AP Biology FRQ Room

Analyzing the Impact of Glucose Structural Conformation on Metabolic Reaction Rates

Researchers are investigating whether the structural conformation of glucose (cyclic vs. straight-ch

Atomic Structure and Isotopes Analysis

This question asks you to analyze the fundamental components of atoms and examine isotopic variation

Atomic Structure and Isotopes Analysis

A researcher is studying isotopes in carbon samples to trace metabolic pathways in mammalian cells.

Chemical Bonding: Ionic and Covalent Bonds

Examine the differences between ionic and covalent bonds including examples found in biological mole

Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis in Polymer Formation

Examine the processes of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis in the formation and breakdown of poly

Effect of pH on Hydrolysis Reactions in Polysaccharide Breakdown

A biochemist studies the effect of solution pH on the enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of a polysaccharid

Enzyme Kinetics and Reaction Rate

Enzyme activity is often modeled by the Michaelis-Menten equation, which relates reaction rate to su

Experimental Design: Enzyme Kinetics Under Acidic Conditions

A researcher tests the effect of pH on the kinetics of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.

FRQ 6: Acids, Bases, and the pH Scale

A solution's acidity is determined by its hydrogen ion concentration, which is measured using the pH

Integrative Analysis of Biomolecules in Cellular Functions

Synthesize your understanding of the four major classes of organic molecules by discussing their rol

Isotope Labeling in Metabolic Pathways

This question focuses on the application of isotopic labeling to study metabolic processes such as t

Lipid Composition and Membrane Dynamics

This FRQ examines the structure of lipids and their role in the dynamics of cell membranes. You will

Lipid Saturation and Membrane Fluidity

A biologist studies how variations in lipid saturation affect the fluidity of cell membranes. Artifi

Phospholipids and Capillary Action

Analyze the properties of phospholipids and their role in biological systems.

Protein Structure and Denaturation Under pH Variation

A researcher investigates how varying pH levels affect protein structure and enzyme activity. In the

Quantitative Analysis of Carbohydrate Storage

Examine the role of carbohydrate storage in plants and perform a quantitative analysis based on prod

Saturation and Unsaturation in Fatty Acids

Examine how the degree of saturation in fatty acids influences their melting points and physical pro

Trace Elements and Enzyme Function

A researcher is exploring the role of trace elements in biological systems and their impact on enzym

Water: Unique Properties and Capillary Action

Water exhibits several unique physical properties that are crucial for life. Analyze how these prope

Water’s Heat Capacity and Climate Regulation

Water’s high heat capacity significantly affects environmental and biological temperature regulation

Active Transport and Ion Gradients

This FRQ explores the mechanism of active transport via the sodium-potassium pump and its role in ma

Cilia and Flagella: Mechanisms of Locomotion

Cilia and flagella facilitate cell movement, but through different structural and functional means.

Comparative Function of Ribosomes

Ribosomes play a critical role in protein synthesis, and their structure varies between prokaryotes

Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

This question explores the structural differences and corresponding functional implications between

Critically Evaluating Cellular Storage: Vacuoles in Plant Cells

A research paper claims that central vacuoles in plant cells are essential for maintaining turgor pr

Cytoskeletal Elements and Vesicle Transport

In a study of intracellular transport, researchers examined the effect of cytoskeletal inhibitors on

Diffusion through Aquaporins: Rate Calculations

Fick's first law of diffusion is given by $$J = -D * \frac{dC}{dx}$$, where J is the diffusion flux,

Endocytosis and Exocytosis Mechanisms

A researcher investigates how cells internalize and secrete materials through endocytosis and exocyt

Endocytosis Processes

This question examines the different mechanisms of endocytosis and requires analysis of a diagram de

Golgi Apparatus Function Analysis

An experiment was designed to study the role of the Golgi apparatus in processing and packaging prot

Graphical Analysis of Osmosis in Plant Cells

This question involves analyzing a graph that displays water potential in plant cells under hyperton

Heat Exchange and Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio in Organisms

Design an experiment to investigate how heat-exchange rates vary in organisms with different surface

Light vs. Electron Microscopy Analysis

A researcher is using microscopy techniques to study cell structures and needs to understand the adv

Microscopy in Cellular Biology

This question explores the application of different microscopy techniques in cellular biology.

