flat bottom is floating in freshwater (density = 1000 kg/m³). The boat has
Buoyancy Experiment: Verifying Archimedes' Principle
Design an experiment to measure the buoyant force on objects immersed in different fluids and thereb
Buoyancy Force Miscalculation Experiment
A student aims to measure the buoyant force acting on an object immersed in ethyl alcohol using a sp
Buoyant Stability and Metacentric Height in Floating Bodies
A floating vessel is designed with specific dimensions to ensure stability. A diagram of the vessel’
Comparative Study of Fluids Using a U-Tube Manometer
In a laboratory, students use a U-tube manometer to compare the densities of two unknown fluids. The
Continuity Equation and Variable Pipe Flow
A horizontal pipe carrying a fluid branches into two tubes of different diameters. Analyze the situa
Continuity Equation in a Constricted Pipe Experiment
A student sets up a horizontal pipe with two sections: one wide and one significantly constricted. T
Continuity Equation in a Varying-Diameter Pipe
A fluid flows through a pipe that changes diameter along its length. At Section 1, the pipe has a ra
Density Determination Using a Hydrometer Experiment
In an experiment to determine the density of various liquids, a hydrometer is used. The operating pr
Density Variation in Immiscible Fluids
An object is submerged partly in oil and partly in water. A table provides mass and volume data for
Designing a Fluid Flow Experiment in a Lab Environment
You are tasked with designing an experiment to measure the volume flow rate of water through a horiz
Designing an Experiment to Validate the Continuity Equation
An engineering team aims to validate the continuity equation for an incompressible fluid flowing thr
Designing an Optimal Fluid Transport System
In a chemical plant, an optimal fluid transport system needs to be designed for a viscous liquid. De
Determining Buoyant Force on a Partially Submerged Object
A physics student examines the buoyant force experienced by an object when it is partially submerged
Dynamic Pressure and Nozzle Flow
An industrial nozzle is designed to eject a high-speed jet of water. The inlet pressure is measured
Energy Conversion in Hydraulic Systems
Hydraulic systems utilize fluid flow to convert energy and perform work. As fluid flows, energy is t
Flow Rate Analysis Using a Venturi Meter
A venturi meter is installed in a pipe to measure water flow. The meter has an inlet diameter of $$D
Fluid Flow in a River: Application of the Continuity Equation
A field study of a river involves measuring water flow through sections of differing cross-sectional
Fluid Flow Through an Orifice
A large tank drains water through a small orifice at its bottom. According to Torricelli’s law, the
Fluid Pressure in a Rotating System
In a rotating cylindrical container, a fluid forms a parabolic free surface due to the centrifugal e
Fluid Velocity and Pipe Cross-Section Experiment
According to the continuity equation, the product of cross-sectional area and velocity remains const
Force Analysis on a Dam Structure Using Fluid Pressure
A dam holds back a reservoir of water with a depth of 20 m. The vertical face of the dam has a width
Hydrostatic Pressure in an Open Tank
A researcher is investigating the hydrostatic pressure in an open water tank. The tank holds water w
Hydrostatic Pressure Profile in a Tank
An open tank is filled with a liquid of density $$\rho$$. The pressure at a depth h is given by $$P
Hydrostatic Pressure Variation
A rectangular tank is filled with a liquid of density $$\rho = 1000 \text{ kg/m}^3$$ to a height of
Industrial Fluid Density and Pressure Calculation
A researcher in an industrial laboratory is studying fluid properties for engineering applications.
