AP Biology FRQ Room

Analyzing the Effects of Temperature on Lipid Bilayer Permeability

A researcher investigates the permeability of synthetic lipid bilayers by encapsulating a fluorescen

Analyzing Water's High Specific Heat Through Temperature Change

A physicist compares the temperature change of water and another liquid with a lower specific heat c

Carbohydrate Structure and Monosaccharide Energy Utilization

A nutritionist is investigating the energy yield differences between monosaccharides and disaccharid

Cell Membrane Dynamics and Phospholipid Density

Cell membranes are composed primarily of a phospholipid bilayer, whose organization is crucial for t

Comparative Analysis of Carbohydrate Storage

Two plant species utilize different carbohydrate storage molecules. Species A primarily stores energ

Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis of Disaccharides

In the formation of disaccharides, two monosaccharide molecules (such as glucose) join together via

Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis Reaction Investigation

A biochemist studies the processes of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis in the formation and brea

Dehydration Synthesis and Its Biological Applications

This FRQ explores the process of dehydration synthesis in the formation of biomolecules. You will de

Enzymatic Activity and Protein Structure

Enzymes are proteins whose structures are critical to their catalytic function. Examine how environm

Evaluating Chemical Bonding in Organic Molecules

In an advanced organic chemistry lab, a student compares the strengths of ionic, covalent, and hydro

Evaluating the Role of Molecular Structure in Lipid Function

A biochemist studies the properties of saturated versus unsaturated fatty acids by examining how the

Experimental Design: Enzyme Kinetics Under Acidic Conditions

A researcher tests the effect of pH on the kinetics of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.

FRQ 1: Elements in Biological Molecules

Discuss the role of key elements (O, C, H, N) in forming biological molecules and explain the import

FRQ 7: Carbon's Versatility in Organic Molecules

Carbon's unique ability to form stable bonds with many elements is central to organic chemistry. Dis

FRQ 8: Comparative Analysis of Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates vary widely in structure and function. Analyze the differences between monosaccharides

FRQ 16: Analyzing a Graph of Enzyme Activity vs. Temperature

The graph provided represents the activity of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction as a function of temperat

Hydrogen Bonding in Water: A Molecular Perspective

A chemist is investigating the unique properties of water that arise from hydrogen bonding. Answer t

Molecular Modeling of the Phospholipid Bilayer and Membrane Fluidity

Explore how the structure of phospholipid bilayers relates to membrane fluidity, and how temperature

Nucleic Acid Formation and Hydrogen Bonding in DNA

DNA is synthesized through dehydration reactions that form phosphodiester bonds, and its double-heli

Nucleic Acid Polymerization and Hydrolysis

Describe the process of nucleic acid polymerization and the potential impacts of hydrolysis during t

Organic Molecules: Proteins and Enzyme Function

Proteins are essential for numerous cellular functions. Evaluate the relationship between protein st

pH and Enzyme Activity

Examine the influence of pH on enzyme structure and activity.

Polymerization Reactions: Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis

Discuss the chemical processes involved in polymer formation and breakdown.

Polysaccharides and Their Biological Functions

Examine the structural differences among various polysaccharides and discuss how these differences r

Protein Structure and Denaturation Under pH Variation

A researcher investigates how varying pH levels affect protein structure and enzyme activity. In the

Protein Structure and Function

Analyze the hierarchical levels of protein structure and the interactions that stabilize them.

Role of Trace Elements in Enzyme Function

Investigate the importance of trace elements as cofactors in enzyme function. Analyze the provided e

Saturation and Unsaturation in Fatty Acids

Examine how the degree of saturation in fatty acids influences their melting points and physical pro

Structural Adaptations in Biological Macromolecules

Compare the structural features of proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids and explain

Water in Polymer Hydrolysis Reactions

Analyze the role of water in the hydrolysis of polymers.

Water's Role in Homeostasis

Discuss how the unique properties of water contribute to homeostasis in biological systems.

