AP Biology FRQ Room

Amino Acid Properties and Protein Folding

Examine how the polarity of amino acid side chains influences protein folding and enzyme activity un

Analyzing the Effects of Temperature on Lipid Bilayer Permeability

A researcher investigates the permeability of synthetic lipid bilayers by encapsulating a fluorescen

Analyzing the Interaction between Organic Molecules and Solvent Polarity

A researcher examines the solubility of a protein in various solvents with differing polarity indice

Carbohydrate Metabolism and Energy Storage

A biochemist is comparing the metabolism of different polysaccharides involved in energy storage.

Carbon and the Formation of Organic Molecules

A molecular biologist is examining why carbon is uniquely suited to form the complex organic molecul

Cell Membrane Dynamics and Phospholipid Density

Cell membranes are composed primarily of a phospholipid bilayer, whose organization is crucial for t

Comparative Analysis of Carbohydrate Storage

Two plant species utilize different carbohydrate storage molecules. Species A primarily stores energ

Comparing Monosaccharides: Glucose vs. Fructose

Examine the structural differences between glucose and fructose, and discuss how these differences m

Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis of Disaccharides

In the formation of disaccharides, two monosaccharide molecules (such as glucose) join together via

Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis Reactions

Discuss how cells use dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions to build and break down polymer

Designing a Cellular Component Experiment

A researcher is examining the effect of trace elements on enzyme activity in plant cells. The experi

FRQ 17: Isotopes in Biological Systems

Isotopes are used extensively in biological research. Discuss their role in metabolic studies and te

Impact of pH on Biological Molecules

This FRQ examines how pH affects the solubility and function of biological molecules, particularly p

Impact of pH on Protein Structure and Function

Examine how changes in pH affect protein structure and function. Analyze experimental enzyme activit

Investigating Water’s Hydrogen Bonding Effects on Surface Tension

A chemistry class compares the surface tension of pure water with that of water-ethanol mixtures. Th

pH Variations in Aquatic Ecosystems: Impact and Analysis

An environmental team is monitoring pH fluctuations in a river affected by industrial pollution. Ans

Polymerization and Hydrolysis in Biological Systems

This question addresses the processes of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis in the formation and b

Polysaccharides and Their Biological Functions

Examine the structural differences among various polysaccharides and discuss how these differences r

Quantitative Analysis of Carbohydrate Storage

Examine the role of carbohydrate storage in plants and perform a quantitative analysis based on prod

Structure and Function of Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates such as starch and cellulose are both polymers of glucose but differ in their glycosid

Structure-Function Relationship in Proteins

A molecular biologist investigates how changes in a protein’s primary structure can lead to alterati

Subatomic Particles and Elemental Diversity

Discuss the fundamental components of atoms and explain the significance of isotopic variation in bi

Synergistic Roles of Organic Molecules in Cellular Function

A molecular biologist is investigating how carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids intera

Water Properties and Plant Physiology

Analyze how the unique properties of water contribute to plant physiology, particularly in terms of

Water’s Heat Capacity and Climate Regulation

Water’s high heat capacity significantly affects environmental and biological temperature regulation

Water's Role in Homeostasis

Discuss how the unique properties of water contribute to homeostasis in biological systems.

Active Transport: The Sodium-Potassium Pump

The sodium-potassium pump maintains essential ion gradients across the plasma membrane. Answer the f

Analysis of Exocytosis Process

This question addresses the process of exocytosis and requires a critical analysis of a diagram repr

Cell Diffusion Efficiency Based on Radius

A researcher measured the diffusion rates of a solute in cells of varying radii. The theoretical rel

Cell Membrane Signaling and Receptor Function

Signal transduction is initiated at the cell membrane by receptor proteins that interact with extrac

Cell Recognition and Communication

A researcher investigates the role of glycoproteins and glycolipids in cell recognition and immune r

Cell Signaling: Receptor-Ligand Dynamics

This FRQ examines receptor-ligand binding data to infer receptor affinity and specificity in cell si

Cell Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio and Its Effects on Cellular Efficiency

In the study of cell physiology, the relationship between surface area and volume has important impl

Comparative Function of Ribosomes

Ribosomes play a critical role in protein synthesis, and their structure varies between prokaryotes

Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ in several fundamental aspects, leading to differences in co

Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

This FRQ examines the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, using comparative data.

