AP Biology FRQ Room

Amino Acid Properties and Protein Folding

Examine how the polarity of amino acid side chains influences protein folding and enzyme activity un

Carbohydrate Metabolism and Energy Storage

A biochemist is comparing the metabolism of different polysaccharides involved in energy storage.

Carbohydrate Structures and Functions

A research team is investigating various carbohydrates to understand their roles in energy storage a

Carbohydrates: Structure and Function

Investigate the structural differences and roles of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysacchari

Cell Membrane Dynamics and Phospholipid Density

Cell membranes are composed primarily of a phospholipid bilayer, whose organization is crucial for t

Enzyme Activity and Environmental pH

Analyze how changes in pH affect enzyme activity and structure.

FRQ 4: Dehydration Synthesis Reactions

A dehydration synthesis reaction joins two molecules by removing a water molecule. Explain how this

FRQ 17: Isotopes in Biological Systems

Isotopes are used extensively in biological research. Discuss their role in metabolic studies and te

Investigating Capillary Action and Water's Adhesion and Cohesion

A botanist is interested in how water rises in narrow tubes due to adhesion and cohesion. The study

Isotopic Tracers in Metabolic Pathways

Analyze the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of metabolic pathways.

Lipid Saturation and Membrane Fluidity

A biologist studies how variations in lipid saturation affect the fluidity of cell membranes. Artifi

Lipids: Structure and Membrane Function

Examine the structural diversity of lipids and how it relates to their function within biological me

Organic Molecules: Proteins and Enzyme Function

Proteins are essential for numerous cellular functions. Evaluate the relationship between protein st

Protein Structure and Mutation Analysis

A molecular biologist is investigating the structure of proteins and the effects of mutations.

Proteins: Structure, Function, and Denaturation

Proteins display complex structures that are intimately linked with their function. Analyze the fact

Structural Variations in Fatty Acids

This question examines differences between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and their impact on

The Versatility of Carbon in Organic Chemistry

This FRQ explores why carbon is the central element in organic chemistry. You will discuss the uniqu

Trace Mineral Deficiency and Metabolic Health

Medical researchers are investigating how deficiencies in trace minerals impact metabolic health.

Understanding the Role of Molecular Components in Cell Signaling

A study investigates how cholesterol-derived hormones are produced and how molecular structure influ

Utilizing Isotope Gradients to Study Metabolism

This question focuses on the application of isotopic labeling for tracking metabolic pathways. You w

Water: Unique Properties and Capillary Action

Water exhibits several unique physical properties that are crucial for life. Analyze how these prope

Active Transport and the Sodium-Potassium Pump

The sodium-potassium pump is a prime example of active transport that maintains essential ion gradie

Active Transport and the Sodium-Potassium Pump

Active transport is essential for maintaining ion gradients across the plasma membrane. (a) Describ

Analyzing Protein Synthesis: The Role of Ribosomes

A molecular biologist is investigating protein synthesis by examining the role and structure of ribo

Aquaporin Overexpression and Water Transport

Design an experiment to determine how overexpression of aquaporin proteins affects water transport i

Cell Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio and Cellular Efficiency

A researcher studies the effects of cell size on the efficiency of material exchange in the cell. Th

Comparative Analysis of Endocytic Pathways

Different types of endocytosis include pinocytosis, phagocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis.

Comparative Analysis of Plant and Animal Cells

Plant and animal cells exhibit distinct structural features that reflect their functions. Answer the

Cytoskeleton Function and Cellular Dynamics

The cytoskeleton is essential for maintaining cell shape, enabling movement, and facilitating cell d

Function of Transport Proteins

A researcher examines the role of transport proteins in maintaining ion gradients across the cell me

Golgi Complex: Modification and Sorting

The Golgi complex is critical for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins. Answer the following:

Heat Exchange and Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio in Organisms

Design an experiment to investigate how heat-exchange rates vary in organisms with different surface

Interdependence of Cellular Structures in Transport and Metabolism

Cells rely on a network of organelles and structures to coordinate transport and metabolic processes

Lysosomes and Cellular Recycling

Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that play a key role in cellular degradation and recycling. Answ

Lysosomes and Cellular Waste Management

Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes critical for recycling cellular components. Answer the parts bel

Mechanisms of Endocytosis

This question explores the different types of endocytosis and their functional significance.