Integrated Fluid Dynamics Investigation
A chemical engineering laboratory examines the behavior of an incompressible fluid (density = $$1000
Layered Fluid Pressure in an Oil-Water System
A container holds two immiscible fluids. The top layer is oil with a density of $$800\,kg/m^3$$ and
Lift Generation in Airfoils
An airplane wing is designed so that air flows over its upper surface at a higher speed than beneath
Measurement Uncertainty in Fluid Density
In a laboratory experiment, the density of an unknown fluid is measured using a pycnometer. The mass
Non-uniform Flow Through Constricted Channel Error
A student constructs an apparatus to measure fluid velocity in a channel that narrows and changes sh
Open Channel Pressure Measurement
In an open channel flow experiment, gauge pressures were measured at different depths below the free
Optimization of Fluid Flow in Industrial Piping Systems
An industrial piping system includes a segment where the pipe narrows from a diameter of 0.3 m to a
Pipe Flow Analysis with Fluid Dynamics Principles
A student designs an experiment to study fluid flow in a pipe with sections of varying cross-section
Pressure and Force Distribution on a Submerged Curved Dam
A dam has a curved, vertical face that is 15 m high and 30 m wide. The pressure on the dam increases
Pressure Changes with Altitude
Atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude. A graph shows measured pressures at various altitudes.
Pressure Variations in a Natural Lake
This question connects fluid mechanics with environmental applications by calculating hydrostatic pr
Pump Power in a Multi-Elevation Piping System
A pump moves water (density = 1000 kg/m³) through a piping system where the water is elevated by 2 m
Quantitative Analysis of Pressure Distribution in an Accelerating Fluid
A rectangular container with a length of $$2 \cdot m$$ is filled with water (density = $$1000 \cdot
Rotational Effects on Fluid Surface Shape
In a rotating cylindrical container, the surface of a liquid forms a parabolic shape due to the bala
Submerged Object Pressure Analysis
A researcher examines the variation of hydrostatic pressure on an object fully submerged in water.
The Siphon Effect and Limitations
A garden siphon is used to transfer water from one container to another that is placed at a lower el
U-Tube Fluid Oscillations
In an experiment, a U-tube containing a liquid is displaced from its equilibrium, causing the fluid
Vibrating Tube Densitometer Calibration Error
A student employs a vibrating tube densitometer to measure the densities of various fluids by correl
Visualizing Fluid Flow Using Dye Injection
Design an experiment to visualize streamlines and measure flow velocities in a fluid by injecting dy
Adiabatic Process Work Calculation
A researcher analyzes an expansion process of a gas that is performed adiabatically (i.e., no heat e
Analysis of Conduction, Convection, and Radiation in Heat Transfer Experiment
An experiment is designed to study different modes of heat transfer. In one part of the experiment,
Analysis of Heat Transfer Mechanisms in Composite Walls
A composite wall consists of two layers of different materials. An experiment is conducted to measur
Analyzing Temperature Effects on Molecular Speeds
A media report claims that to double the root mean square (rms) speed of gas molecules, the temperat
Application of the First Law of Thermodynamics in a Piston System
A gas confined in a piston receives $$500\;J$$ of heat. During its expansion, the gas does $$200\;J$
Average Kinetic Energy and RMS Velocity in Gases
Using the kinetic theory of gases, consider a sample of an ideal gas at T = 300 K. (a) Calculate the
Comparative Analysis of Convection and Radiation Heating
A scientist conducts an experiment comparing two heating methods: convection and radiation. The tabl
Comparing Heat Transfer Mechanisms: Conduction vs Convection in Fluids
Heat can be transferred via conduction and convection in fluids. Design an experiment to isolate and
Conduction, Specific Heat, and Temperature Change
A metal rod of mass 2 kg and specific heat capacity 400 J/(kg·K) is heated by supplying 8000 J of en
Derivation and Calculation of RMS Speed
The root-mean-square (RMS) speed of gas molecules is given by the formula $$v_{rms} = \sqrt{\frac{3\
Design Considerations for a High-Efficiency Heat Engine
A company aims to design a heat engine that approaches the maximum theoretical (Carnot) efficiency.