Microscopy Sample Preparation Fault

Researchers prepared cell samples for electron microscopy to study plasma membrane structures. The s

Mitochondrial ATP Production and Substrate Availability

Design an experiment to investigate the effect of varying substrate concentrations on ATP production

Mitochondrial Function and ATP Production

A study compared the rate of ATP production in cells with altered mitochondrial efficiency. Research

Mitochondrial Structure and Function

This question examines the structure of the mitochondrion and its role in ATP production.

Organelles and Their Functions in Eukaryotic Cells

A cell biologist is examining the functions of several organelles in eukaryotic cells, including the

Organism Heat Exchange and Surface Area Scaling

Consider a cube-shaped organism whose ability to exchange heat depends on its surface area-to-volume

Osmoregulation and Water Potential in Plant Cells

This question integrates quantitative calculation using water potential with qualitative analysis to

Osmosis and Plasmolysis in Plant Cells Under Tonicity Variations

Design an experiment to analyze the effects of hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic solutions on plan

Osmosis and Tonicity in Plant Cells

Design a controlled experiment to study the effects of isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions

Osmosis and Water Potential Calculations

This FRQ involves calculating water potential using the equation $$\Psi_s = - i * C * R * T$$ and di

Plant Cell Osmotic Behavior in Different Solutions

A plant cell is placed in three different solutions whose solute concentrations are listed in the ta

Scaling of Metabolic Waste Accumulation with Cell Volume

As a cell increases in size, waste production (proportional to cell volume) may outpace waste remova

Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio and Cell Function

The table below lists measurements of spherical cells with varying diameters and their corresponding

Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio in Organismal Physiology

The concept of surface area-to-volume ratio is not only critical for cell function but also impacts

Transport Protein Channel Dynamics

In an experiment to investigate the role of aquaporins in water transport across the plasma membrane

Allosteric Regulation and Enzyme Kinetics

This question examines how allosteric regulation influences enzyme kinetics and metabolic control.

Anaerobic Glycolysis

Discuss how glycolysis proceeds in the absence of oxygen and explain the importance of NAD+ regenera

Anaerobic Metabolism and Fermentation in Skeletal Muscle

During intense exercise, muscle cells shift from aerobic respiration to anaerobic metabolism, leadin

ATP Yield Variation Based on NADH and FADH2 Contribution

A researcher investigates the contribution of different electron carriers to ATP production by varyi

Bioenergetic Trade-offs in Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration

A researcher compares aerobic and anaerobic respiration in terms of energy yield and metabolic bypro

C4 vs. CAM Photosynthesis Adaptations

Compare and contrast the adaptations in C4 and CAM photosynthetic pathways that allow plants to thri

Cellular Energy Balance and Entropy

A researcher examines how cells maintain order amid the increase in entropy predicted by the Second

Coupled Reactions and ATP Synthesis

A researcher investigates how cells couple exergonic and endergonic reactions to drive ATP synthesis

Coupling Reactions and ATP Synthesis

In a metabolic pathway, a cell couples an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic process, leading

Effect of Inorganic Cofactor Concentrations on Enzyme Kinetics

Design an experiment to assess how varying concentrations of an inorganic cofactor (e.g., $$Mg^{2+}$

Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation

This question explores the mechanism of the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation i

Electron Transport Chain Dynamics

A cell biologist is studying the electron transport chain (ETC) and its role in oxidative phosphoryl

Energy Transfer and Thermodynamics in Cellular Reactions

Cells harness energy through exergonic reactions to drive endergonic processes. In this FRQ, you wil

Enzyme Catalysis and Specificity

Enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions by lowering activation energy and forming specific enzyme‐sub

Enzyme Denaturation and Reversibility

Enzyme function is highly dependent on environmental conditions. Investigate the causes of enzyme de