Membrane Transport: Diffusion and Osmosis

This question examines membrane transport through calculations using the water potential equation an

Microscopy Techniques in Studying Cell Structure

A scientist uses both light and electron microscopy to study cellular organelles. These techniques o

Mitochondrial ATP Production and Substrate Availability

Design an experiment to investigate the effect of varying substrate concentrations on ATP production

Mitochondrial Function and ATP Production

Mitochondria are central to energy production in the cell. (a) Outline the structure of the mitocho

Nucleus, Genetic Material, and Ribosome Assembly

The nucleus plays an essential role in housing genetic material and orchestrating ribosome productio

Plasma Membrane Structure and Function

This FRQ focuses on the structure of the plasma membrane and its role in regulating the movement of

Quantitative Analysis of Osmosis Using Water Potential Equations

A study claims that the rate of water influx into cells can be accurately predicted by differences i

Ribosome Localization and Protein Synthesis

Consider how the location of ribosomes within a cell influences protein synthesis and targeting. (a

Ribosome Structure and Protein Synthesis

This FRQ focuses on ribosome composition and its role in protein synthesis.

Vesicle Volume Changes During Neurotransmitter Release

This question examines how small physical changes in vesicle dimensions can influence their volume,

Activation Energy Reduction by Enzymes

Devise an experiment to measure the effect of an enzyme on reducing the activation energy of a react

Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration Comparison

Aerobic and anaerobic respiration differ markedly in their ATP yields and metabolic pathways. Compar

Anaerobic Metabolism and Fermentation in Skeletal Muscle

During intense exercise, muscle cells shift from aerobic respiration to anaerobic metabolism, leadin

Anaerobic Respiration: Fermentation in Muscle Cells and Yeast

This question investigates anaerobic respiration pathways in muscle cells and yeast, focusing on the

ATP Production via Oxidative Phosphorylation

Oxidative phosphorylation is a key process in ATP production through the electron transport chain (E

ATP Synthesis Efficiency in Different Organisms

This question investigates variations in ATP synthesis efficiency among different organisms and the

Calvin Cycle and Carbon Fixation

A botanist investigates the dark reactions of photosynthesis, focusing on the Calvin cycle and its r

Calvin Cycle and Reaction Coupling

Detail the Calvin Cycle and explain how it is coupled to the products of the light-dependent reactio

Cellular Energetics and Thermodynamics

This question addresses the application of the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics to cellular m

Comparative Energy Pathways: Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration

Compare the energy conversion processes in photosynthesis and cellular respiration, with a focus on

Coupled Reactions and Reaction Mechanisms

In cells, unfavorable (endergonic) reactions are often driven by coupling them with favorable (exerg

Coupling of Exergonic and Endergonic Reactions

Researchers aim to demonstrate how an exergonic reaction can be coupled to an endergonic reaction us

Designing an Experiment on Allosteric Regulation

Design a controlled experiment to test the effect of an allosteric inhibitor on enzyme activity.

Designing an Experiment to Assess Enzyme Denaturation

A researcher wants to understand how high temperature and extreme pH values cause enzyme denaturatio

Effect of Light Intensity on Photosynthesis

The table below presents data on oxygen production by leaves at different light intensities. Analyze

Effect of pH on Enzyme Conformation and Activity

A laboratory experiment measured the activity of an enzyme at various pH levels. The following table

Electron Transport and ATP Production Correlation

A graph is provided showing the relationship between the proton gradient and ATP production. Analyze

Enzyme Inhibition and Kinetic Analysis

A biochemist is studying the effects of different inhibitors on an enzyme's activity and how these i