Designing an Experiment on Gas Pressure and Temperature
Design an experiment to verify the Ideal Gas Law using a sealed syringe. The aim is to observe the r
Deviation from Ideal Behavior in Real Gases
A researcher compares the behavior of an ideal gas with a real gas under identical conditions: 0.5 m
Differentiating Heat Transfer Modes: Convection vs. Conduction
An experiment compares the rate of heat transfer in two different setups: one using a fluid medium (
Effect of Temperature on RMS Velocity
Given that $$v_{rms} = \sqrt{\frac{3k_B T}{m}}$$ for an ideal gas, (a) Explain the functional depend
Energy Conversion in a Steam Engine
A steam engine operates with an efficiency of 30% and absorbs 2000 J of heat per cycle. (a) Calcula
Entropy vs. Temperature Measurement Experiment Error
A student aims to study the change in entropy of a material as it is gradually heated. A thermocoupl
Error Analysis in Pressure and Temperature Measurements
In an experiment, several measurements of a gas's pressure and temperature were recorded along with
First Law Application: Heat Input and Work Output
During an experiment, a system undergoes a process in which 600 J of heat is supplied and it perform
Gas Pressure in Constant Volume Experiment
In a constant-volume experiment, a sealed container is heated and the resulting pressure is measured
Graphical Interpretation of Thermodynamic Process Data
A researcher plots the pressure versus volume for a gas undergoing multiple thermodynamic processes.
Heat Engine Efficiency and Work Output
A heat engine undergoes a cyclic process where it absorbs 800 J of heat from a high-temperature sour
Heat Engine Efficiency in Different Thermal Reservoir Conditions: Experimental Design
The efficiency of a heat engine depends on the temperatures of its high-temperature and low-temperat
Heat Engine Performance Measurements
A heat engine operates in cycles, drawing 800 J of heat from its high-temperature reservoir and reje
Heat Engine Work Cycle Analysis
A heat engine operates by drawing $$Q_H = 800\,J$$ of heat from a high-temperature source and discar
Investigating the Role of Atmospheric Pressure in Sealed Container Systems
The net force on a container’s lid results from the difference between the internal gas pressure and
Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution Analysis
A researcher claims that increasing the temperature of a gas not only increases the average speed of
Net Force on a Container Lid
A cylindrical container has a lid that is subjected to internal gas pressure from below and atmosphe
Phase Diagrams and Critical Points
Phase diagrams provide insight into the states of a pure substance under various conditions. (a) Des
Radiative Heat Transfer Trend Analysis
An experiment measures the rate of radiative heat transfer from a heated object as a function of the
Thermal Insulation Effectiveness Experiment Error
A student conducts an experiment to test the effectiveness of different insulation materials by meas
Transient Heat Conduction in a Rod
A researcher studies transient (time-dependent) heat conduction in a long rod that is initially at a
Work and Internal Energy in an Isochoric Process
A gas is contained in a rigid, fixed-volume container. During a heating process, the pressure of the
Work Done in Thermodynamic Processes
A gas undergoes two different expansion processes between the same initial and final states as descr
Work Done in Thermodynamic Processes
The following P–V diagram represents two different paths between the same initial state (point a, $$
Analyzing the Inverse Square Nature of Electric Fields
A point charge Q produces an electric field that is expected to vary with distance r according to an
Balancing Gravitational and Electric Forces in a Uniform Field
A small object of mass 5.0 g is placed 2.0 cm above a large, positively charged horizontal plate tha
Capacitor Voltage and Plate Area Calculation
A parallel-plate capacitor holds a charge of $$50\;\mu C$$ on each plate and has a capacitance of $$
Charge Quantization in Isolated Systems
An isolated metal sphere is charged with a net charge of $$3.2*10^{-9}$$ C. (a) Calculate the numb
Charge Redistribution by Induction
Two initially neutral metallic spheres are suspended by insulating strings. A positively charged rod
Charged Oil Drop Experiment: Uniform Field and Drag Force Error
In a modified oil drop experiment intended to verify the quantization of electric charge, tiny oil d
Charging Methods Comparison
A researcher conducts two experiments to charge a neutral metal sphere. In Experiment 1, the sphere
Comparative Analysis of Electrostatic and Gravitational Forces
Design an experiment to compare the magnitudes of electrostatic forces and gravitational forces betw
Determining Electric Field from a Voltage vs. Distance Graph
In a uniform electric field, the relationship between electric potential (voltage) and distance is l
Distance Dependence in Coulomb's Law
Coulomb's Law quantitatively describes the force between two point charges as inversely proportional
Effects of Dielectrics on Capacitor Performance
A capacitor with an initial capacitance $$C_0$$ has a dielectric material with a dielectric constant
Electric Dipole Analysis in a Uniform Medium
An electric dipole is formed by two point charges, +4.0 nC and -4.0 nC, separated by 6.0 cm in air.