Enzyme Kinetics and Substrate Saturation

In an experiment, a researcher measured the reaction rate of an enzyme-catalyzed process at various

Enzyme Kinetics and Temperature Effects

Examine the table below showing enzyme reaction rates measured at different temperatures. Use the da

Experimental Design: Role of Cofactors in Enzyme Activity

Cofactors play a vital role in enzyme catalysis. Design an experiment to investigate how varying con

Impact of Cofactor Concentration and pH on DNA Polymerase Activity

Researchers sought to evaluate the dependence of DNA polymerase activity on magnesium ion concentrat

Integrated Metabolic Pathway Analysis

A researcher examines the contributions of different stages of cellular respiration to the overall p

Investigating Electron Transport Chain Disruption

A researcher tests the effect of cyanide, an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase, on the electron tran

Optimal Reaction Conditions and Enzyme Denaturation

Enzyme activity is highly sensitive to temperature. Analyze the relationship between enzyme activity

Photosynthesis: Light-Dependent Reactions

This question investigates the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, especially focusing on t

Quantitative Analysis of Chemiosmosis

ATP synthesis via chemiosmosis is driven by the flow of protons across a membrane. Analyze this rela

Substrate Concentration and Enzyme Activity Saturation

Design a controlled experiment to determine the effect of increasing substrate concentration on the

Temperature Effects on Enzyme Activity and the Arrhenius Plot

Temperature has a significant impact on enzyme kinetics. Analyze how temperature influences reaction

Assessing Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Response

A researcher investigates the response of neuronal cells to acetylcholine by measuring sodium ion in

Cancer Genetics: Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes

A study on various cancer cell lines reveals different mutation frequencies in oncogenes and tumor s

Cell Cycle Checkpoint Analysis

Checkpoint regulation ensures that errors during the cell cycle do not propagate. Analyze how delays

Comparative Analysis of Cell Communication Mechanisms

Cells communicate via different mechanisms. Answer the following questions comparing direct cell-cel

Comparative Analysis of Receptor Types in Signal Transduction

An article compares three classes of membrane receptors: ligand-gated ion channels, catalytic recept

Designing Experiments to Study Mitosis

Experimental approaches are crucial for understanding the dynamics of mitosis. Part a: Propose a l

Feedback Control in Hormone Regulation

Design an experiment investigating the negative feedback loop between insulin and glucagon in regula

Feedback Mechanisms in Cellular Stress Responses

Following a heat shock, cells exhibit changes in the expression levels of stress proteins. A graph t

Feedback Mechanisms in Homeostasis: Insulin Regulation

A clinical study on a diabetic patient records blood glucose levels before and after insulin adminis

Feedback Regulation in Cellular Signaling

This question explores the concepts of positive and negative feedback in cellular signal transductio

G-Protein-Linked Receptor Signaling in Sensory Cells

This question examines the mechanism by which G-protein-linked receptors activate secondary messenge

Integrative Analysis: Linking Cell Communication and Cell Cycle Regulation

The interplay between external signals and cell cycle regulators is critical for proper cell divisio

Kinetic Analysis of Cell Cycle Phases

This question focuses on the temporal regulation of the cell cycle and requires the analysis of kine

Mathematical Modeling of cAMP Signal Amplification

Mathematical models can help explain biochemical signaling pathways. Consider the differential equat

Negative Feedback in Hormonal Regulation

To study homeostatic regulation, a researcher examines the negative feedback mechanism of insulin on

Oncogenes, Tumor Suppressors, and Cancer Progression

A research study compares the proliferation rates of different cell types to understand the roles of

Oxidative Stress Response Measurement

In an experiment to study cellular responses to oxidative stress, researchers expose cultured cells

Positive Feedback Mechanisms in Biological Systems

This question analyzes positive feedback systems by comparing them with negative feedback, using the

Signal Transduction Cascade and Receptor Saturation

A researcher investigates the effect of a signaling molecule on the activation of a receptor-mediate