Water's Unique Properties: Cohesion, Adhesion, and Capillary Action

Investigate the unique physical properties of water related to cohesion, adhesion, and capillary act

Bulk Flow and Dialysis: Mechanisms of Material Movement

Bulk flow and dialysis represent two different mechanisms of material movement across membranes. Ans

Calculation of Surface Area and Volume: Cubical Cell Model

This question involves calculating the surface area and volume of a cell modeled as a cube and discu

Chloroplast Photosynthesis Efficiency Experiment

An experiment was established to study the effect of light intensity on photosynthetic efficiency in

Comparative Structure of Plant and Animal Cells

Plant and animal cells exhibit several distinct structural differences. Use the provided table to he

Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ in several fundamental aspects, leading to differences in co

Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

This FRQ examines the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, using comparative data.

Cytoskeletal Elements and Vesicle Transport

In a study of intracellular transport, researchers examined the effect of cytoskeletal inhibitors on

Cytoskeleton Structural Stability Experiment

Researchers conducted an experiment to determine the role of the cytoskeleton in maintaining cell sh

Diffusion through Aquaporins: Rate Calculations

Fick's first law of diffusion is given by $$J = -D * \frac{dC}{dx}$$, where J is the diffusion flux,

Energy Considerations in Passive vs. Active Transport

A physiologist is comparing the energy requirements of passive diffusion and active transport, espec

Evaluating the Fluid Mosaic Model under Varying Temperature Conditions

A study investigates the effect of temperature on the fluidity of the plasma membrane to test predic

Hormone Secretion via Exocytosis

A cell secretes hormones through exocytosis. Each vesicle contains 10,000 hormone molecules and fuse

Kinetics of Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

This question integrates data analysis with kinetic concepts to understand receptor-mediated endocyt

Lysosomal Enzyme Function and Cellular Recycling

A researcher explores how lysosomes contribute to the degradation of cellular components and recycli

Lysosomal Enzyme Kinetics

Lysosomal enzymes often follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics, described by $$v = \frac{V_{max} * S}{K_m

Mitochondrial ATP Production

A cell oxidizes 0.002 moles of glucose per minute. Given that one mole of glucose yields 36 moles of

Mitochondrial Function and ATP Production

A study compared the rate of ATP production in cells with altered mitochondrial efficiency. Research

Plant Cell versus Animal Cell

This question asks you to compare and contrast plant and animal cells, focusing on structural differ

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cellular Organization

Answer the following questions comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. (a) List and explain thr

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis Efficiency

Design an experiment to evaluate the efficiency of receptor-mediated endocytosis in cells exposed to

Ribosome Structure and Protein Synthesis

This FRQ focuses on ribosome composition and its role in protein synthesis.

Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio and Cell Efficiency

This FRQ investigates how cell size affects the efficiency of material exchange. Consider a spherica

Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration Yields

A researcher compares ATP yields from aerobic and anaerobic respiration to understand the efficiency

Anaerobic Metabolism and Fermentation in Skeletal Muscle

During intense exercise, muscle cells shift from aerobic respiration to anaerobic metabolism, leadin

Analysis of Mitochondrial Proton Gradient Formation

Researchers isolated mitochondria to study the formation of the proton gradient during oxidative pho

Calculating Energy Yields in Cellular Respiration

A biochemist quantifies the production of electron carriers during cellular respiration. The data fo

Coenzymes and their Roles in Enzymatic Reactions

A researcher is investigating the impact of supplementing a coenzyme on the activity of an enzyme in

Comparative Analysis of ATP Yield in Aerobic versus Anaerobic Conditions

A lab experiment was conducted to compare ATP production in isolated muscle tissues under aerobic an

Comparative Analysis of Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

A flow diagram is provided comparing the overall processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiratio

Effect of pH on Enzyme Structure and Function

A laboratory investigation examines the effect of various pH levels on enzyme activity. The study ai

Effects of Competitive Inhibition on Enzyme Function

In an experiment, a researcher examines the effect of a competitive inhibitor on an enzyme-catalyzed

Effects of Enzyme Denaturation on Reaction Rate

Examine the table below which shows enzyme reaction rates under three different conditions related t