Cytoskeletal Structure and Function

This question assesses your understanding of the cytoskeleton, its components, and how its structure

Dialysis and Solute Diffusion Analysis

This FRQ explores how the principles of diffusion are utilized in dialysis to remove solutes from th

Endocytosis and Exocytosis: Mechanisms and Functions

A researcher is exploring the mechanisms by which cells internalize and expel substances. The proces

Endoplasmic Reticulum and Protein Sorting

A cell biologist examines how the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is involved in protein sorting and how

Endosymbiotic Theory Evidence Analysis

This FRQ is designed to analyze evidence supporting the endosymbiotic theory regarding the origins o

Heat Exchange and Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio in Organisms

Design an experiment to investigate how heat-exchange rates vary in organisms with different surface

Impact of Cytoskeletal Integrity on Cell Stability

Design an experiment to assess how chemical disruption of microtubules affects cell shape stability

Mechanisms of Bulk Flow

This question focuses on the concept of bulk flow and its significance in biological transport proce

Microscopy Techniques in Studying Cell Structure

A scientist uses both light and electron microscopy to study cellular organelles. These techniques o

Microscopy: Light vs. Electron Resolution and Magnification

A cell with an actual diameter of 10 μm is imaged using a light microscope at 1000× magnification an

Osmosis and Water Potential in Cells

Water potential drives water movement in biological systems. (a) Define water potential and explain

Protein Synthesis and Ribosomal Activity Experiment

In a study examining protein synthesis, researchers tracked the production of a fluorescently labele

Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio and Cell Function

This question explores how cell size influences diffusive exchange. A researcher studies spherical c

Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio in Cells

This question explores how cell size affects exchange efficiency via the surface area-to-volume rati

Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio in Organisms & Heat Exchange

This FRQ connects the concept of surface area-to-volume ratio with heat exchange in organisms.

Surface Area-to-Volume Ratios and Cellular Function

A recent study aimed to quantify the relationship between cell size and the efficiency of material e

Activation Energy Reduction by Enzymes

Devise an experiment to measure the effect of an enzyme on reducing the activation energy of a react

Anaerobic Metabolism and Fermentation in Skeletal Muscle

During intense exercise, muscle cells shift from aerobic respiration to anaerobic metabolism, leadin

Analysis of a Thylakoid Membrane Diagram

Examine the provided schematic diagram of a thylakoid membrane during the light reactions of photosy

Analysis of Substrate Concentration Impact on Enzyme Kinetics

An undergraduate student designed an experiment to measure amylase activity by evaluating the rate o

Assessment of NADH Utilization in the Krebs Cycle

A group of researchers sought to quantify the energy released during the Krebs cycle by measuring NA

Chloroplast Structure and Efficiency of Photosynthesis

Discuss how the structure of chloroplasts contributes to the efficiency of photosynthesis.

Coenzymes and their Roles in Enzymatic Reactions

A researcher is investigating the impact of supplementing a coenzyme on the activity of an enzyme in

Competitive vs. Noncompetitive Inhibition

A study is performed to understand how different types of inhibitors affect enzyme-catalyzed reactio

Coupling between Light Reactions and Dark Reactions in Photosynthesis

A researcher examines how varying light intensities affect the production of ATP and NADPH in the li

Effect of pH on Enzyme Structure and Function

A laboratory investigation examines the effect of various pH levels on enzyme activity. The study ai

Effects of Competitive Inhibition on Enzyme Function

In an experiment, a researcher examines the effect of a competitive inhibitor on an enzyme-catalyzed

Energy Efficiency in Cellular Metabolism

This question evaluates the efficiency of ATP production through different metabolic pathways and th

Fermentation in Muscle Cells: Analysis of Lactate Production

A study measured blood lactate levels under different exercise intensities, as shown in the table be

Impact of Inhibitors on Metabolic Pathways

A researcher analyzes the impact of enzyme inhibitors on a metabolic pathway by examining changes in

Impact of pH on ATP Hydrolysis Rate

Review the table below showing rates of ATP hydrolysis at various pH levels. Analyze the data to det

Inhibition of the Krebs Cycle via Competitive Inhibitors

A researcher investigates the effect of a competitive inhibitor on a key enzyme of the Krebs cycle.