Analysis of X-Inactivation and Barr Bodies

In female mammals, one of the two X chromosomes is randomly inactivated during development, leading

Analyzing a Mistaken Procedure in Gametogenesis Observation

A laboratory experiment was conducted to observe gametogenesis in a model organism using time-lapse

Analyzing Genotype-Phenotype Discrepancies

Although genotypes determine potential phenotypes, environmental factors can lead to differences in

Analyzing Meiotic Errors: Nondisjunction Effects

In an experiment, two groups of cells undergo meiosis. Group A experiences nondisjunction during ana

Analyzing Sex-Linked Traits in Inheritance Patterns

A study on a sex-linked trait (e.g., color blindness) in humans involves analyzing pedigree data and

Application of the Product Rule in Predicting Combined Traits

In a genetic study, the probability of obtaining a tall plant is given as 3/4 and the probability of

Assessing Genetic Variation through Test Cross Design

A researcher conducted a test cross by mating a dominant phenotype plant with a recessive phenotype

Crossing-Over and Genetic Diversity

Crossing-over is a critical event in meiosis that increases genetic diversity. Discuss the mechanism

Effects of Ploidy on Yeast Growth Rates

Design a controlled laboratory experiment to investigate how ploidy state (haploid versus diploid) i

Efficiency of Gametogenesis in Different Organisms

Two organisms were studied for the efficiency of gamete production. The table below presents the per

Environmental Effects on Trait Expression

The environment can significantly influence the expression of genetic traits, resulting in phenotypi

Epigenetics: Influence of DNA Methylation on Gene Expression

Epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation can significantly affect gene expression without al

Ethical Implications in Genetic Counseling for Sex-linked Disorders

A recent media report suggests that early genetic screening for sex-linked disorders, such as color

Examining Dihybrid Cross and Independent Assortment in Pea Plants

Design an experiment using a dihybrid cross in pea plants to test Mendel’s Law of Independent Assort

Exploring Meiotic Nondisjunction

Errors during meiosis can have significant impacts on an organism. Answer the following: (a) Define

Gene Mapping through Recombination Data

In an experiment to map the distance between two linked genes, the following data were collected fro

Graphical Analysis of Chromosome Segregation during Meiosis

Examine the following graph that charts the movement of chromosomes during different stages of meios

Haploid and Diploid Cells

Many organisms have both haploid and diploid cells. In your answer, describe the differences between

Impact of Meiotic Errors on Offspring Viability

Errors during meiosis, such as nondisjunction, can lead to aneuploidy and affect offspring viability

Incomplete Dominance in Snapdragon Flowers

When a red-flowered snapdragon (genotype RR) is crossed with a white-flowered snapdragon (genotype W

Interpreting Pedigree Data for Inherited Disorders

A pedigree analysis was conducted for a genetic disorder. The table below summarizes information fro

Linkage and Recombination Mapping

Using recombination frequencies between three linked genes A, B, and C, construct a simple genetic m

Linked Genes and Recombination Mapping

Genes that are located close together on the same chromosome can be inherited together due to geneti

Mapping Linked Genes Using Recombination Frequencies

A geneticist studying three linked genes, A, B, and C, observes the following recombination frequenc

Meiosis Observation Lab

A laboratory group conducted an experiment to observe meiosis using fixed slides of onion root tip c

Mendel’s Laws: Dominance and Segregation

This question focuses on the fundamental principles of Mendel’s laws. You will describe these laws a

Mendelian Inheritance Ratios and the Law of Segregation

In a monohybrid cross between two heterozygous individuals (Tt x Tt), the expected genotype ratio is

Mitochondrial Inheritance: An Experiment in Maternal Effects

A team of researchers investigated mitochondrial inheritance by comparing offspring traits from reci

Monohybrid Cross to Validate the Law of Segregation

Design an experiment using a monohybrid cross in pea plants to test Mendel's Law of Segregation. You

Pedigree Analysis in Genetic Inheritance

Pedigree charts are a useful tool for understanding inheritance patterns. Answer the following: (a)