Enzyme Saturation and Substrate Concentration

The table below shows how reaction rate varies with increasing substrate concentration. Use the data

Enzyme Specificity and the Impact of Mutations

Enzyme specificity is crucial for metabolic regulation. Analyze how the active site confers specific

Experimental Design for Enzyme Activity Under Varying pH

Design an experiment to study how pH affects the activity of an enzyme. Use mathematical modeling to

Impact of Cofactor Concentration and pH on DNA Polymerase Activity

Researchers sought to evaluate the dependence of DNA polymerase activity on magnesium ion concentrat

Impact of Enzyme Concentration on Reaction Rate

An experiment was conducted in which the concentration of an enzyme was varied while maintaining a c

Impact of Temperature on Enzyme Activity

Design an experiment to evaluate how temperature affects the catalytic activity of lactate dehydroge

Optimal Reaction Conditions and Enzyme Denaturation

Enzyme activity is highly sensitive to temperature. Analyze the relationship between enzyme activity

Oxygen and Cellular Respiration

A researcher is studying how oxygen availability influences the efficiency of cellular respiration.

pH Effects on Enzyme Function

This question investigates how pH influences enzyme structure and function.

Proton Gradient and Chemiosmosis

This question examines the formation of the proton gradient and its role in ATP synthesis.

Quantitative Analysis of Chemiosmosis

ATP synthesis via chemiosmosis is driven by the flow of protons across a membrane. Analyze this rela

Role of Cofactors in Enzymatic Activity

In an experiment, the addition of Mg2+ to an enzymatic reaction resulted in an increased reaction ra

Role of Cofactors in Enzyme Activity

Design an experiment to compare enzyme activity in the presence and absence of a cofactor (e.g., $$M

Role of Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis

Oxidative phosphorylation involves both the electron transport chain (ETC) and chemiosmosis to synth

The Calvin Cycle and Carbon Fixation Pathways

This question examines the Calvin-Benson cycle along with alternative carbon fixation pathways (C3,

Cell Cycle Checkpoint Regulation

Cells must accurately replicate and divide their genetic material, a process tightly controlled by c

Cell Cycle Checkpoints and DNA Damage Response

A laboratory study exposes cultured cells to a DNA-damaging agent and measures checkpoint protein le

Cell Cycle Checkpoints and DNA Damage Response

Construct a detailed experimental plan to investigate the activation of cell cycle checkpoints in ma

Cell Cycle Regulation and Checkpoints

The cell cycle is tightly regulated by checkpoints and specific proteins to ensure that cell divisio

Cell Cycle Regulation through Cyclins and CDKs

A cell biologist studies the concentration of cyclins over time during the cell cycle. The table bel

Chemotaxis in Unicellular Organisms

A researcher investigates the chemotactic response of a bacterial species to increasing concentratio

Chromatid Separation and Centromere Function

A student claims that the centromere is essential for proper chromatid separation during mitosis and

Comparative Analysis of Membrane Receptor Classes

Cells utilize various classes of membrane receptors to perceive and respond to external signals. Con

Cyclin and CDK Dynamics in Cell Division

The regulation of the cell cycle depends on periodic fluctuations in cyclin levels, which activate c

Cyclin-CDK Complex and Its Regulation

Cyclin-CDK complexes are essential for the regulated progression of the cell cycle. A researcher is

Cyclin-Dependent Kinases and Cell Cycle Progression

An experiment measured cyclin concentrations during different phases of the cell cycle. The data bel

Cyclin/CDK Complex Function

A claim posits that the formation of the cyclin/CDK complex is a critical checkpoint event that driv

Designing an Experiment on Cell Junction Communication

A research team is investigating the role of gap junctions in propagating electrical signals in card

Experimental Analysis of S Phase Duration

A researcher uses a thymidine analog to monitor DNA replication over time in asynchronously dividing

Feedback Inhibition in Hormone Signaling

In an investigation of insulin's role in blood glucose regulation, a researcher treats isolated live

GPCR Activation and cAMP Measurement

Design an experiment to measure intracellular cAMP responses to varying concentrations of a GPCR ago