Electric Field due to a Point Charge in Different Media
Consider a point charge Q = 2.0 × 10⁻⁹ C placed in free space.
Electric Field from an Infinite Charged Sheet
Consider a large sheet with a uniform surface charge density σ = 1.5 × 10⁻⁶ C/m².
Electric Field Lines at Media Boundaries
This problem examines how electric field lines behave at the boundary between two different media an
Electric Potential Due to a Point Charge
Given a point charge Q = 2×10⁻⁹ C, determine the electric potential at a point located 2 cm from the
Electric Potential Due to Multiple Charges
Consider two point charges: $$Q_1 = +2 \times 10^{-9} \; C$$ located at \((-0.04 \; m, 0)\) and $$Q_
Electric Potential Energy Conversion in a Point Charge Field
A positive charge is released from rest at a distance of 10 cm from a fixed positive charge and is l
Electric Potential Variation Analysis
A series of electric potential measurements were taken at three different positions (A, B, and C) in
Enhancement of Capacitance with a Dielectric
A capacitor with an initial capacitance of C₀ is filled with a dielectric material having a dielectr
Equipotential Maps for a Dipole Configuration
An electric dipole consisting of charges $$+Q$$ and $$-Q$$ creates an intricate pattern of electric
Exploring the Balance of Electric and Gravitational Forces
Design an experiment in which a charged object is suspended in a uniform electric field, balancing t
Force and Potential Energy in the Hydrogen Atom
For a hydrogen atom, consider the proton and electron separated by a distance of 0.5×10^-10 m. Using
Kinetic Energy Gain from Electric Potential Energy Loss
A negative charge of magnitude q = -1×10⁻⁸ C is released from rest at a distance of 10 cm from a fix
Linear Variation of Electric Potential near a Charged Sheet
An experiment measured the electric potential at several distances from an infinite charged sheet. A
Motion of a Charged Particle in Combined Electric and Gravitational Fields
A charged particle has a mass of $$2.0*10^{-3}$$ kg and a charge of $$+1.0*10^{-6}$$ C. It is releas
Net Force on a Central Charge in a Square Configuration
Four equal positive point charges are placed at the vertices of a square with side length 10 cm, and
Parallel Plate Capacitor Experiment: Dielectric Misconception
An experiment is designed to measure the capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor by arranging two
Potential Difference in a Parallel-Plate Capacitor
A parallel-plate capacitor has plates of area A = 0.05 m² separated by a distance d = 0.001 m and is
Potential Energy Change in a Non-Uniform Field
Consider a fixed point charge $$Q$$. A test charge $$q$$ moves from a distance $$r_A$$ to $$r_B$$ fr
RC Circuit Capacitor Charging Analysis
An RC circuit containing a capacitor is studied as the capacitor charges from 0 V to its maximum vol
RC Circuit Charging
A researcher investigates the charging behavior of a capacitor in an RC circuit. The circuit contain
Three-Dimensional Vector Addition of Electric Forces
Accurately calculating the net electric force on a test charge in a three-dimensional configuration
Uniform Electric Field Equilibrium Experiment
An experiment is set up in which a large, positively charged plate generates a uniform electric fiel
Vector Addition of Electric Forces in an Equilateral Triangle
Three point charges are placed at the vertices of an equilateral triangle with each side measuring 0
Verification of Charge Quantization
A researcher performs an oil drop experiment to verify the quantization of electric charge. The meas
Voltmeter Experiment: Internal Resistance Oversight
A student designs an experiment to measure the electric potential difference between two points in a
Work Done in a Non-uniform Electric Field
A charged particle experiences a non-uniform electric field given by $$E(y) = 200 \; y \quad (N/C)$$
Work in a Radial Non-Uniform Electric Field
A positive test charge q is moved radially inward from a distance r₁ to a closer distance r₂ from a
Work Required to Assemble a Triangular System of Point Charges
Three point charges are fixed in place forming a triangle. The charges and separations are: Q₁ = +2.