Effects of Temperature and pH on Enzyme Activity

An experiment was performed to assess how temperature and pH influence the activity of a specific en

Energy Coupling in Metabolic Reactions

Consider a scenario where an exergonic reaction (ATP hydrolysis with a free energy change of $$-30*k

Energy Diagrams and Reaction Coupling

A researcher studies two types of reactions using energy diagrams. The diagrams show the relationshi

Enzyme Catalysis and Specificity

Enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions by lowering activation energy and forming specific enzyme‐sub

Enzyme Denaturation and Reversibility

Enzyme function is highly dependent on environmental conditions. Investigate the causes of enzyme de

Enzyme Inhibition and Kinetic Analysis

A biochemist is studying the effects of different inhibitors on an enzyme's activity and how these i

Enzyme Inhibition: Competitive vs. Noncompetitive

An enzyme’s activity may be modulated by inhibitors. Analyze the effects of competitive and noncompe

Enzyme-Substrate Interaction and Induced-Fit

A researcher investigates enzyme kinetics to understand how the enzyme-substrate complex forms and h

Enzyme-Substrate Interactions and Induced Fit

A researcher examines how varying substrate concentrations affect the reaction rate of an enzyme. Th

Functional Adaptations in Photosynthetic Pathways

A plant biologist is studying different photosynthetic pathways to understand how plants adapt to di

Impact of Enzyme Denaturation on Metabolic Pathways

Explain what enzyme denaturation is and predict its impact on cellular metabolism, including any com

Impact of pH on Enzyme Catalysis

Review the table below that lists enzyme reaction rates at various pH levels. Analyze how pH affects

pH Effects on Enzyme Function

This question investigates how pH influences enzyme structure and function.

Photosynthesis Rate vs Light Intensity

Photosynthesis is influenced by light intensity. In this problem, analyze experimental data relating

Photosystem Function and Pigment Absorption

Photosystems I and II are integral to the light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis. Discuss their

Proton Gradient and Chemiosmosis

This question examines the formation of the proton gradient and its role in ATP synthesis.

Regulation of Enzyme Activity

A biochemist studies how enzyme activity is regulated by environmental factors and allosteric effect

Thermodynamics and Reaction Energy Profiles

A researcher studies the energy changes during a cellular reaction. The reaction is depicted by an e

Analysis of Ligand-Gated Ion Channels

Design an experiment to assess the effect of a neurotransmitter (such as acetylcholine) on muscle ce

Cancer Biology: Oncogenes vs. Tumor Suppressor Genes

This question explores the genetic basis of cancer by distinguishing between oncogenes and tumor sup

Cell Cycle Checkpoint Regulation

Cells must accurately replicate and divide their genetic material, a process tightly controlled by c

Cell Cycle Checkpoints and DNA Damage Repair

A researcher exposed cultured cells to a DNA damaging agent and observed arrest at specific cell cyc

Comparative Analysis of Positive and Negative Feedback in Cellular Regulation

Feedback mechanisms are critical for maintaining homeostasis in biological systems. A researcher is

Cyclin/CDK Complex Activation Kinetics

The activation of cyclin/CDK complexes is pivotal for cell cycle progression. Analyze the kinetics o

Effects of Mutation on Cell Cycle Regulation

A geneticist investigates the impact of a specific mutation on the expression levels of cyclins and

Effects of Receptor Inhibition on Signal Transduction

A pharmaceutical test examines the effect of a new compound on signal transduction in cultured cells

Effects of Temperature on Mitotic Duration

Design an experiment to determine how temperature variations affect the duration of mitosis in eukar

Environmental Stress and Signal Transduction

Cells exposed to high salinity experience stress that can disrupt their signal transduction pathways

Feedback Loops and Homeostatic Regulation

Feedback systems in biological organisms help maintain homeostasis. Evaluate a negative feedback loo

GPCR Activation and cAMP Measurement

Design an experiment to measure intracellular cAMP responses to varying concentrations of a GPCR ago

Homeostatic Feedback in Blood Glucose Regulation

Homeostasis in blood glucose levels is maintained by hormonal feedback mechanisms. Refer to the diag

Integration of Cell Communication and Cell Cycle Control in Tissue Repair

A researcher is studying wound healing in epithelial tissue and observes that cell communication thr

Integration of Cellular Signals: Crosstalk Between Pathways

This question delves into the interactions between different signal transduction pathways (signal cr

Interphase and DNA Replication Dynamics

Interphase is a critical period in the cell cycle during which cells grow and replicate their DNA.

