AP Physics 2: Algebra-Based FRQ Room

Air Velocity Measurement with a Pitot Tube

A Pitot tube is used in a wind tunnel to measure the airspeed. The device records a pressure differe

Airflow and Lift on an Airfoil

An airplane wing is designed so that the air above the wing travels at a different speed than the ai

Airflow and Lift over an Aerofoil

This problem explores how differences in air velocity over and under an airplane wing create lift, u

Analyzing Pressure in a U-Tube Manometer

A U-tube manometer utilizes two different fluids (water and mercury) to measure pressure differences

Bernoulli’s Equation and Venturi Meter

A Venturi meter is installed in a pipe to measure fluid flow. The meter provides different pressure

Bernoulli's Pressure-Velocity Experiment

An experiment was conducted on fluid flow in a pipe with varying cross-sectional areas. The table be

Buoyancy and Density Ratio Experiment

An experiment is conducted to study the buoyancy of various objects in different fluids. The followi

Buoyancy and Floating Object

An object with a mass of $$150\;kg$$ and a volume of $$0.75\;m^3$$ is placed in a container filled w

Buoyancy and Stability of a Floating Body

A rectangular boat with a flat bottom is floating in freshwater (density = 1000 kg/m³). The boat has

Buoyancy and Stability of a Floating Vessel

A small vessel is floating in water and is depicted in the provided diagram.

Buoyancy in a Variable-Density Atmosphere: Weather Balloon Analysis

A weather balloon is launched at ground level, where the atmospheric density is $$1.225\,kg/m^3$$. A

Buoyant Force and Submerged Volume Analysis

An object with a mass of 150 kg and a volume of 0.75 m³ is observed to float in ethyl alcohol (densi

Buoyant Force in Varied Fluids

A solid object with a mass of $$200 \; kg$$ and a volume of $$0.5 \; m^3$$ is immersed in three diff

Buoyant Stability and Metacentric Height in Floating Bodies

A floating vessel is designed with specific dimensions to ensure stability. A diagram of the vessel’

Calculating Buoyant Force

An irregular object is completely submerged in water (density $$1000\;kg/m^3$$) and displaces a volu

Capillary Rise Error due to Contact Angle Misunderstanding

A student investigates the capillary rise effect by immersing a thin glass tube in water and measuri

Channel Flow Dynamics Analysis

A researcher examines fluid flow in a channel with varying cross-sectional areas, applying the conti

Column Pressure Analysis

A series of experiments is conducted to analyze the pressure exerted by vertical cement columns on t

Continuity Equation in a Constricted Pipe

A horizontal pipe carries water (density $$1000\;kg/m^3$$) at a flow speed of $$6\;m/s$$. At one sec

Density Determination from Experimental Data

In an experiment to measure the density of various liquids, a student recorded the following data:

Designing a Buoyant Object for Submarine Rescue

An engineering team is designing a buoyant device to lift a submerged object with mass 2000 kg. Anal

Designing a Fluid Dynamics Experiment Using Bernoulli's Principle

A student is tasked with designing an experiment to investigate the relationship between fluid speed

Designing a Stable Floating Vessel

You are tasked with designing a small boat to float on water (density $$1000\,kg/m^3$$). The boat ha

Designing a Submersible: Buoyancy and Hydrostatic Pressure Analysis

A submersible vehicle with a volume of $$1.2\,m^3$$ is designed for near-neutral buoyancy in seawate

Designing a Water Fountain: Pressure and Flow

A landscape architect is designing a water fountain and needs the water jet to reach a maximum heigh

Designing an Experiment to Validate the Continuity Equation

An engineering team aims to validate the continuity equation for an incompressible fluid flowing thr

Dynamics of a Floating Body in Fluid

A student investigates the dynamics of a floating object in water. The hypothesis is that when an ob

Effect of Elevation Changes on Fluid Flow Speed and Pressure

A researcher investigates how a vertical drop in a pipeline affects fluid kinetic energy and pressur

Effect of Temperature on Fluid Density and Hydrostatic Pressure

Design an experiment to measure how the density of a fluid changes with temperature and how these ch

Effect of Temperature on Fluid Density and Pressure

A container holds a fluid that is heated from 20°C to 80°C, causing its density to decrease from 100

Floating Object Buoyancy

An object has a mass of 150 kg and occupies a volume of 0.75 m³. It is floating in ethyl alcohol wit