Analysis of a Real Battery’s Performance in a Resistive Circuit
A real battery with an EMF of 9 V and an internal resistance of 0.5 Ω is connected to a load resisto
Analysis of Kirchhoff’s Loop and Junction Laws
Consider a circuit with two loops and three resistors arranged as follows: A 12 V battery is connect
Analyzing Transients in RC Circuits with Switching
Consider a circuit where a capacitor, initially uncharged, is connected in series with a resistor an
Assessing the Validity of the Simple Circuit Model Under High Load Conditions
A report claims that even under high current loads, a simple circuit model (using an ideal battery a
Basic Analysis of Electric Current
Consider a simple circuit that contains a battery with a voltage of $$12\,V$$ and a resistor of $$10
Basic Circuit Analysis: Applying Ohm's Law
A battery providing $$9~V$$ is connected to a single resistor with a resistance of $$10~\Omega$$. An
Capacitor Charging and Discharging in RC Circuits
An experiment claims that when a charged capacitor discharges through a resistor, the voltage across
Capacitor Energy Storage and Discharge Efficiency
A capacitor with a capacitance of 10 μF is charged to 12 V and then discharged through a load. The t
Circuit Design for Energy Efficiency
An engineer designs two circuits using the same 12 V battery but with different resistor network con
Circuit Simulation Verification
An experiment is conducted to compare the theoretical predictions of a circuit simulation with actua
Comparative Analysis of Series and Parallel Circuit Configurations
In an experiment, two circuit configurations are tested: one with resistors arranged in series and o
Critical Analysis of a Circuit Simulation Software's Accuracy in Predicting Voltage Drops
A team of researchers claims that their circuit simulation software can accurately predict voltage d
Data Analysis of Electric Circuit Measurements
In a laboratory experiment, students measured the voltage drop across a resistor at various currents
Design of an Experiment: Measuring Capacitance
Design an experiment to accurately measure the capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor. Your desig
Designing an RC Circuit for a Target Time Constant
Design an RC circuit that achieves a time constant of $$0.5\,s$$. You are provided with capacitors r
Determining Resistivity from Measured Data
A student measures several parameters of a wire in order to calculate its resistivity.
Determining the Capacitance Variation Through Geometric Changes
A student explores how the geometry of a parallel-plate capacitor affects its capacitance. The exper
Effect of a Discharged Capacitor on Parallel Resistor Branches in an RC Circuit
In an experiment, an initially uncharged (discharged) capacitor is connected in parallel with two re
Effect of Wire Geometry on Resistance and Current Flow
The resistance of a wire is governed by its material and geometric properties, as expressed by $$R=\
Equivalent Capacitance for Series and Parallel Configurations
Two capacitors, one of $$4 \text{ F}$$ and the other of $$6 \text{ F}$$, are arranged in different c
Evaluating Circuit Design with Kirchhoff’s Laws
A complex circuit is constructed on a breadboard that includes a 20 V battery, three resistors, and
Evaluating the Combination of Multiple Battery Cells on Circuit Performance
A student builds a circuit by connecting three battery cells in series to increase the output voltag
Evaluation of Charging Rates in Varied Capacitor Designs
Two different capacitor designs are tested in an RC circuit. Capacitor A has a plate area of $$0.01\
Evaluation of Energy Dissipation in a Resistor
A 10 Ω resistor is connected to a 9 V battery.
Evaluation of Energy Storage in a Capacitor
A capacitor with a capacitance of 10 μF is charged to a potential difference of 12 V.