Intracellular Signaling and Second Messengers

Second messengers play a critical role in amplifying and transmitting signals within the cell. Par

Investigation of Amplification in Signal Transduction Cascades

Signal amplification allows a small initial stimulus to generate a large cellular response. A resear

Kinase Cascade Activation by Growth Factor

A laboratory experiment explores the activation of a kinase cascade in epithelial cells following tr

Ligand-Gated Ion Channels and Muscle Contraction

A physiologist is studying neuromuscular signaling, focusing on how acetylcholine binding at the neu

Mitosis Errors and Genetic Consequences

Errors during mitosis can lead to significant genetic abnormalities. A researcher is studying the fr

Mitosis Process and Chromosomal Dynamics

Mitosis is the process by which a cell divides its genetic material into two daughter cells. A resea

Mutation Effects on Receptor Function

In a study investigating the structure-function relationship of a plasma membrane receptor, research

Negative Feedback in Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

This question explores homeostatic regulation through negative feedback mechanisms, focusing on bloo

Negative Feedback in Hormonal Regulation

To study homeostatic regulation, a researcher examines the negative feedback mechanism of insulin on

Oncogenes versus Tumor Suppressor Genes in Cancer Development

Tumor biopsy data reveal overexpression of a proto-oncogene and underexpression of a tumor suppresso

Oncogenes, Tumor Suppressors, and Cancer Progression

A research study compares the proliferation rates of different cell types to understand the roles of

Positive and Negative Feedback in Cell Signaling

A laboratory study investigates two distinct cellular signaling pathways: one regulated by negative

Positive Feedback in Signal Cascades

A developmental biology study proposes that positive feedback loops can dramatically accelerate sign

Receptor Specificity and Drugs Targeting Signal Transduction Pathways

Pharmaceutical agents can target receptor signaling pathways to modulate cellular responses. Evaluat

Signal Transduction in Multicellular Organisms

In multicellular organisms, efficient cell communication is essential for maintaining homeostasis. A

Signal Transduction Pathways in Multicellular Organisms

A liver cell is exposed to a hormone that cannot cross the plasma membrane, so it must interact with

Signal Transduction via G-Protein Coupled Receptors

A study investigates a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) mediated signaling pathway leading to cAMP

Targeting Signal Transduction in Cancer Therapy

Abnormal activation of signal transduction pathways is a hallmark of many cancers. Part a: Identif

Temperature Effects on Signal Transduction in Yeast

A group of students investigates a signal transduction pathway in yeast by measuring cAMP levels aft

Analyzing Genotype-Phenotype Discrepancies

Although genotypes determine potential phenotypes, environmental factors can lead to differences in

Analyzing Meiotic Errors: Nondisjunction Effects

In an experiment, two groups of cells undergo meiosis. Group A experiences nondisjunction during ana

Application of Probability Rules in Genetics

A plant with genotype RrYy produces gametes following independent assortment. If the probability of

Comparative Analysis of Haploid vs Diploid Cells

Using the provided schematic diagram, compare haploid and diploid cells. In your answer, describe th

Comparative Analysis of Inheritance Patterns

Modern genetics recognizes both Mendelian and non‐Mendelian patterns of inheritance. Compare and con

Critical Evaluation of Dominance and Segregation Claims

A recent research study claims that the observed 3:1 phenotype ratio in a plant monohybrid cross doe

Designing a Test Cross Experiment

Design a test cross experiment to determine if a tall pea plant is homozygous dominant (TT) or heter