Flow Rate in a Constricted Pipe Using the Continuity Equation

Water flows through a horizontal pipe that changes diameter. At Section 1 the pipe has a radius of 3

Flow Through Irregular Channels

An experiment is carried out to measure water flow in an irregular channel where the cross-sectional

Fluid Acceleration in a Narrowing Tube: Misapplication of Energy Conservation

A student sets up an experiment to examine how water accelerates as it passes through a tube that na

Fluid Flow Over an Airfoil

Airflow over an airplane wing creates pressure differences that result in lift. Using Bernoulli's eq

Fluid Force on a Submerged Surface

A civil engineering team is studying the pressure distribution on a dam wall due to the water it hol

Fluid Pressure on a Dam Wall

A civil engineer is evaluating the force exerted on a vertical dam wall by the water in a reservoir.

Hydrostatic Pressure Analysis

A researcher investigates hydrostatic pressure in a fluid system. In an experiment conducted with wa

Hydrostatic Pressure Miscalculation Experiment

A student sets up an experiment to measure the pressure at the bottom of a water tank. The student f

Impact of Fluid Viscosity on Flow Dynamics

Two fluids with different viscosities flow through identical pipes. A table below presents their pro

Impact of Solute Concentration on Fluid Properties

Adding solutes like salt to water increases its density and can affect flow behavior. Analyze how sa

Interpretation and Analysis of a Fluid Flow Schematic

A schematic diagram is provided that represents fluid flow in a horizontal pipe system. The diagram

Interpretation of a Graph of Fluid Flow vs. Time

The graph below shows the volume flow rate (in $$m^3/s$$) measured in a pipe over a 10-second interv

Investigating Air Flow and Aerodynamic Lift

Design an experiment using a wind tunnel to investigate how wing curvature affects aerodynamic lift

Investigating Fluid Viscosity Effects on Flow

Fluid viscosity plays a significant role in determining flow characteristics. High viscosity fluids

Investigating the Effect of Temperature on Fluid Density

Temperature changes can affect the density of a fluid. a) Explain qualitatively how increasing tem

Lab Analysis: Determining the Density of an Unknown Fluid Using a Jet of Water

In a laboratory experiment, a horizontal jet of water is directed into a shallow container filled wi

Measurement Uncertainty in Fluid Density

In a laboratory experiment, the density of an unknown fluid is measured using a pycnometer. The mass

Modeling Fluid Flow in a Conical Pipe

Consider a conical pipe whose radius decreases linearly with distance x according to $$r(x) = r_0 -

Multi-Stage Fluid Dynamics Analysis in a Piping Network

A fluid flows through a piping network with three segments having different diameters and elevation

Oscillatory Flow in a U-Tube

A U-tube with a uniform cross-sectional area contains water (density = 1000 kg/m³) such that the tot

Pipe Flow and the Continuity Equation Experiment

A student is investigating fluid flow through a pipe whose diameter varies along its length. The hyp

Pressure Calculations in Submerged Structures

A structural engineering team is testing a scale model of a submerged tunnel to study the effects of

Pressure Exerted by Fluid Column

A researcher investigates the variation of pressure with depth in a fluid contained within a transpa

Pressure Sensor Calibration in Fluid Storage Tanks

An engineer uses a pressure sensor at the bottom of a water storage tank to measure the fluid level.

Pressure Variation with Depth in a Liquid

Consider a deep freshwater lake with a density of $$1000~kg/m^3$$. a) Derive an expression for the

Pressure Variations in a Natural Lake

This question connects fluid mechanics with environmental applications by calculating hydrostatic pr

Siphon Action Analysis

A siphon is used to transfer water from a container. The highest point of the siphon tube is 2 m abo

Static vs Dynamic Pressure in Pipe

An experiment was conducted to measure the pressure components in a streamlined flow within a horizo

Surface Pressure Analysis of a Column

A vertical column of cement has a base area of $$0.5\,m^2$$, a height of $$2\,m$$, and a density of

Temperature Effects on Fluid Pressure

Changes in temperature can affect the density of a fluid, and therefore the hydrostatic pressure at

Testing Bernoulli's Principle in a Venturi Tube

A researcher is using a Venturi tube to study fluid velocities in water (density = $$1000\;kg/m^{3}$