Homeostatic Feedback in Blood Glucose Regulation

Homeostasis in blood glucose levels is maintained by hormonal feedback mechanisms. Refer to the diag

Integration of Taxis and Signal Transduction Pathways

Cells integrate external chemical signals and internal signal transduction mechanisms to navigate th

Ligand-Receptor Interaction and Signal Amplification

Cells in multicellular organisms rely heavily on signal transduction for coordinated responses. In t

Mathematical Modeling of cAMP Signal Amplification

Mathematical models can help explain biochemical signaling pathways. Consider the differential equat

Mitosis: Chromosome Condensation and Segregation

A cytologist observes the stages of mitosis in cultured cells using special staining techniques. The

Rapid Signal Amplification in a Two-Tier Cascade Model

This question examines signal amplification in a cellular cascade involving two tiers of messenger m

Receptor Binding and Signal Specificity

A research group examines signal transduction through enzyme-linked receptors in cultured fibroblast

Signal Amplification and Cascade Effects

An experiment aims to demonstrate signal amplification within a cell signaling cascade. The claim is

Signal Amplification in Transduction Cascades

This question examines how signal transduction cascades amplify extracellular signals within the cel

Signal Transduction Cascade Analysis

A researcher is analyzing the signal transduction cascade initiated by ligand binding to a plasma me

Signal Transduction Pathways: Second Messenger Systems

Second messengers are important components of many signal transduction pathways. A researcher is foc

Analysis of Linked Genes and Recombination Frequency Data

A researcher investigates three linked genes (A, B, and C) on the same chromosome. The recombination

Analysis of X-Inactivation Using Barr Body Data

In studies of female cells, researchers have counted the number of Barr bodies present. The table be

Analyzing Pedigree Data to Determine Inheritance Patterns

A genetic counselor is analyzing a pedigree chart showing the inheritance pattern of a particular tr

Comparative Study of Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis

Design an experiment or comparative study to investigate the differences between spermatogenesis and

Comparative Study: Spermatogenesis vs. Oogenesis

A developmental biologist investigates the differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis in a ve

Designing a Test Cross Experiment

Design a test cross experiment to determine if a tall pea plant is homozygous dominant (TT) or heter

Differences Between Meiosis I and II

Meiosis is divided into two successive divisions, each with unique characteristics. Compare and cont

Environmental Effects on Phenotypes

Environmental factors can modify which traits are expressed by an organism. Answer the following: (

Experimental Analysis of Mutation Effects on Phenotype

A molecular biologist exposes a population of fruit flies to a chemical mutagen to induce random mut

Experimental Design in Genetics: Detecting Linked Genes

Designing experiments to determine whether two genes are linked requires careful planning and analys

Exploring Incomplete Dominance in Snapdragon Flowers

Design an experiment using snapdragon flowers to demonstrate incomplete dominance. Cross true-breedi

Gametogenesis Differences: Spermatogenesis vs. Oogenesis

Gametogenesis is the process by which germ cells develop into mature gametes. This question compares

Gametogenesis: Spermatogenesis vs. Oogenesis

Compare and contrast spermatogenesis and oogenesis by describing the processes and outcomes, includi

Genetic Variation Through Independent Assortment During Meiosis

A cell biologist is exploring the mechanisms behind genetic variation during meiosis, focusing on th

Haploids Versus Diploids: Comparative Analysis

Cells exist in haploid and diploid states in living organisms. Using your understanding of chromosom

Identifying Errors in a Multi-Trait Breeding Experiment

A breeding experiment was conducted to analyze the inheritance patterns of multiple traits simultane

Investigating Meiotic Nondisjunction Effects

During a study on meiotic errors, a cytogeneticist examines the occurrence of nondisjunction in game

Investigation of the Law of Segregation in Pea Plants

A botanist studying the inheritance of pea plant height observes that self-pollinating the F1 genera

Mapping Linked Genes Using Recombination Frequencies

In a genetic mapping experiment, a researcher analyzes three linked genes (A, B, and C) by performin