Examining Charge Retention in Capacitors: Steady State vs. Transient
A capacitor in a circuit can behave differently depending on whether the battery remains connected o
Experimental Verification of Ohm's Law in Domestic Appliances
A news report claims that voltage and current measurements taken from a household appliance support
Kirchhoff's Laws in a Multi-branch Circuit
An experimental circuit with multiple junctions is analyzed using Kirchhoff's laws. The table below
Kirchhoff's Laws in Multi-Loop Circuits
In a multi-loop circuit, measurements of current at various junctions are taken. Use Kirchhoff’s law
Kirchhoff’s Laws: Loop and Junction Analysis
An experiment was conducted on a multi-loop circuit to test Kirchhoff's loop and junction rules. The
Measuring Material Resistivity to Determine Conductivity
A student measures the resistance of several wire samples made from the same material, varying in le
Ohm's Law and Circuit Analysis
This question focuses on applying Ohm's Law to analyze simple circuits and to interpret experimental
Ohm's Law in a Complex Circuit
A 9 V battery is connected to a resistor network. The network consists of a resistor R₁ = 50 Ω in se
RC Circuit Analysis with Switch Operations
In an RC circuit with a switch, experimental measurements indicate that immediately after closing th
RC Circuit Response and Steady State Behavior
Consider an RC circuit containing a battery, a resistor, a capacitor, and an additional resistor in
Resistor Networks and Equivalent Resistance
A circuit contains three resistors arranged in a mixed series-parallel configuration. Resistors R1 =
Resistor Power Dissipation and Safety
A resistor with a resistance of $$50\,\Omega$$ is connected to a $$24\,V$$ battery. Answer the follo
Series and Parallel Resistor Analysis
This question examines the behavior of resistors arranged in series and parallel in simple circuits.
Voltage Drop Analysis with Battery Internal Resistance
A battery with an EMF of 12 V and an internal resistance of 0.5 Ω is connected to an external resist
Wire Resistance Calculation
A platinum wire has a length of $$2\,m$$ and a radius of $$1\,mm$$. Given the resistivity of platinu
Analysis of Electromagnetic Induction in a Rotating Coil
A circular coil rotates in a magnetic field and experiences an induced emf. Analyze the instantaneou
Analysis of Experimental Data in a Motional EMF Investigation
In an experiment, a sliding conductor is moved through a uniform magnetic field at various speeds, a
Analysis of Magnetic Torque on a Current Loop
A rectangular loop carrying a current $$I = 2.0$$ A is placed in a uniform magnetic field of strengt
Assessing Magnetic Field Strength Using Iron Filings
An experiment uses iron filings spread over a sheet of paper placed atop a bar magnet to visualize t
Balancing Forces on a Current-Carrying U-Shaped Wire
In a laboratory experiment, a U-shaped wire is immersed in a region with a uniform magnetic field th
Calculating the Magnetic Field Around a Current-Carrying Wire
A long, straight wire carrying a steady current produces a magnetic field in the space around it. Us
Compass Mapping of Bar Magnet Field
In an experiment, a bar magnet is used to map its magnetic field by measuring the deflection angle o
Designing an Electromagnetic Induction Experiment
You are tasked with designing an experiment to investigate how the rotational speed of a coil affect
Determining Magnetic Force on a Moving Charge
An experimental report describes the measurement of the magnetic force on a proton moving at $$2*10^
Dynamic Analysis of Induced EMF in a Rotating Multi-turn Coil
A coil comprising $$N = 50$$ turns, each with an area of $$A = 0.02 \; m^2$$, rotates in a uniform m
Effect of Changing Magnetic Field Strength on Induced Current
A coil is subjected to a magnetic field that decreases linearly from $$B_0$$ to $$B_1$$ over a time
Electromagnetic Induction in a Rotating Loop
A circular loop rotates in a uniform magnetic field, causing a time-varying magnetic flux and induce
Equilibrium of Forces on a Moving Conductor
Consider a conductor moving with constant velocity $$v$$ through a uniform magnetic field $$B$$. The
Evaluating Magnetic Forces on a Current-Carrying Wire
An experiment investigates the net magnetic force on a U-shaped current-carrying wire immersed in a
Experimental Investigation of Induced EMF in a Varying Magnetic Field
Analyze the induced emf in a coil subjected to a time-varying magnetic field, and discuss the impact
Faraday’s Law and Rotating Loop
A circular loop rotates in a uniform magnetic field, inducing an emf according to Faraday’s Law. Ana
Force Comparison: Permanent vs. Electromagnets
In a laboratory experiment, the attractive force between a fixed magnet and a piece of iron is measu
Force on a Moving Charge
This FRQ focuses on calculating the magnetic force on a moving charge and interpreting its direction
Impact of Magnetic Field Orientation on Faraday Induction
A square loop with area $$A = 0.1$$ m² rotates in a uniform magnetic field of $$B = 0.5$$ T. Answer
Induced EMF in a Rectangular Loop Under Rotation
A rectangular loop of wire measuring 0.1 m by 0.2 m is placed in a uniform magnetic field of 0.5 T.