Testing the Continuity Equation in a Non-Uniform Pipe

Design an experiment to test the continuity equation, $$A_1*V_1 = A_2*V_2$$, using a non-uniform pip

Venturi Meter Experiment: Applying Bernoulli's Principle

Design an experiment using a Venturi meter to measure fluid flow speed and to test Bernoulli's princ

Venturi Tube Misapplication of Bernoulli's Equation

A student constructs a Venturi tube apparatus to measure changes in fluid velocity by recording pres

Adiabatic Process Work Calculation

A researcher analyzes an expansion process of a gas that is performed adiabatically (i.e., no heat e

Adiabatic vs. Isothermal Process Comparison

A gas transitions between the same initial and final states via two different processes: an adiabati

Analysis of Conduction, Convection, and Radiation in Heat Transfer Experiment

An experiment is designed to study different modes of heat transfer. In one part of the experiment,

Analysis of Real Gas Behavior

The Ideal Gas Law assumes ideal behavior, but real gases deviate from this under certain conditions.

Comparative Study of Heat Transfer Modes in Earth's Atmosphere

Understanding heat transfer in the Earth’s atmosphere is crucial for climate modeling. The three pri

Comparing Real and Ideal Gas Behavior

Discuss the limitations of the Ideal Gas Law and explain the necessary corrections for real gases us

Derivation and Calculation of RMS Speed

The root-mean-square (RMS) speed of gas molecules is given by the formula $$v_{rms} = \sqrt{\frac{3\

Designing a Thermodynamic Experiment

You are tasked with designing an experiment to measure the effect of temperature on the rate of heat

Efficiency Evaluation of a Heat Engine: Experimental Design and Data Analysis

Heat engines convert thermal energy into work, but not all the input heat is converted due to ineffi

Entropy Change in a Cyclic Process

A cyclic process involves a system absorbing $$500\;J$$ of heat from a reservoir at $$400\;K$$ and r

Entropy Change Measurement Experiment Error

A student designs an experiment to measure the entropy change of a gas during sudden expansion into

Entropy Changes in an Irreversible Process with Friction

Consider an ideal gas in a piston that is being compressed irreversibly. Due to friction in the pist

Error Analysis in Thermodynamics Measurements

A laboratory experiment measuring the temperature and pressure of a gas in a sealed container shows

Evaluating Heat Transfer Mechanisms in a Fluid System

A fluid heating system employs both convection and radiation to transfer heat from a furnace to an a

Evaluating the Role of Pressure Differences in Atmospheric Applications

A high-altitude weather balloon collects data on atmospheric pressure as it ascends. The recorded da

Experimental Analysis of Gas Kinetic Energy

In a set of experiments, Maxwell-Boltzmann speed distribution graphs were obtained at different temp

Experimental Design for Gas Effusion

Graham's law states that the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root

Force Exerted by a Confined Gas

A cylindrical container is used to confine an ideal gas. The following parameters are provided in th

Force on a Container Lid

A cylindrical container has a radius of 15 cm and a height of 30 cm. It contains 0.6 moles of an ide

Gas Pressure Calculation and Net Force Analysis

A 0.8 mole sample of an ideal gas is confined in a cubic container with a side length of 0.5 m at a

Heat Engine Efficiency

A heat engine operates in a cyclic process where heat is taken in from a high-temperature source, pa

Heat Engine Efficiency Analysis

A heat engine operates by drawing heat from a high-temperature source and rejecting part of it as ex

Heat Engine Performance Measurements

A heat engine operates in cycles, drawing 800 J of heat from its high-temperature reservoir and reje

Heat Engine Work Cycle Analysis

A heat engine operates by drawing $$Q_H = 800\,J$$ of heat from a high-temperature source and discar

Heat Transfer Conduction/Convection Experiment Error

A student investigates heat transfer through a metal rod by heating one end and measuring temperatur

Integration Approach to Work Calculation

In processes where pressure varies with volume, work is computed by integrating the pressure-volume

Interpreting a Maxwell-Boltzmann Speed Distribution Graph

Analyze the Maxwell-Boltzmann speed distribution graph provided and answer the following.