Dihybrid Cross and Independent Assortment

A dihybrid cross was performed to study the inheritance of two distinct traits. The table below show

Dihybrid Cross and Probability Analysis

Consider a dihybrid cross where two independent traits are controlled by two genes with complete dom

Environmental Effects on Phenotypes

Environmental factors can modify which traits are expressed by an organism. Answer the following: (

Evaluating Phenotypic Plasticity in Response to Environmental Changes

A research team designed an experiment to study how two populations of genetically identical plants

Experimental Design: Test Cross for Genetic Analysis

Design an experiment using a test cross to determine whether a plant exhibiting a dominant phenotype

Graphical Analysis of Chromosome Segregation during Meiosis

Examine the following graph that charts the movement of chromosomes during different stages of meios

Impact of Meiotic Errors on Offspring Viability

Errors during meiosis, such as nondisjunction, can lead to aneuploidy and affect offspring viability

Integration of Meiosis and Genetic Variation

Discuss how different mechanisms during meiosis contribute to genetic variation and compare these so

Investigating the Law of Segregation with Genotypic Ratios

Mendel observed a 1:2:1 genotypic ratio in the offspring of self-pollinated heterozygous pea plants.

Linkage and Recombination Mapping

Using recombination frequencies between three linked genes A, B, and C, construct a simple genetic m

Mendelian Inheritance in Pea Plants: Monohybrid Cross Analysis

A researcher is studying traits in pea plants to understand basic Mendelian inheritance. A cross bet

Monohybrid Cross Analysis

Mendel's early work with pea plants laid the groundwork for understanding dominant and recessive tra

Non-Mendelian Genetics: Incomplete Dominance and Codominance

In some cases, inheritance does not follow strict Mendelian patterns. This question asks you to prov

Polygenic Inheritance and Environmental Effects on Quantitative Traits

A population biologist is studying a quantitative trait, such as skin pigmentation, which is influen

Recombination Mapping of Linked Genes

Linked genes do not always assort independently. Consider three genes A, B, and C, with recombinatio

Sex-Linked Inheritance in Pedigree Data

A geneticist analyzed a set of pedigree data for a trait suspected to be X-linked. The table below s

Sex-linked Trait Analysis using a Pedigree

A genetic counselor analyzed a pedigree chart to study the inheritance of a sex-linked trait within

Stages of Meiosis and Their Significance

Outline the major stages of meiosis and explain how key events (such as synapsis, crossing-over, and

Test Cross and Determining Genotypes

A plant that exhibits the dominant tall phenotype is being test crossed with a recessive short (tt)

Test Cross and Genotype Determination

A plant with the dominant phenotype for height could be either homozygous dominant (TT) or heterozyg

Validating Dihybrid Cross Outcomes Using Probability Rules

Design an experiment to validate the expected outcomes of a dihybrid cross using the product and sum

Analyzing PCR Results

Examine the principles of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and evaluate troubleshooting scenarios

Assessing UV Radiation Effects on Mutation Frequency

Design an experiment to investigate the effect of UV exposure on the frequency of point mutations in

Chromatin Structure and Gene Expression

A study examined how the packaging of DNA into chromatin affects gene expression. Refer to the provi

Comparative Analysis of Mutation Types on Protein Function

Design an experiment to compare the effects of frameshift mutations and base substitution mutations

DNA Replication Dynamics and Enzyme Function

A research laboratory is investigating the roles of various enzymes in DNA replication. Using the pr

DNA Replication Enzymes Analysis

Using the provided table that lists key enzymes involved in DNA replication, answer the following qu

DNA Topoisomerase Function and Supercoiling

Proper DNA supercoiling is crucial for many cellular processes. A study investigates the effect of t

Effects of DNA Mutations on Antiparallel Structure

A diagram provided in the stimulus shows a segment of a double-stranded DNA molecule, with one stran

Effects of Mutations on Protein Function

Analyze different types of point mutations and discuss their potential impacts on protein synthesis.