Magnetic Force on a U-Shaped Current-Carrying Wire
A U-shaped conducting wire of mass $$m$$ is partially immersed in a uniform magnetic field of magnit
Magnetic Force vs. Current in a Wire
An experiment examines the magnetic force acting on a straight current-carrying wire placed in a uni
Mapping Magnetic Fields around a Bar Magnet
A researcher is studying the magnetic field of a standard bar magnet in a controlled laboratory sett
Measurement of Induced Current in a Transformer Experiment
A group of students builds a simple transformer and measures the induced current in the secondary co
Measurement of Magnetic Field Gradient near an Electromagnet
A research team uses a magnetic field probe to measure the gradient of the magnetic field in the vic
Measuring Magnetic Permeability Experiment
An experiment is designed to determine the magnetic permeability of a new material. A coil is wound
Measuring the Earth's Magnetic Field
Design an experiment to measure the magnitude and direction of the Earth's magnetic field using a si
Motional EMF and Velocity
In an experiment, a conducting rod moves perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field at various speeds
Motional EMF in a Moving Rod
A conducting rod of length $$\ell = 0.3 \; m$$ moves with a constant speed of $$v = 5 \; m/s$$ perpe
Motional EMF in a Sliding Bar Circuit
A U-shaped rail of length 1 m is connected by a sliding conductive bar, forming a rectangular circui
Net Force on a Current-Carrying U-shaped Wire
Consider a U-shaped wire immersed in a uniform magnetic field of magnitude $$B = 0.2 \; T$$ directed
Radius of Circular Motion vs. Velocity
In a controlled experiment, charged particles are injected into a uniform magnetic field and follow
Right-Hand Rule Application in a Multi-Charge System
Three particles are moving in a uniform magnetic field of $$0.4$$ T with the following properties: •
Solenoid Magnetic Field
This FRQ explores the magnetic field inside a solenoid through derivations, calculations, and concep
Solenoid Magnetic Field Measurement Experiment
A team of students sets out to measure the magnetic field inside a solenoid using a Hall effect sens
Testing the Right-Hand Rule for Magnetic Force Directions
An experiment is performed where charged particles are propelled in known directions through a unifo
Uniform Magnetic Field in a Solenoid Experiment
An experiment is conducted using a solenoid as an electromagnet, and it is claimed that the magnetic
Vector Analysis of Magnetic Force
A charged particle moves in a three-dimensional space under the influence of a magnetic field. The v
Vector Cross Product in Magnetic Force
The magnetic force on a moving charge is given by a vector cross product. Analyze this vector relati
Calculating Lens Power from Image Magnification
The power of a lens is defined as the reciprocal of its focal length (in meters). Analyze an example
Converging Lens Ray Tracing
A converging lens has a focal length of $$15\,cm$$. An object is placed $$20\,cm$$ from the lens. An
Convex Mirror Image Formation
This question examines the properties of images formed by convex mirrors and requires you to perform
Determining Index of Refraction Using Critical Angle Measurements
A student conducts an experiment to determine the index of refraction of a transparent material by m
Determining Indices and Critical Angles
Light travels from a glass medium into air. In one experiment, a beam in glass strikes the interface
Diffraction Grating Spacing Effects on Diffraction Pattern
Design an experiment to investigate how the spacing of a diffraction grating affects the resulting d
Diffraction Gratings and Spectral Analysis
A diffraction grating is used to analyze the spectral composition of a light source. A graph showing
Diffraction Gratings and Wavelength Measurement
A diffraction grating with 5000 lines per centimeter is used in an experiment to measure the wavelen
Diverging Lens Image Characteristics
An object of height $$h_o = 11 \ cm$$ is placed at a distance of $$d_o = 48 \ cm$$ in front of a div
Diverging Lens Image Characteristics
An object with a height of $$11 \text{ cm}$$ is placed $$48 \text{ cm}$$ in front of a diverging len