Investigating Specific Heat and Energy Transfer in Gases

The specific heat capacity at constant volume, \(C_V\), is a measure of the energy required to raise

Kinetic Energy and Molecular Speeds

The average kinetic energy of gas molecules is given by $$K_{avg} = \frac{3}{2} k_B T$$. (a) Derive

Kinetic Energy and Temperature Relationship

An experiment on an ideal gas was conducted to measure the average molecular kinetic energy and temp

Modes of Heat Transfer: Conduction, Convection, and Radiation

A copper rod of length $$L$$ and cross-sectional area $$A$$ experiences a temperature difference $$\

RMS Velocity and Temperature

The RMS (root-mean-square) velocity of molecules in an ideal gas is given by $$v_{rms} = \sqrt{\frac

Temperature and Kinetic Energy Relations

This experiment investigates the relationship between temperature and the average kinetic energy of

Testing Thermal Equilibrium: The Zeroth Law

An experiment is conducted to verify the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics using three objects: A, B, and

Thermodynamics and Mechanical Work in an Automobile Engine

An internal combustion engine converts the chemical energy of fuel into mechanical work. Consider th

Work in Cyclic Thermodynamic Processes

A researcher analyzes two different cyclic processes shown on P–V diagrams. Process 1 follows a rect

Balancing Forces in a Uniform Electric Field

An object of mass $$5.0 \; g$$ (0.005 kg) is placed 2.0 cm above a large, positively charged horizon

Balancing Gravitational and Electric Forces in a Uniform Field

This problem involves determining the amount of charge required on a small object such that the upwa

Capacitor Network Analysis in Series and Parallel

In a circuit, three capacitors are connected as follows: capacitor C1 (4 μF) is connected in series

Charge Conservation and Quantization

In an isolated system, charge is conserved and the charge on any object is an integer multiple of a

Charge Induction in Connected Conducting Spheres

In an induction experiment, two neutral conducting spheres are brought into contact while a charged

Charge Induction on Conductors vs. Insulators

A charged rod is brought near two spheres—one made of a conductor and one made of an insulator—that

Charge Quantization and Experimental Uncertainty

In a series of experiments, students measured the net charge on several isolated metallic spheres us

Charge Redistribution Experiment

An experiment is designed to verify the conservation of charge during collisions between conducting

Charge Transfer and Work Calculation

Consider a system where two fixed charges create an electric potential difference between two points

Charged Projectile Motion: Vector Decomposition Error

An experiment is set up to study the trajectory of a charged projectile launched horizontally in the

Determining Capacitor Properties from Energy Storage

A parallel-plate capacitor stores a charge of 50 μC and has a capacitance of 10 nanofarads. The plat

Effect of Temperature on Dielectric Constant in Capacitors

Propose an experimental setup to study how temperature affects the dielectric constant of a capacito

Electric Dipole Analysis

A researcher studies an electric dipole consisting of a positive charge of $$+4.0 \; nC$$ and a nega

Electric Field from Four-Point Charges in a Square

Four identical positive point charges, each of magnitude $$5.0*10^{-9}$$ C, are placed at the vertic

Electric Field Mapping and Equipotential Surfaces

In an experiment, equipotential maps are generated for a charge configuration. These maps illustrate

Electric Field Mapping Using Discrete Data Points

A student conducts an experiment to measure the electric field around a set of point charges by firs

Electric Potential Dependence Experiment

An experiment is conducted to measure the electric potential at various distances from a fixed point

Electric Potential Difference in a Radial Field

A point charge Q = 1.0 × 10⁻⁹ C produces an electric field in space. A test charge is moved from poi

Electric Potential Due to a Point Charge

Given a point charge Q = 2×10⁻⁹ C, determine the electric potential at a point located 2 cm from the

Electric Potential Energy Conversion in a Charged Projectile Experiment

An experiment is conducted to analyze the conversion of electrical potential energy into kinetic ene

Electric Potential in a Dipole Configuration

An electric dipole is formed by two charges +Q and -Q with Q = 5.0 × 10⁻⁹ C, separated by 8.0 cm. Co

Electric Potential Measurement Setup: Reference Point Error

An experiment is set up to measure the electric potential around a fixed point charge. A voltmeter i

Equipotential Mapping Experiment

Students conduct an experiment to map the equipotential lines created by a single fixed point charge

Evidence of Charge Quantization in Oil-Drop Experiment

An experiment modeled after Millikan's oil-drop experiment produced the following measurements for t

Force and Potential Energy in the Hydrogen Atom

For a hydrogen atom, consider the proton and electron separated by a distance of 0.5×10^-10 m. Using