Product and Sum Rule Application in Dihybrid Crosses

Given that in a dihybrid cross the probability of expressing a recessive phenotype for a single trai

Recombination Mapping and Gene Order Determination

Given recombination frequencies between three linked genes (A, B, and C) where the frequency between

Recombination Mapping and Gene Order Determination

A genetic study on three genes (X, Y, and Z) produced the following recombination frequencies: $$rf_

Sex-Linked Traits and Pedigree Analysis

Sex-linked traits, often associated with the X chromosome, display unique patterns of inheritance. A

Stages of Meiosis: Analyzing a Diagram

Using the provided diagram of meiotic stages, analyze the key events that contribute to genetic vari

Statistical Analysis of Gamete Viability Based on Environmental Stress

A study evaluates the effect of temperature on gamete viability. Analyze the provided data and discu

Test Cross and Genotype Determination

A plant with the dominant phenotype for height could be either homozygous dominant (TT) or heterozyg

Using Punnett Squares and Test Cross Data to Infer Genotypes in Plants

Design an experiment in which you use Punnett squares in conjunction with test cross data to determi

Applications of Genetic Engineering

This question explores the applications of genetic engineering, including recombinant DNA technology

Assessing the Impact of Reverse Transcriptase Activity

Researchers tested the effect of a reverse transcriptase inhibitor on viral load over time in infect

Central Dogma and Its Exceptions

Discuss the central dogma of molecular biology along with notable exceptions observed in certain org

Chromatin Remodeling and Gene Expression during Differentiation

During cellular differentiation, changes in chromatin structure can influence gene expression. A gra

Comparative Analysis of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Gene Expression

A researcher compared key features of gene expression in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The table

Comparative Structures of DNA and RNA

DNA and RNA have distinct structural differences that underlie their different biological functions.

DNA Damage, Repair, and Mutation Rates

An experiment measured mutation rates in cells before and after exposure to a chemical mutagen. Refe

DNA Repair Analysis with Unwarranted Telomere Removal

A researcher examines UV-induced DNA damage repair in eukaryotic cells. Cells are exposed to UV ligh

DNA Replication Dynamics

A laboratory is studying the DNA replication process in E. coli. The replication fork moves at 1000

DNA Structure and Base Pairing Analysis

Discuss the structure of DNA with emphasis on its nucleotide components and the significance of its

DNA Topoisomerase Function and Supercoiling

Proper DNA supercoiling is crucial for many cellular processes. A study investigates the effect of t

Effects of Helicase Inhibition on DNA Replication Fork Progression

Design an experiment to evaluate how inhibition of helicase affects the rate of DNA replication.

FRQ 14: Telomeres and Cellular Aging

A study tracks telomere length in human fibroblasts over several passages and correlates these measu

Gel Electrophoresis Analysis

Explain how gel electrophoresis is used to separate and analyze DNA fragments, and interpret experim

Gel Electrophoresis and RFLP Analysis

Answer the following questions related to gel electrophoresis and restriction fragment length polymo

Leading versus Lagging Strand Synthesis Analysis

Examine the schematic diagram of a DNA replication fork provided and answer the following questions

mRNA Processing and Intron Splicing

A eukaryotic gene consists of 10 exons (average length = 150 nucleotides) and 9 introns (average len

Mutation Frequencies and Genetic Variation

Researchers collected data on mutation frequencies in a population after exposure to environmental s

Operon Regulation in Prokaryotes

A study is conducted on the lac operon in E. coli to understand how gene regulation is affected by t

PCR Amplification Experiment

A researcher employs PCR to amplify a specific gene fragment, varying the number of cycles to observ

Recombinant DNA Assembly with Misinterpreted Restriction Enzyme Specificity

A researcher attempts to assemble a recombinant DNA plasmid by digesting both the vector and insert

Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Compare the mechanisms of gene regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, highlighting both shared pr

Retroviral Reverse Transcription with Inhibitor Timing Error

A researcher examines the efficiency of reverse transcription in a retroviral system by applying a r

RNA Interference (RNAi) in Gene Regulation

Analyze the mechanism of RNA interference and its application in gene knockdown experiments.