Maternal Inheritance: Mitochondrial Genetics

Mitochondrial inheritance differs from Mendelian inheritance as mitochondria are passed only from th

Mitochondrial Inheritance: An Experiment in Maternal Effects

A team of researchers investigated mitochondrial inheritance by comparing offspring traits from reci

Monohybrid Cross Analysis

Mendel's early work with pea plants laid the groundwork for understanding dominant and recessive tra

Monohybrid Cross to Validate the Law of Segregation

Design an experiment using a monohybrid cross in pea plants to test Mendel's Law of Segregation. You

Probability in Genetic Crosses: Sum and Product Rules

This problem requires the application of the sum and product rules in probability to predict outcome

Quantitative Analysis of Crossing-over Frequency

Calculate the recombination frequency using experimental data and discuss how this measurement is us

Recombinant Frequencies and Genetic Map Construction

Using recombination frequencies is a standard method for constructing genetic maps. In this scenario

Synapsis and Crossing-Over Analysis in Meiosis

A researcher conducts an experiment to quantify the frequency of crossing-over events during synapsi

Test Cross Analysis in Pea Plants

A tall pea plant has an ambiguous genotype. Describe how a test cross with a homozygous recessive (t

Cell-Free Transcription Assay with Inappropriate Nucleotide Use

A researcher sets up a cell-free system to evaluate RNA transcription efficiency by adding RNA polym

Chromatin Structure and Epigenetic Regulation

Examine the relationship between chromatin structure and epigenetic regulation of gene expression.

Comparative Analysis of DNA and RNA Structures

A table below outlines several key differences between DNA and RNA. Use this information to answer t

Comparative Analysis of Translation

Discuss the translation process in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, noting key differences and

CRISPR-Mediated Gene Duplication Study with Target Site Error

A researcher employs CRISPR-Cas9 to create gene duplications in yeast cells with the goal of augment

DNA Polymerase Proofreading and Replication Fidelity

An in vitro experiment compares DNA replication by polymerases with and without proofreading activit

DNA Replication Enzymes Analysis

Using the provided table that lists key enzymes involved in DNA replication, answer the following qu

DNA Topology and Supercoiling

This question focuses on the concept of DNA supercoiling and the enzymes involved in managing DNA to

FRQ 3: Genome Structure and Chromatin Packaging

A comparative study between two cell types shows that one cell type has loosely packed chromatin (eu

FRQ 11: Transcription Factor Binding and Promoter Efficiency

Researchers have engineered a synthetic promoter to enhance gene expression in cultured cells. A rep

FRQ 13: DNA Polymerase Fidelity and Replication Errors

A mutation in the gene encoding DNA polymerase reduces its proofreading ability in a yeast culture,

Genome Packaging and Chromatin State Effects on Transcription

Researchers are studying how chromatin structure impacts gene expression. In this experiment, cells

Hydrogen Bonding in DNA Base Pairing

A double-stranded DNA molecule contains 1×10^6 base pairs. Assuming that 50% of the base pairs are a

Identifying Point Mutation Types

This question focuses on identifying and interpreting point mutations. Consider a scenario where a c

Impact of Chromatin Condensation on Gene Expression

Develop an experimental design to compare gene expression levels in euchromatin versus heterochromat

Modeling DNA Helix Unwinding

DNA helicase is essential for unwinding the double helix during DNA replication. Answer the followin

mRNA Splicing Investigation with Intron Retention Misconception

A researcher is studying splicing efficiency in eukaryotic cells treated with a novel drug. The expe

Mutation Effects: Frameshift vs. In-Frame Insertions

This question addresses the consequences of insertion mutations on protein structure.