Investigation of Photosynthesis Efficiency in Isolated Chloroplasts

A research group isolates chloroplasts from spinach leaves to investigate the rate of photosynthesis

Krebs Cycle Energy Yield Analysis

A researcher examines the energy yield from the Krebs cycle during cellular respiration.

Optimal Reaction Conditions and Enzyme Denaturation

Enzyme activity is highly sensitive to temperature. Analyze the relationship between enzyme activity

Quantitative Analysis of Chemiosmosis

ATP synthesis via chemiosmosis is driven by the flow of protons across a membrane. Analyze this rela

Regulation of Metabolic Pathways in Cellular Respiration

This question explores the regulatory mechanisms controlling cellular respiration, including feedbac

Temperature-Induced Enzyme Denaturation

Propose an experiment to investigate the effect of elevated temperatures on enzyme activity and stru

Testing the Induced-Fit Mechanism in Enzymes

Develop an experiment to test the induced-fit model of enzyme-substrate binding.

Thermodynamic Principles in Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration must obey the principles of thermodynamics. Use the provided energy data to ana

Analysis of Mitosis: Stages and Regulation

A classroom lab investigation involves detailed observation of cells undergoing mitosis. The claim i

Cell Cycle Checkpoint Analysis

Checkpoint regulation ensures that errors during the cell cycle do not propagate. Analyze how delays

Cell Cycle Checkpoint Regulation

Cells must accurately replicate and divide their genetic material, a process tightly controlled by c

Cell Cycle Checkpoints

A study claims that increased levels of the p53 protein in response to DNA damage arrest the cell cy

Cell Cycle Checkpoints and Cancer

Proper cell division is ensured by cell cycle checkpoints that monitor and repair errors. Defects in

Cell Cycle Regulation and Checkpoints

The cell cycle is tightly regulated by checkpoints and specific proteins to ensure that cell divisio

Chemical Inhibition of Ligand-Gated Ion Channels

Design an experiment to test how a chemical inhibitor affects the functioning of ligand-gated ion ch

Chemotaxis and Environmental Adaptation in Microorganisms

Some microorganisms use chemotaxis as an adaptive response to environmental changes. A researcher is

Comparative Analysis of Cell Communication Mechanisms

Cells communicate via different mechanisms. Answer the following questions comparing direct cell-cel

Cyclin-Dependent Kinases and Cell Cycle Progression

An experiment measured cyclin concentrations during different phases of the cell cycle. The data bel

Designing an Experiment: Investigating Feedback Inhibition in Cellular Signaling

Feedback inhibition is a key regulatory mechanism in cellular signaling pathways where the end produ

Dynamic Range of Ligand-Receptor Binding

Develop an experiment to quantify the dynamic range of ligand-receptor interactions by determining b

Environmental Stress and Signal Transduction

Cells exposed to high salinity experience stress that can disrupt their signal transduction pathways

Enzyme-Linked Receptor Kinetics and Substrate Conversion

This question focuses on catalytic (enzyme-linked) receptors and uses Michaelis-Menten kinetics to a

Evolutionary Development of Signal Transduction Mechanisms

This question investigates how the evolution of cell signaling mechanisms has contributed to the dev

Feedback Control in Hormone Regulation

Design an experiment investigating the negative feedback loop between insulin and glucagon in regula

G-Protein-Linked Receptor Signaling in Sensory Cells

This question examines the mechanism by which G-protein-linked receptors activate secondary messenge

GPCR and Second Messenger Dynamics

Develop an experimental design to investigate how ligand binding to a G-protein-coupled receptor (GP

Impact of Mutated Receptor Proteins on Signal Transduction

A mutation in a receptor protein significantly reduces its ligand binding affinity. Subsequent exper

Integration of Cellular Signals: Crosstalk Between Pathways

This question delves into the interactions between different signal transduction pathways (signal cr

Investigating Chemotaxis in Unicellular Organisms

A researcher is studying chemotaxis in E. coli by testing the effect of a glucose gradient on bacter

Ligand-Gated Ion Channels and Muscle Contraction

A study investigates the role of ligand-gated ion channels at the neuromuscular junction during musc

Mechanisms of Taxis in Unicellular Organisms

Taxis is crucial for the survival of unicellular organisms. Answer the following questions regarding

Mechanisms of Toxin Interference with Signal Transduction

An environmental toxin is found to interfere with cellular signal transduction, resulting in decreas