RNA Processing and mRNA Splicing

A laboratory study is conducted to analyze pre-mRNA processing in eukaryotic cells. Researchers obse

Studying the Efficiency of Pre-mRNA Splicing

Outline an experimental approach to investigate splicing efficiency in eukaryotic cells.

Translation Mechanism and Error Regulation

This question investigates the molecular mechanism of translation and the importance of ensuring acc

Viral Replication and Horizontal Gene Transfer

Investigate the replication cycles of viruses and their role in horizontal gene transfer among bacte

Adaptive Radiation in Island Ecosystems

This question explores the concept of adaptive radiation and its role in generating biodiversity on

Analysis of Darwin's Observations and Natural Selection

This question asks you to analyze Darwin's observations of reproduction, intraspecific variation, an

Artificial Selection and Breeding Experiment

A researcher is designing an experiment to study the effects of artificial selection on a fast-growi

Artificial Selection in Domesticated Animals

A breeder is selectively mating dogs to enhance certain physical traits such as size and coat color.

Climate Change and Evolutionary Adaptations

A graph plots environmental temperature against the frequency of a particular trait in a population.

Climate Change and Evolutionary Selection

Climate change can act as a powerful selective force. Use the data provided to examine how changing

Climate Change and its Impact on Evolutionary Trends

Investigate the effects of climate change on allele frequency dynamics in a population over time.

Comparing Evolutionary Theories: Darwin vs. Lamarck

Charles Darwin proposed natural selection while Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposed the inheritance of ac

Comparison of Natural and Artificial Selection

Natural selection and artificial selection lead to changes in populations, but they operate via diff

Drosophila Wing Shape Variation: Effects of Temperature on Morphology

A team of researchers is studying a population of Drosophila to investigate how temperature influenc

Effects of Environmental Pollution on Population Genetics

Using the example of the peppered moth, this question examines the impact of environmental pollution

Effects of Gene Flow on Population Genetics

Habitat changes lead to the reunion of two previously isolated populations of a bird species, result

Environmental Pressures and Evolutionary Fitness in Fish Populations

Researchers are studying fish populations in an estuary with varying salinity and pollution levels t

Environmental Pressures and Phenotypic Traits

A study examines the effect of temperature on the beak size of a particular bird species. Use the pr

Environmental Pressures and Reproductive Success

A study measured the reproductive success of insects with varying wing shapes under high wind condit

Evidence for Evolution: Fossils, Embryology, and Molecular Data

Evaluate the evidence for evolution provided by different scientific fields including paleontology,

Evidence for Evolution: Phylogenetic Tree Analysis

A cladogram is provided that shows the evolutionary relationships among several vertebrate groups in

Evolution and Genetic Variability: Allele Frequencies Over Time

A study monitored the frequency of Allele A in a given population over five generations. The followi

Evolutionary Fitness and Reproductive Success

The table below shows the number of offspring produced by individuals with two different traits. Ana

Fossil Record and Dating Techniques

Assess how the fossil record and dating techniques contribute to our understanding of evolutionary h

Graph Analysis: Rate of Speciation

This question requires you to analyze a graph depicting speciation events over time and perform a re

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium and Population Genetics

A biologist studies a large, randomly mating population under conditions presumed to follow Hardy-We

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Calculations

Examine the concept of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and perform calculations using observed genotype f

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Disruption and Gene Flow Experiment

Examine the factors that disrupt Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and design an experiment to test the imp

Impact of Environmental Temperature on Lizard Reproductive Rates

An environmental scientist examines the effects of a gradual temperature increase on a lizard popula

Impact of Mutation on Evolutionary Trajectories

Examine the table showing mutation rates and the frequency of new alleles over several generations.