Mutation Frequencies and Genetic Variation

Researchers collected data on mutation frequencies in a population after exposure to environmental s

Operon Model and Gene Regulation

Gene regulation in prokaryotes often occurs via operons. Answer the following in relation to the ope

Plasmid Construction and Genetic Engineering

This question focuses on the use of plasmids in genetic engineering. Provide comprehensive answers t

Plasmid Transformation and Gene Expression in Bacteria

Design an experiment involving bacterial transformation with a plasmid to achieve gene expression an

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Efficiency

During PCR, the amount of DNA is amplified exponentially with each cycle. The table below shows the

RNA Interference (RNAi) and Post-Transcriptional Regulation

This question explores the mechanism of RNA interference (RNAi) and its application in regulating ge

RNA Processing and Alternative Splicing

This question examines the post-transcriptional modifications of RNA and their significance in produ

Telomere Function and Cellular Aging

A study measures telomere lengths in different cell types to understand their role in cellular aging

Telomere Shortening and Cell Division

Telomeres protect the ends of chromosomes from degradation. Their progressive shortening is associat

Topoisomerase Function Analysis

Topoisomerases relieve supercoiling during DNA replication. In an experiment, a cell's DNA has 10,00

Topoisomerase Function Analysis with Incorrect Inhibitor Application

A researcher is investigating the role of topoisomerase in relieving DNA supercoiling during replica

Transcription and RNA Processing

Analyze the process by which DNA is transcribed into mRNA and subsequently processed in eukaryotic c

Transcriptional Inhibition by Regulatory Proteins

A study compared mRNA levels under different regulatory conditions to understand the impact of repre

Translation Efficiency and Codon Usage

A laboratory study examined how codon usage affects translation efficiency in eukaryotic cells using

Viral Replication and Horizontal Gene Transfer

Investigate the replication cycles of viruses and their role in horizontal gene transfer among bacte

Analyzing Fossil Record Evidence for Evolution

Examine how the fossil record supports evolutionary theory. Answer the following parts:

Artificial Selection in Crop Plants: Predicting Trait Frequency Changes

Investigate how artificial selection can alter the trait distribution in crop plants over one genera

Artificial vs. Natural Selection

This question compares artificial and natural selection. Design an experiment and analyze the evolut

Cladograms and Evolutionary Relationships

Cladograms are visual representations of the evolutionary relationships among organisms. Use the pro

Climate Change and Evolutionary Selection

Climate change can act as a powerful selective force. Use the data provided to examine how changing

Coevolution in Predator-Prey Relationships

The following table shows population numbers for a predator and its prey over several years. Use the

Comparing Darwin's Natural Selection and Lamarck's Theory

This question asks you to compare the theory of natural selection with Lamarck's theory of the inher

Comparison of Natural and Artificial Selection

Natural selection and artificial selection lead to changes in populations, but they operate via diff

Darwin's Observations and Evidence for Evolution

Discuss how Darwin’s observation that species produce more offspring than can survive supports the m

Darwin's Observations and Natural Selection

A researcher is studying a population of beetles that exhibit different coloration. Over several gen

Designing an Experiment on Artificial Selection

Artificial selection involves humans choosing which organisms reproduce. Create a detailed experimen

Disruptive Selection in Flower Color Variation

A study investigated flower color variation in a population of plants. The following table displays

Effectiveness of Selection Pressure Under Environmental Change

Analyze the impact of environmental pollution on phenotype fitness. Answer the following parts:

Effects of Gene Flow on Allele Frequencies

Investigate how gene flow affects allele frequencies in populations, using both definitions and nume

Effects of Gene Flow on Allele Frequencies in Populations

Gene flow can alter allele frequencies within a population by introducing new alleles from immigrant

Environmental Pressure and Enzyme Activity

A study investigates how enzyme activity in an organism changes with temperature. A graph depicting

Environmental Pressures and Adaptations

Examine the role of environmental pressures as selective forces in shaping adaptations within popula

Environmental Pressures and Phenotypic Traits

A study examines the effect of temperature on the beak size of a particular bird species. Use the pr

Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance

A graph depicts the increase in the percentage of antibiotic-resistant bacteria over a 30-day period

Evolutionary Impact of Rapid Climate Change

Discuss the potential evolutionary impacts of rapid climate change on species, particularly those wi