Influence of Charge Magnitude on Electric Potential

Design an experiment using a variable charge on a point charge source to measure the resulting elect

Investigating Coulomb's Law in a Controlled Experiment

Design an experiment to measure the electric force between two charged spheres as a function of sepa

Kinetic Energy Gain from Electrical Potential Energy Change

A fixed charge \(q_1 = +2 \times 10^{-6} \; C\) and a mobile charge \(q_2 = -1 \times 10^{-8} \; C\)

Methods of Charging: Friction, Conduction, and Induction

There are three primary methods for charging objects: by friction, conduction, and induction. (a) D

Net Electric Force in a Square Configuration

Four identical positive point charges, each of $$2.0 \times 10^{-9} \; C$$, are placed at the vertic

Net Force in Linear Charge Arrangement

A researcher arranges three point charges along the x-axis as follows: $$q_1 = +2.0 \; nC$$ at $$x =

Potential Energy Change in a Uniform Field

In a controlled experiment, a charged particle initially at rest moves through a uniform electric fi

RC Circuit Capacitor Charging Analysis

An RC circuit containing a capacitor is studied as the capacitor charges from 0 V to its maximum vol

Superposition in Electric Field Calculations

Three point charges are arranged along a straight line: q₁ = +2 μC is located at x = 0, q₂ = -3 μC a

Superposition in Electric Field Measurement – Data Analysis

In an experiment, a pair of point charges (one positive and one negative, each of magnitude 1.0 × 10

Superposition of Electric Fields Experiment

Four identical positively charged spheres are fixed at the vertices of a square, and a negatively ch

Surface Charge Density and Electric Field Experiment

In an experiment, several large plates are charged to different surface charge densities, $$\sigma$$

Work and Change in Electric Potential Energy in a Uniform Field

A positive test charge of $$q = +2.0 \times 10^{-6}\,C$$ is moved a distance of $$0.05\,m$$ in the d

Work and Energy in a Non-Uniform Electric Field

A point charge $$q$$ is released from rest at a distance $$r_A$$ from a fixed charge $$Q$$. As $$q$$

Advanced Analysis of Battery Internal Resistance with External Loads

A battery with an internal resistance r is connected to various external load resistors. The table b

Advanced Transient Analysis in Electric Circuits

A complex circuit contains multiple RC branches with different resistances and capacitances. The tra

Application of Kirchhoff’s Laws in Complex Circuits

Consider a circuit that has two branches: one branch contains a single resistor and the other branch

Basic Analysis of Electric Current

Consider a simple circuit that contains a battery with a voltage of $$12\,V$$ and a resistor of $$10

Basic Circuit Analysis: Applying Ohm's Law

A battery providing $$9~V$$ is connected to a single resistor with a resistance of $$10~\Omega$$. An

Battery Internal Resistance Analysis

A battery with an ideal electromotive force (EMF) of $$12\,V$$ has an internal resistance of $$1\,\O

Charging Behavior of an RC Circuit

A capacitor with capacitance $$C = 5 \text{ F}$$ is charged through a resistor of $$R = 3 \Omega$$ b

Comparative Analysis of Capacitor Charging Profiles

Two RC circuits are set up using identical resistor and capacitor values: $$R = 3 \Omega$$ and $$C =

Critical Analysis of a Circuit Simulation Software's Accuracy in Predicting Voltage Drops

A team of researchers claims that their circuit simulation software can accurately predict voltage d

Designing a Circuit for a Specific Equivalent Resistance

You are provided with resistors of values 50 Ω, 100 Ω, 200 Ω, and 400 Ω. Your task is to design a ci

Designing a Circuit for Controlled Power Dissipation

Design a circuit that will safely dissipate 50 W of power when connected to a 12V battery. This desi

Determining Effective Resistance in a Complex Series-Parallel Network

A student constructs a circuit consisting of four resistors arranged in a complex series-parallel co

Determining Equivalent Capacitance in Series and Parallel

Capacitors can be combined in different ways to achieve a desired equivalent capacitance.