Impacts of Mutation and Genetic Drift on Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

A population’s genotype frequencies were recorded before and after an event. Analyze the following d

Integrative Evolutionary Synthesis

Synthesizing multiple lines of evidence, analyze how diverse fields such as paleontology, molecular

Investigating the Founder Effect in Invasive Species

This FRQ examines the genetic consequences of the founder effect in invasive species populations usi

Investigating the Founder Effect in Isolated Populations

A small group of individuals colonizes an isolated island, which may lead to a reduction in genetic

Investigating the RNA-World Hypothesis

A team of researchers performed experiments to test the catalytic properties of RNA molecules under

Investigating the Role of Abiotic Factors in Evolutionary Change

Abiotic factors, such as temperature and humidity, can influence the growth and mutation rates in mi

Lamarck vs Darwin: Comparative Analysis

Research on evolutionary theories continues to provoke discussion. Compare the historical theories o

Lamarck vs Darwin: Mechanisms of Trait Inheritance

Contrast Lamarckian inheritance and Darwinian natural selection by analyzing a case study of lizards

Molecular Evidence for Common Ancestry

Molecular biology provides significant evidence supporting the concept of common ancestry among dive

Molecular Evidence for Evolution

Molecular comparisons provide compelling evidence for common ancestry. Answer the following parts:

Mutation Rates and Environmental Factors

Mutations introduce new genetic variation. Consider a gene with a length of 2000 base pairs and a mu

Mutations and Evolutionary Change

Mutations serve as the ultimate source of genetic variation. Evaluate the different types of mutatio

Peppered Moths and Directional Selection

Examine how environmental changes influenced natural selection in peppered moths. Answer the followi

Peppered Moths: A Case Study in Natural Selection

Examine a historical scenario involving the peppered moth. Before industrialization, the moth popula

Phylogenetic Trees and Cladograms

Evaluate the use of phylogenetic trees and cladograms in determining evolutionary relationships amon

Phylogenetic Trees and Common Ancestry

Scientists use phylogenetic trees to infer the evolutionary relationships among organisms. A table b

Population Genetics and Genetic Drift

Examine the role of genetic drift in shaping genetic diversity within a population. Answer the follo

Population Genetics Simulation: Allele Frequency Change Over Time

A simulation of allele frequency in a population over time is represented by the graph provided.

Population Genetics: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Analysis

Using the genotype count data provided in the table, calculate allele frequencies and predict expect

Punctuated Equilibrium versus Gradualism

Evolutionary change can occur gradually or in rapid bursts. Analyze the models of punctuated equilib

Sexual Selection and Trait Propagation

Analyze the role of sexual selection in driving the evolution of secondary sexual traits. Answer the

Speciation and Reproductive Barriers

Examine the process of allopatric speciation and explain the role of reproductive isolation in the f

Speciation and Reproductive Isolation

Discuss the process of speciation with emphasis on reproductive isolation mechanisms. Answer the fol

Speciation Mechanisms: Allopatric vs. Sympatric

Speciation is a key component of evolutionary theory. Evaluate the mechanisms by which new species a

Studying Allopatric Speciation in a Natural Setting

Design a research study to investigate allopatric speciation in a species inhabiting fragmented habi

Studying Gene Flow in Populations

Analyze the impact of gene flow on allele frequencies within and between populations. Answer the fol

The Peppered Moth Case Study: Directional Selection

Examine the classic case of the peppered moth and answer the following questions:

The RNA World Hypothesis

Discuss the RNA world hypothesis and its significance in explaining the origins of life on Earth.

The RNA-World Hypothesis and the Origin of Life

The RNA-world hypothesis proposes that early life was based on RNA molecules before the evolution of

Analyzing Population Growth Using the r Equation

A researcher studying an insect population collected data on births and deaths over one generation a

Animal Communication: Pheromones and Social Hierarchies

Animal communication encompasses a variety of signals, including chemical cues like pheromones and c

Application of Simpson’s Diversity Index in Community Ecology

Simpson’s Diversity Index is a quantitative measure of community biodiversity that accounts for both

Assessment of Greenhouse Effect on Animal Behavior

A recent media article claims that increasing levels of greenhouse gases are altering the behavior o

Carrying Capacity and Population Limitation Factors

Carrying capacity is a key ecological concept that represents the maximum number of individuals an e

Carrying Capacity and Population Stability

An ecologist monitors a population of rodents in a confined habitat. The data initially show exponen

Chemical Communication in Ant Colonies

An entomologist studies chemical communication in ant colonies by adding an external chemical cue ne

Circadian Clock Genes: Oscillatory Patterns in Gene Expression

Investigate the oscillatory behavior of circadian clock genes in mammals using a mathematical model.