Effects of UV Exposure on DNA Replication Efficiency

A biologist evaluated the effect of UV exposure on the efficiency of DNA replication. A graph (provi

Epigenetic Gene Silencing Study with Inadequate Chromatin Isolation

A researcher investigates differential gene expression between euchromatin and heterochromatin regio

Evolutionary Impact of DNA Mutations

Discuss how mutations in DNA contribute to evolutionary change.

FRQ 3: Genome Structure and Chromatin Packaging

A comparative study between two cell types shows that one cell type has loosely packed chromatin (eu

FRQ 11: Transcription Factor Binding and Promoter Efficiency

Researchers have engineered a synthetic promoter to enhance gene expression in cultured cells. A rep

Gene Rearrangements and Phenotypic Outcomes

Discuss the various types of gene rearrangements, their mechanisms, and their possible effects on ph

Hydrogen Bonding in DNA Base Pairing

A double-stranded DNA molecule contains 1×10^6 base pairs. Assuming that 50% of the base pairs are a

Impact of Chromatin Condensation on Gene Expression

Develop an experimental design to compare gene expression levels in euchromatin versus heterochromat

Investigating Recombinant DNA Technology

A biotechnology experiment involved inserting a eukaryotic gene into a bacterial plasmid to drive ge

Investigating the Effect of Nucleotide Modifications on Base Pairing

Design an experiment to test how chemical modifications of nucleotides affect DNA double helix stabi

Lab Design for Studying Plasmid Replication in Prokaryotes

A group of students is designing an experiment to investigate factors affecting plasmid replication

mRNA Translation and Ribosome Function

This question focuses on both quantitative and descriptive aspects of mRNA translation.

Mutation Effects: Frameshift vs. In-Frame Insertions

This question addresses the consequences of insertion mutations on protein structure.

Nucleosome Assembly Analysis with Improper Salt Concentration Gradient

To study nucleosome assembly, a researcher incubates purified DNA with histone proteins under contro

Operon Model and Gene Regulation

Gene regulation in prokaryotes often occurs via operons. Answer the following in relation to the ope

PCR Efficiency and Gel Electrophoresis

This question focuses on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and subsequent analysis by gel electrop

Recombinant DNA Techniques and Applications

Discuss the methodology of creating recombinant DNA and analyze its real-world applications.

Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Compare the mechanisms of gene regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, highlighting both shared pr

Retroviral Replication and Reverse Transcriptase

Researchers are studying the replication cycle of retroviruses and comparing it with bacteriophage r

Telomere Dynamics and Cellular Aging

An experiment tracked telomere length over successive cell divisions. Refer to the provided graph an

Translation Efficiency and Codon Usage

A laboratory study examined how codon usage affects translation efficiency in eukaryotic cells using

Translation Mechanics and Ribosome Function

Discuss the process of translation and the roles of key molecular players involved in protein synthe

Adaptive Radiation and Speciation

Adaptive radiation is a process in which a single ancestral species diversifies into multiple distin

Artificial Selection in Crop Improvement

In an experiment to improve crop yield, a farmer selectively breeds plants with higher yields. The t

Artificial Selection in Domestic Animals: Inheritance Patterns

A breeder is performing a selective breeding program to enhance a desirable trait in a domestic anim

Cladistics, Homology, and Convergent Evolution

Cladistics uses morphological data to infer evolutionary relationships. Answer the following:

Coevolution in Predator-Prey Relationships

The following table shows population numbers for a predator and its prey over several years. Use the

Comparative Anatomy and Homologous Structures

This question addresses the role of homologous structures in comparative anatomy as evidence for com

Comparison of Lamarckian and Darwinian Theories

Compare and contrast Lamarck’s theory of the inheritance of acquired traits with Darwin’s theory of

Designing an Experiment on Artificial Selection

Artificial selection involves humans choosing which organisms reproduce. Create a detailed experimen

Embryology and Evolutionary Development

Explore how embryological evidence supports common ancestry among vertebrates. Answer the following

Environmental Pressures and Adaptive Traits

Environmental pressures, both biotic and abiotic, drive the evolution of adaptive traits. Use the fo