Determining the Capacitance Variation Through Geometric Changes

A student explores how the geometry of a parallel-plate capacitor affects its capacitance. The exper

Effect of Wire Cross-Sectional Area on Resistance

Resistance in a wire is given by the formula $$R = \rho \frac{l}{A}$$, where A is the cross-sectiona

Energy Storage and Power Dissipation in Capacitors

A capacitor with a capacitance of 50 μF is charged to a voltage of 10 V. Answer the following:

Evaluating Circuit Design with Kirchhoff’s Laws

A complex circuit is constructed on a breadboard that includes a 20 V battery, three resistors, and

Evaluating the Equivalent Capacitance of a Parallel Capacitor Array with a Battery

A student conducts an experiment to determine the equivalent capacitance of two capacitors connected

Evaluation of Energy Dissipation in a Resistor

A 10 Ω resistor is connected to a 9 V battery.

Examining Charge Retention in Capacitors: Steady State vs. Transient

A capacitor in a circuit can behave differently depending on whether the battery remains connected o

Experimental Design: Effect of Resistor Arrangements on Circuit Behavior

Design an experiment to investigate how different resistor configurations (series vs. parallel) affe

Experimental Determination of Resistivity

A student performs an experiment to determine the resistivity of a metal wire. The wire has a measur

Exploring the Concepts of Internal Resistance and Circuit Efficiency

A study claims that batteries with lower internal resistance operate more efficiently, resulting in

Impact of Resistor Network Configuration on Circuit Performance

A circuit is composed of a resistor network where two $$8 \Omega$$ resistors are connected in series

Impact of Wire Dimensions on Resistance

In an experiment, two wires made of the same material but with different lengths and cross-sectional

Investigating Capacitance: The Role of Plate Area and Separation

The capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor is given by $$C = k*\epsilon_0*\frac{A}{d}$$, where $$

Measuring Power Dissipation in Resistive Elements

Power dissipation in a resistor is an important factor for both performance and safety. Given the fo

Modeling the Behavior of a Heated Resistor in an Electrical Circuit

A resistor with an initial resistance of 100 Ω at 20°C has a temperature coefficient of 0.004/°C. If

Modifying Resistor Values for Current Limiting in LED Circuits

An LED with a voltage drop of 2 V requires a current of 20 mA for optimal performance. It is powered

RC Circuit Transients and Time Constants

An RC circuit is comprised of a resistor $$R = 5\times10^3\,\Omega$$ and a capacitor $$C = 2\,\mu F$

Analysis of Experimental Data in a Motional EMF Investigation

In an experiment, a sliding conductor is moved through a uniform magnetic field at various speeds, a

Analyzing Magnetic Field Lines with Iron Filings

This FRQ requires analyzing the patterns formed by iron filings around a bar magnet, emphasizing the

Bar Magnet and Induced EMF Experiment

In this experiment, a student swings a bar magnet through a solenoid coil and measures the induced e

Circular Motion of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field

A charged particle enters a uniform magnetic field perpendicular to its velocity and undergoes unifo

Comparative Analysis of Magnetic Forces on Oppositely Charged Particles

Two particles, one with a positive charge of $$q_1 = +2 \times 10^{-6} \; C$$ and the other with a n

Critical Angle for Maximal Magnetic Force

A researcher investigates the dependence of the magnetic force on a charged particle with the equati

Current-Carrying Wire in Variable Magnetic Field

A researcher studies a straight wire of length $$\ell$$ carrying a current $$I$$, placed in a magnet

Determination of Solenoid Current through Field Measurements

Students aim to determine the current flowing through a solenoid by measuring the magnetic field ins

Determining Magnetic Field Direction Around a Wire

A long, straight vertical wire carries a current of 15 A upward. Around the wire, four points (A, B,

Distance Dependence of Magnetic Field from a Current Wire

An experiment measured the magnetic field strength at various distances from a long, straight wire c

Electromagnetic Induction in a Rotating Loop

A circular loop rotates in a uniform magnetic field, causing a time-varying magnetic flux and induce

Energy Conversion in an Electromagnetic Generator

A simple electromagnetic generator consists of a rotating loop placed in a uniform magnetic field, r

Energy Storage in an Inductor

In an electrical circuit, an inductor with inductance $$L = 0.5 H$$ carries a current of $$I = 3 A$$

Evaluating Magnetic Flux Change in a Rotating Loop

A circular loop of wire is rotated in a uniform magnetic field. The change in orientation causes the

Evaluating Solenoid Field Uniformity

In an experiment, the magnetic field inside a solenoid is measured at different positions along its

Experimental Verification of the Right-Hand Rule

Design an experiment to verify the right-hand rule by measuring the direction of the magnetic force

Faraday's Law and Rotating Loop

This FRQ requires applying Faraday's law to a rotating circular loop in a uniform magnetic field.