Examining Stabilizing Selection in a Simulated Environment

Using a computer simulation of a bird population with variable beak sizes, design an experiment to d

Experimental Analysis of Mutation Rates in Bacteria

In laboratory experiments, mutation rates can be measured by exposing bacterial populations to varyi

Experimental Test of Lamarckian vs Darwinian Inheritance

Design an experiment to test whether acquired traits, such as increased muscle mass from exercise, a

Exploring the RNA World Hypothesis

Investigate the RNA world hypothesis as a model for the origins of life on Earth and compare it with

Gene Flow and Genetic Drift in Isolated Populations

Evaluate how gene flow and genetic drift influence allele frequencies in small isolated populations.

Genetic Drift and Bottlenecks

This question investigates the impact of genetic drift due to bottleneck effects. Include both conce

Genetic Drift and the Bottleneck Effect

Using the data provided in the table, explain how a bottleneck event can impact genetic diversity an

Genetic Variability and Population Equilibrium

This question examines genetic variability within a population and its relationship to Hardy-Weinber

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium and Evolutionary Forces

In a laboratory study of a beetle population, the following genotype frequencies were observed: $$p^

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Disruption and Gene Flow Experiment

Examine the factors that disrupt Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and design an experiment to test the imp

Impact of Mutation on Genetic Diversity

In an experiment, scientists tracked the frequency of a new mutant allele in a bacterial population

Impact of Mutations on Microbial Populations

In a controlled experiment, a microbial population is exposed to a mutagen, altering the mutation ra

Impact of Population Bottlenecks on Genetic Drift

Population bottlenecks can greatly influence genetic drift. Suppose a species experiences a bottlene

Interactions Among Evolutionary Forces

Evolutionary processes do not act in isolation. Gene flow, natural selection, genetic drift, and mut

Interpreting Phylogenetic Data Through Cladograms

Cladograms and phylogenetic trees help illustrate evolutionary relationships and common ancestry amo

Investigating Natural Selection in a Laboratory Insect Population

A researcher is investigating the effect of an insecticide on a genetically variable population of i

Lamarck vs Darwin: Comparative Analysis

Research on evolutionary theories continues to provoke discussion. Compare the historical theories o

Measuring Reproductive Success in Variable Environments

Evolutionary fitness is commonly measured by reproductive success, but environmental factors can inf

Modeling Allele Frequencies Using Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

Apply the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium model to estimate allele frequencies in a population. Answer th

Modeling the Effects of Gene Flow

Gene flow between two populations can alter allele frequencies. Using the data provided, answer the

Molecular Evidence for Common Ancestry

Discuss how molecular data supports the concept of common ancestry among diverse species.

Molecular Evidence for Evolution: Cladistic Analysis

Analyze the molecular data provided in the table to construct a cladogram and explain how DNA sequen

Mutation and Its Impact on Evolutionary Processes

Mutations are a primary source of genetic variability and can influence evolution in various ways. A

Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift in Evolution

Discuss the roles of mutation, gene flow, and genetic drift as mechanisms that generate genetic vari

Peppered Moths and Directional Selection

A long-term study on peppered moth populations recorded changes in allele frequency as air pollution

Peppered Moths: A Case Study in Natural Selection

Examine a historical scenario involving the peppered moth. Before industrialization, the moth popula

Phylogenetic Trees and Common Ancestry

Examine the scenario described below regarding relationships among four species and their common anc

Phylogenetic Trees and Common Ancestry

Discuss the construction and interpretation of phylogenetic trees, and explain how they provide evid

Population Dynamics in Response to Climate Change

Climate change can affect population genetics and dynamics. Answer the following:

Selective Pressures in Plant Populations: Light and Resource Competition

An experiment is conducted on two groups of plants grown under varying light intensities. Researcher

Sexual Selection and Evolutionary Fitness

Sexual selection represents a unique mechanism of evolution driven by mate choice and competition. E