Environmental Pressures and Speciation of Frogs

Two subpopulations of frogs become geographically isolated by a mountain range. One group inhabits s

Experimental Design to Test Natural Selection

Design an experiment to investigate the effect of a specific environmental variable on the reproduct

Factors Disrupting Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

Discuss the factors that can disrupt Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in a population:

Fossil Dating and Paleontological Evidence

Fossil dating is a critical tool in understanding evolutionary timelines. The table below summarizes

Fossil Record and Dating Techniques

Assess how the fossil record and dating techniques contribute to our understanding of evolutionary h

Gene Flow and Adaptation in Populations

Gene flow between populations can alter genetic composition and affect adaptation. The table below s

Gene Flow and Genetic Drift in Small Populations

Examine the influences of gene flow and genetic drift on small populations:

Gene Flow and Its Effects on Population Genetics

This question investigates gene flow and its quantitative effects on allele frequencies in a subdivi

Genetic Variability and Adaptation in a Laboratory Plant Study

Researchers are investigating a plant species that displays extensive genetic variability. In contro

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Experiment in Bacterial Populations

A microbiologist wants to investigate whether a bacterial population maintains Hardy-Weinberg equili

Impact of Environmental Temperature on Lizard Reproductive Rates

An environmental scientist examines the effects of a gradual temperature increase on a lizard popula

Integrative Analysis of Evolutionary Mechanisms

Analyze how various evolutionary forces interact to shape genetic variation and lead to non-linear p

Interpreting Hardy-Weinberg Deviations

Using the genotype count data before and after selection provided in the table, analyze deviations f

Interpreting Phylogenetic Data Through Cladograms

Cladograms and phylogenetic trees help illustrate evolutionary relationships and common ancestry amo

Interpreting Phylogenetic Trees and Common Ancestry

Phylogenetic trees illustrate the evolutionary relationships among species. Analyze the provided phy

Investigating Embryological Evidence for Evolution

Design an experiment to compare gene expression patterns during embryogenesis in different vertebrat

Molecular Evidence and Evolutionary Relationships

Modern molecular biology has provided powerful tools for elucidating evolutionary relationships amon

Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift in Evolution

Discuss the roles of mutation, gene flow, and genetic drift as mechanisms that generate genetic vari

Mutations and Their Evolutionary Impact

Discuss the role of mutations in generating genetic diversity and calculate the expected number of n

Origins of Life: Evaluating the RNA-World Hypothesis and the Miller-Urey Experiment

Examine the origins of life on Earth by discussing the RNA-world hypothesis and the significance of

Phylogenetic Trees and Common Ancestry

A cladogram is provided as a graphical representation of evolutionary relationships among several sp

Phylogenetic Trees and Common Ancestry

Phylogenetic trees offer insights into the common ancestry of species. Use the graph provided to ans

Population Dynamics in Response to Climate Change

Climate change can affect population genetics and dynamics. Answer the following:

Population Genetics Simulation: Allele Frequency Change Over Time

A simulation of allele frequency in a population over time is represented by the graph provided.

Rapid Environmental Change and Directional Selection

Assess how a rapid environmental change can lead to directional selection and use quantitative metho

Selection Pressures in Peppered Moth Populations

The case of the peppered moth is a classic example of natural selection, where environmental changes

Sexual Selection and Evolutionary Fitness

Sexual selection represents a unique mechanism of evolution driven by mate choice and competition. E

Sexual Selection and Mate Choice in Peafowl

A long-term field study on peafowl examines the relationship between male tail length and mating suc

Speciation and Reproductive Isolation

A biologist observes two populations of frogs that have become geographically isolated. Over time, t

Speciation Mechanisms: Allopatric vs. Sympatric Speciation

Speciation involves the emergence of new species through various mechanisms. Consider the processes

Stabilizing vs. Disruptive Selection: An Experimental Analysis

A researcher conducts an experiment to measure the frequency of a continuous trait (such as beak siz

Studying Gene Flow in Populations

Analyze the impact of gene flow on allele frequencies within and between populations. Answer the fol