Faraday’s Law and the Rotating Loop

A circular loop of radius 0.05 m rotates in a uniform magnetic field of 0.3 T. The loop rotates with

Force on a Charged Particle in a Non-Uniform Magnetic Field

A charged particle with charge $$q$$ moves with constant speed $$v$$ in a region where the magnetic

Force on a Current-Carrying Wire in a Magnetic Field

A straight wire carrying an electric current is placed in a uniform magnetic field. Answer the follo

Induced EMF and Conductor Length

An experiment is conducted in which a conducting rod moves through a magnetic field, and the induced

Investigating Induced Current in a Loop with Changing Orientation

Design an experiment to investigate how changing the orientation of a loop relative to a magnetic fi

Investigation of Hysteresis in Ferromagnetic Materials

Design an experiment to investigate the hysteresis behavior in ferromagnetic materials by plotting a

Magnetic Braking in a Rotating Metal Disk

A metal disk is set into rotation and brought near a set of fixed magnets arranged so that eddy curr

Magnetic Dipoles: Bar Magnet and Current Loop

A researcher compares the magnetic field produced by a permanent bar magnet with that produced by a

Magnetic Field around a Current-Carrying Wire

A long, straight wire carries a current of $$I = 10 A$$. a) Using the formula $$B = \frac{\mu_0}{2

Magnetic Force Cancellation in a U-Shaped Wire

A U-shaped wire is immersed in a uniform magnetic field of $$0.5\;T$$. The report claims that by pas

Magnetic Levitation System Design

A researcher is tasked with designing a magnetic levitation system to suspend a small object. The go

Mapping Magnetic Field Lines using Iron Dust

In an experiment, a bar magnet is placed on a sheet and iron dust is sprinkled over it to visualize

Mapping Magnetic Field Lines with Iron Dust

A recent experimental report claims that by sprinkling iron dust on a piece of paper placed over a b

Mapping the Magnetic Field Around a Straight Current-Carrying Wire

In this experiment, students use a Hall sensor to measure the magnetic field (B) at various distance

Motional EMF in a Moving Rod

A conducting rod of length $$\ell = 0.3 \; m$$ moves with a constant speed of $$v = 5 \; m/s$$ perpe

Motional EMF in Non-Uniform Magnetic Fields

Moving conductors in non-uniform magnetic fields can develop complex distributions of induced emf. A

Motional EMF with an Oblique Angle

A conducting rod of length 0.8 m moves with a speed of 4 m/s through a uniform magnetic field of 0.1

Power and Energy Conversion in Motional EMF

A conducting rod of length $$L = 0.5 m$$ moves at a constant speed of $$v = 3 m/s$$ through a unifor

Rotating Coil Induced Current

A coil consisting of N turns and area A rotates in a uniform magnetic field of strength B with a con

Sinusoidal Induced EMF in a Rotating Loop

A circular loop of radius 0.1 m rotates in a uniform magnetic field of 0.25 T with a constant angula

Solenoid Magnetic Field

This FRQ explores the magnetic field inside a solenoid through derivations, calculations, and concep

Testing Lenz's Law with a Falling Magnet Through a Coil

An experiment involves dropping a magnet through a coil and measuring the induced current. The claim

Trajectory of a Proton Near a Current-Carrying Wire

A proton moving at a speed of $$2 \times 10^5 \;m/s$$ passes at a distance of 4 cm from a long, stra

Uniform Magnetic Field in a Solenoid Experiment

An experiment is conducted using a solenoid as an electromagnet, and it is claimed that the magnetic

Zero Net Force Condition in a U-Shaped Conductor

A U-shaped conductor is placed in a uniform magnetic field and carries a current. Under specific con

Chromatic Aberration in Lenses

Chromatic aberration occurs when a lens fails to focus all wavelengths to the same point. Answer the

Coherence in Interference Patterns

A student compares the interference patterns produced by a coherent laser light source and an incohe

Comparative Analysis of Double-Slit and Single-Slit Diffraction Patterns

Both double-slit interference and single-slit diffraction produce characteristic patterns on a scree