Diverging Lens Image Construction
A diverging lens has a focal length of $$-25\,cm$$. An object is placed $$50\,cm$$ in front of the l
Double Slit Interference Experiment: Measuring Green Light Wavelength
Design an experiment using a double slit apparatus to measure the wavelength of green light. Your de
Effect of Medium on EM Wave Propagation: Frequency Invariance Error Analysis
A student investigates the propagation of electromagnetic waves through air with varying humidity le
Electromagnetic Spectrum and Frequency
Green light has a wavelength of 550 nm. Answer the following: (a) Calculate its frequency using $$v
Electromagnetic Spectrum Frequency Analysis
Electromagnetic radiation spans a wide range of wavelengths and frequencies. This question explores
Electromagnetic Spectrum Identification and Frequency Calculation
The electromagnetic spectrum covers a wide range of wavelengths and frequencies. Refer to the table
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Analysis
Electromagnetic waves consist of oscillating electric and magnetic fields and travel through a vacuu
EM Wave Generation and Field Relationships
An oscillating charge produces electromagnetic waves, characterized by oscillating electric and magn
Energy and Intensity of Electromagnetic Waves
For electromagnetic waves, the intensity is proportional to the square of the amplitude of the elect
Fiber Optics and Total Internal Reflection
An optical fiber operates on the principle of total internal reflection. The core of the fiber has a
Frequency Calculation for Green Light
Using the provided table of wavelengths for visible light, calculate the frequency of green light an
Interference and Phase Difference in Wave Superposition
Consider two coherent light waves with a constant phase difference.
Interference in Young's Double Slit Experiment
A student investigates interference patterns using a double-slit setup in a controlled laboratory ex
Investigating Snell's Law: Relationship between Incident and Refraction Angles
Design an experiment to study the relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of refra
Lens Power and Image Magnification
An experiment with a converging lens shows that when an object is placed $$10\,cm$$ from the lens, t
Optical Fibers and Total Internal Reflection
Optical fibers use total internal reflection to transmit light signals with minimal loss. Consider a
Optical Sensors in Environmental Monitoring
Environmental scientists are developing optical sensors to monitor particulate matter in water. The
Plane Mirror Image Characteristics
This question explores the properties of images formed by plane mirrors and asks you to explain why
Plane Mirror Image Formation and Analysis
Plane mirrors reflect light according to the law of reflection and produce images that are virtual a
Real vs. Virtual Images in Combined Optical Systems
An optical system is constructed by combining a concave mirror with a converging lens. Answer the fo
Reflection and Refraction in a Glass Slab
A student investigates the behavior of a light beam as it passes from air into a flat glass slab wit
Thin Lenses - Converging Lens Magnification
An object is placed 10 cm in front of a converging lens, resulting in a real image that is twice the
Total Internal Reflection
When light travels from water ($$n = 1.33$$) to air ($$n = 1.0$$), total internal reflection can occ
Total Internal Reflection and Critical Angle Calculation
Total internal reflection occurs when light travels from a medium with a higher index of refraction
Total Internal Reflection: Critical Angle Error Analysis
In an experiment intended to determine the critical angle for total internal reflection at the water
Total Internal Reflection: Measuring the Critical Angle between Water and Air
Design an experiment to determine the critical angle for total internal reflection at the water-air
Young's Double Slit Experiment Analysis
A coherent monochromatic light source with wavelength $$λ = 589*10^{-9} \ m$$ illuminates a barrier
Young's Double Slit Experiment Analysis
In a Young's double slit experiment, monochromatic light of wavelength $$589 \times 10^{-9}\,m$$ pas
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