The Miller-Urey Experiment and the Origin of Life

Explore the experiments and hypotheses related to the origin of life:

The Peppered Moth Case Study: Directional Selection

Examine the classic case of the peppered moth and answer the following questions:

Types of Natural Selection and Environmental Adaptation

Different types of natural selection lead to diverse evolutionary outcomes. Analyze directional, sta

Types of Selection and Their Effects

Evolutionary processes include various forms of selection that shape population traits. In the follo

Types of Selection: Navigating Trait Distributions

Different types of natural selection result in distinct changes to trait distributions in population

Acid Rain and Ecosystem Changes

This FRQ addresses the causes of acid rain and its ecological impacts.

Agricultural Practices and Ecosystem Services

This FRQ examines how agricultural practices rely on ecosystem services and explores the impacts of

Assessing Agonistic Behavior and Dominance Hierarchies

An observational study on a flock of birds provides data on aggressive interactions and shows that t

Behavioral Adaptations in Extreme Environments

This FRQ examines how animals adjust their behavior to thrive in extreme environmental conditions.

Biodiversity Analysis and Diversity Index

Using the species count data provided, calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index and interpret what the va

Climate Change Effects on Population Dynamics and Distribution

Assess the potential impacts of climate change on species' population growth and geographic distribu

Critical Evaluation of Acid Rain Effects on Ecosystems

An environmental report asserts that acid rain has severely affected plant growth and aquatic life i

Differentiating Gravitropism and Thigmotropism in Climbing Plants

Researchers studied climbing plants’ responses to gravitational and touch stimuli, claiming that gra

Ecological Succession and Community Dynamics

After a major disturbance, an ecologist monitors the succession of plant communities over 50 years.

Ecological Succession: Primary Succession in a Barren Landscape

Review the series of illustrations depicting primary succession in a barren landscape. Answer the fo

Ecosystem Analysis of Keystone Species

An ecosystem study involved the experimental removal of a keystone species. Data on species populati

Energy Transfer Analysis in Food Chains

Data from an ecosystem study provide the energy content at different trophic levels. Analyze the dat

Exponential Growth and Population Dynamics

This FRQ involves modeling population growth using the exponential growth equation and predicting fu

Gravitropism: Plant Response to Gravity

A student is investigating how plant roots and shoots respond to gravity – roots exhibit positive gr

Human Impact on Ecosystems

Human activities have significantly altered natural ecosystems. This FRQ examines various human-indu

Human Impact on Ecosystems: Greenhouse Effect and Biodiversity Loss

Human activities have substantial impacts on ecosystems. Answer the following parts.

Imprinting Behavior and Critical Period Analysis

A study on imprinting behavior collected data on the critical period durations (in hours) for severa

Interactions of Endothermy and Behavior

A researcher examines energy expenditure in birds by comparing endothermic metabolic costs and the i

Learning Behaviors: Habituation and Imprinting in Birds

A behavioral ecologist wants to compare the processes of habituation and imprinting in birds by desi

Learning versus Instinct: Behavioral Adaptations in Navigational Tasks

A study compared the maze navigation times of animals relying solely on instinct versus those allowe

Metabolic Rate in Endotherms vs Ectotherms

A researcher conducts an experiment aiming to compare the metabolic rate of endotherms and ectotherm

Photoperiodism and Plant Flowering

Plants rely on photoperiodism—the response to the duration of day and night—to time essential proces

Population Growth and Carrying Capacity in Rabbits

In a nature reserve, a rabbit population begins with $$N_0 = 200$$ individuals. During one month, th

Primary Ecological Succession on Barren Rock

In a study of primary succession, a barren rock is initially colonized by lichens. Over time, the de

Primary Productivity Measurement in Aquatic Ecosystems

A marine biologist aims to measure net primary productivity in a coastal tide pool ecosystem. The pr

Symbiotic Relationships in Ecosystems

A researcher studies various symbiotic relationships within a coral reef ecosystem.

Symbiotic Relationships: Mutualism, Commensalism, and Parasitism

Symbiotic relationships come in different forms. Answer the following parts.