Concave Mirror Image Formation

An object of height 5 cm is placed 20 cm from a concave mirror with a focal length of 10 cm. Answer

Converging Lens and Image Formation

Converging lenses project real images through refraction. Analyze an optical scenario involving a co

Convex Mirror Image Analysis

Convex mirrors produce images that are always virtual, diminished, and upright. This question requir

Determining Lens Power: Experimental Measurement via Object-Image Distance

Design an experiment to determine the power of a converging lens by measuring object and image dista

Diffraction Grating Analysis

A diffraction grating with 5000 lines per centimeter is used to analyze light of wavelength $$650*10

Diffraction Grating Analysis

A diffraction grating with 5000 slits per centimeter is illuminated by monochromatic light of wavele

Diffraction Grating Analysis

A researcher uses a diffraction grating with 5000 lines per centimeter to analyze the spectrum of a

Double Slit Interference Experiment

In a Young's double-slit experiment, two slits separated by $$d = 1.5 \text{ mm}$$ are illuminated b

EM Wave Generation and Field Relationships

An oscillating charge produces electromagnetic waves, characterized by oscillating electric and magn

Image Formation with a Concave Mirror

A student investigates image formation using a concave mirror. In the experiment, a concave mirror w

Impact of Coherence on Interference Patterns

Coherence is crucial for the formation of clear interference patterns. Answer the following:

Interference from Coherent Light Sources

Two coherent, monochromatic light sources produce an interference pattern on a distant screen. Answe

Interference Patterns and Young's Double Slit Experiment

An experiment using Young's double-slit setup produced the table below showing fringe positions. Ass

Lens Power and Image Size Determination

A converging lens forms a real image that is twice the height of the object when the object is place

Lens Power Calculation

When an object is placed 10 cm from a converging lens, a real image is formed that is twice the heig

Medium Effects on Light Wavelength

When light enters a medium from a vacuum, its speed decreases while its frequency remains constant.

Multi-Wavelength Interference Experiment

In an experiment using a diffraction grating, two monochromatic light sources are employed: red ligh

Multiple Interfaces: Sequential Refraction

A light ray passes through a system consisting of three media with refractive indices: air ($$n_1 =

Plane Mirror Image Analysis

A researcher investigates image formation by plane mirrors. An object is placed 2.0 m in front of a

Plane Mirror Image Characteristics

An object is placed in front of a plane mirror at a distance of $$d = 2.0 \ m$$.

Plane Mirror Investigation: Verifying Virtual Image Formation

Design an experiment to investigate how plane mirrors form virtual images. Your design should includ

Polarization and Intensity of EM Waves

A beam of unpolarized light passes through a polarizing filter, emerging as linearly polarized light

Polarization of Electromagnetic Waves

Consider a polarizing filter that transmits only the component of light aligned with its transmissio

Properties of Electromagnetic Waves

This question explores the basic properties of electromagnetic waves including their speed, the freq

Reflection and Refraction: Application of Snell’s Law

This question examines the application of Snell's law to a light beam incident on a glass surface an

Reflection and Refraction: Snell's Law

A beam of light traveling in air (with an index of refraction, n = 1.0) strikes a glass surface (n =

Single Slit Diffraction Analysis

In a single slit experiment, a diffraction pattern is recorded. A graph of intensity versus angle is

Single Slit Diffraction Experiment: Determining Slit Width

Design an experiment to measure the width of a single slit by analyzing its diffraction pattern. You

Spherical Mirrors - Concave Mirror Calculation

An object of height 4 cm is placed 30 cm in front of a concave mirror with a focal length of 10 cm.

Spherical Mirrors - Convex Mirror Analysis

An object of height 5 cm is placed 20 cm in front of a convex mirror with a focal length of -15 cm.

Spherical Mirrors: Concave Mirror Analysis

An object of height 4 cm is placed 30 cm in front of a concave mirror with a focal length of 10 cm.

Total Internal Reflection

When light travels from water ($$n = 1.33$$) to air ($$n = 1.0$$), total internal reflection can occ

Total Internal Reflection and Critical Angle

Consider a beam of light traveling within water (with index of refraction $$n_{water} = 1.33$$) that

Total Internal Reflection and Critical Angle Determination

A researcher is exploring the phenomenon of total internal reflection at a water-air interface. Cons

Two-Lens System Analysis

A compound optical system consists of a converging lens with a focal length of 20 cm and a diverging