Circadian Rhythms in Animals vs. Plants

A study compares circadian rhythms in a nocturnal bird species and a flowering plant. Both organisms

Circadian Rhythms in Endotherms and Ectotherms

Review the graph provided, which compares the circadian patterns of body temperature in an endotherm

Climate Change Effects on Population Dynamics and Distribution

Assess the potential impacts of climate change on species' population growth and geographic distribu

Comparative Thermoregulation in Endotherms and Ectotherms

A researcher is investigating the effect of environmental temperature on metabolic rates in two spec

Comparative Thermoregulation in Endotherms and Ectotherms

A study claims that differences in metabolic rate lead to more effective behavioral responses to env

Dominance Hierarchies and Agonistic Behavior

This FRQ examines the role of aggressive interactions in establishing and maintaining dominance hier

Ecosystem Analysis of Keystone Species

An ecosystem study involved the experimental removal of a keystone species. Data on species populati

Effects of Keystone Species on Ecosystem Dynamics

A study comparing forest ecosystems with and without a keystone predator yielded the following obser

Evaluation of Pheromone-Based Communication in Mammals

A researcher claims that pheromones are the primary mode of communication for establishing dominance

Genetic and Behavioral Adaptation

This question investigates the relationship between genetically encoded instincts and behavior that

Human Impact on the Environment: Pollution

This FRQ addresses the effects of pollution in ecosystems, with a focus on toxin bioaccumulation and

Human Impact: Deforestation and Biodiversity Loss

A conservation biologist examines the relationship between deforestation rates and species richness

Impact of Deforestation on Ecosystem Productivity

An ecologist examines the effect of deforestation on ecosystem productivity in a tropical region by

Keystone Species and Ecosystem Dynamics

Investigate how the presence of a keystone species affects overall ecosystem dynamics and stability.

Learning Behavior: Habituation in Animals

Consider the table below showing the response intensity of an animal to a repeated auditory stimulus

Learning Behaviors: Habituation and Imprinting in Birds

A behavioral ecologist wants to compare the processes of habituation and imprinting in birds by desi

Learning Through Habituation Analysis

A behavioral experiment measured the startle response of animals subjected to a repeated startling s

Pheromone Communication in Insects

An entomologist conducts an experiment to examine the effect of pheromones on the mating behavior of

Photoperiodism and Flowering in Plants

A botanist studied the flowering response of long-day and short-day plants by varying the length of

Plant Tropisms and Photoperiodism

This FRQ explores how plants respond to various stimuli including light, gravity, and touch, and how

Plant Tropisms: Directed Growth Responses

Plants exhibit growth responses to external stimuli known as tropisms. Answer the following:

Population Growth and Exponential Growth

A biologist observes that a bacterial colony in a nutrient-rich environment exhibits exponential gro

Simpson’s Diversity Index Analysis

Diversity indices provide insight into the variety of species within a community. This FRQ addresses

Simpson’s Diversity Index Calculation

An environmental scientist collects data on species in a forest plot: Species A - 40 individuals, Sp

Symbiotic Relationships: Mutualism, Commensalism, and Parasitism

Examine the chart below summarizing examples of symbiotic relationships. Answer the following:

Symbiotic Relationships: Mutualism, Commensalism, and Parasitism

Symbiotic relationships come in different forms. Answer the following parts.

Territoriality and Agonistic Behavior in Birds

Review the provided diagram description illustrating territorial divisions in a forest inhabited by