Sexual Selection and Trait Variation

A study explores the relationship between male tail length and mating success. The graph provided sh

Studying Allopatric Speciation in a Natural Setting

Design a research study to investigate allopatric speciation in a species inhabiting fragmented habi

The RNA World Hypothesis and the Origins of Life

Experiments simulating early Earth conditions, such as the Miller-Urey experiment, provide support f

The Role of Genetic Variation in Evolution

Genetic variation is fundamental to evolution, serving as the substrate upon which natural selection

Types of Selection and Their Effects

Evolutionary processes include various forms of selection that shape population traits. In the follo

Agonistic Behavior and Competition in Animal Populations

Agonistic behaviors, which include aggressive interactions, are common in populations competing for

Altruistic Behavior and Kin Selection

A behavioral ecologist investigates altruistic behavior in social mammals with a focus on kin select

Animal Communication: Pheromones and Agonistic Behaviors

This FRQ focuses on the various ways animals communicate, emphasizing chemical signaling and social

Assessing Agonistic Behavior and Dominance Hierarchies

An observational study on a flock of birds provides data on aggressive interactions and shows that t

Assessment of Greenhouse Effect on Animal Behavior

A recent media article claims that increasing levels of greenhouse gases are altering the behavior o

Carrying Capacity and Population Regulation

This final question examines the concept of carrying capacity and how external factors can regulate

Circadian Clock Genes: Oscillatory Patterns in Gene Expression

Investigate the oscillatory behavior of circadian clock genes in mammals using a mathematical model.

Circadian Rhythms in Plants and Animals

Circadian rhythms are internal processes that regulate biological activities on a roughly 24-hour cy

Comparative Analysis of Circadian Rhythms in Plants and Animals

A researcher compared circadian rhythms in roosters and plants by recording their respective activit

Comparing Instinct and Learned Altruistic Behavior in Birds

Behavioral studies in birds show that certain behaviors such as warning calls can be either instinct

Critical Periods and Imprinting in Avian Species

A researcher is studying imprinting behavior in domestic chicks. In the experiment, one set of chick

Ecological Succession in Primary Succession Environments

Ecological succession is the process by which the species structure of an ecosystem gradually change

Ecological Succession: Primary Succession in a Barren Landscape

Review the series of illustrations depicting primary succession in a barren landscape. Answer the fo

Evaluating Mutualistic Symbiosis

Examine a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and an alga that forms lichen. Data on growth rate

Evaluating the Impact of Deforestation on Biodiversity

A recent study suggests that deforestation in a tropical rainforest has led to a significant reducti

Impact of Deforestation on Biodiversity and Biomass

A region experiencing deforestation was studied and the following data were recorded: Species richne

Imprinting and Critical Periods

Imprinting is a rapid form of learning that occurs during a critical period in an animal's early lif

Investigating Phototropism: Plant Growth Towards Light

Researchers observed that plants exposed to a directional light source exhibit curvature towards the

Keystone Species and Ecosystem Dynamics

This FRQ addresses the concept of keystone species and their role in ecosystem stability.

Keystone Species and Ecosystem Dynamics

Keystone species have a disproportionate effect on their ecosystems. Answer the following:

Learning Behaviors: Habituation and Imprinting in Birds

A behavioral ecologist wants to compare the processes of habituation and imprinting in birds by desi

Population Dynamics Under Environmental Stress

An ecologist studies a population of amphibians under different environmental stressors including po

Population Growth and Exponential Models

Populations can grow exponentially under ideal conditions. The reproductive rate is given by the for

Population Growth Dynamics and Carrying Capacity

A population ecologist monitored the growth of a species over time and recorded population sizes. Th

Population Growth Dynamics: Exponential vs Logistic Growth

A biologist studying a closed bacterial culture observes that the population initially grows exponen

Primary vs. Net Productivity in Ecosystems

Gross productivity refers to the total amount of organic material produced via photosynthesis; howev

Territoriality and Agonistic Behavior in Birds

Review the provided diagram description illustrating territorial divisions in a forest inhabited by