Mitosis and Chromosome Segregation

This question focuses on the stages of mitosis and the mechanisms that ensure accurate chromosome se

Mutation Effects on Receptor Function

In a study investigating the structure-function relationship of a plasma membrane receptor, research

Negative Feedback in Cellular Signaling

A study on hormone regulation claims that negative feedback pathways stabilize hormone levels by red

Oncogene Activation and Cancer Cell Proliferation

A study compares normal cells with cells engineered to overexpress an oncogene. Researchers measure

Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes in Cancer

This question examines the genetic basis of cancer with a focus on the roles of oncogenes and tumor

Quantitative Modeling of Cell Cycle Phase Durations in Synchronized Cultures

This question analyzes a synchronized cell culture to determine the average duration of each cell cy

Receptor Density and Hormonal Responsiveness

A study examines the effect of varying receptor density on a cell's responsiveness to a specific hor

Role of G-protein Coupled Receptors in Cell Signaling

G-protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) play a crucial role in transmitting external signals into a cell

Signal Amplification and Cascade Effects

An experiment aims to demonstrate signal amplification within a cell signaling cascade. The claim is

Signal Amplification in Cell Communication

Signal transduction cascades allow cells to amplify a small external signal. Using the concept of si

Signal Transduction Cascades: Ligand-Receptor Binding

Design an experiment to measure the activation of a receptor by a specific ligand and the resulting

Analysis of X-Inactivation Using Barr Body Data

In studies of female cells, researchers have counted the number of Barr bodies present. The table be

Analyzing a Monohybrid Cross: Tall vs. Short Traits in Pea Plants

Utilize a monohybrid cross to analyze the inheritance of plant height (T for tall, t for short) in p

Analyzing Dihybrid Cross Data

A dihybrid cross involving two traits, plant height (T = tall, t = short) and flower color (Y = yell

Barr Bodies and X-Chromosome Inactivation Analysis

Using the provided diagram of a female cell nucleus, analyze the process of X-chromosome inactivatio

Codominance in the ABO Blood Group System

An individual with AB blood type (genotype I^A I^B) mates with an individual with type O blood (geno

Crossing-Over and Genetic Diversity

Crossing-over is a critical event in meiosis that increases genetic diversity. Discuss the mechanism

Detection of Nondisjunction in Meiosis

Analyze experimental data to determine the phase of nondisjunction that occurred during meiosis.

Differences Between Meiosis I and II

Meiosis is divided into two successive divisions, each with unique characteristics. Compare and cont

Epigenetics: Influence of DNA Methylation on Gene Expression

Epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation can significantly affect gene expression without al

Exploring Incomplete Dominance in Snapdragon Flowers

Design an experiment using snapdragon flowers to demonstrate incomplete dominance. Cross true-breedi

Gamete Production and Anomalies in Spermatogenesis

In an experiment to study spermatogenesis, a researcher examined testicular tissue from lab animals

Genetic Variation from Crossing Over

During prophase I of meiosis, crossing over can lead to recombinant chromosomes. Assume the probabil

Impact of Crossing-Over on Genetic Variation

Crossing-over during meiosis is an important mechanism for increasing genetic diversity. This questi

Integration of Meiosis and Genetic Variation

Discuss how different mechanisms during meiosis contribute to genetic variation and compare these so

Investigating Incomplete Dominance in Snapdragon Flowers

A botanist investigates the inheritance pattern of flower color in snapdragons by crossing a true‐br

Investigating Meiotic Errors: Nondisjunction Events

A geneticist investigates nondisjunction events in meiosis by analyzing gametes with abnormal chromo

Investigating Sex-Linked Inheritance Patterns via Pedigree Analysis

Design an experiment or study to determine the inheritance pattern of a sex-linked trait (e.g., colo

Mechanisms of Crossing-over and Genetic Recombination

A molecular geneticist is studying the process of crossing-over during prophase I of meiosis and its

Meiosis and Genetic Variation

Meiosis plays a critical role in generating genetic variation and reducing the chromosome number in

Recombination Mapping

Linked genes do not assort independently. In this problem, you will use recombination frequencies to

Studying Polygenic Inheritance: Genetic Influences on Human Height

Design an experiment to study the polygenic inheritance of human height. Your experiment should invo

Synapsis and Crossing-Over Analysis in Meiosis

A researcher conducts an experiment to quantify the frequency of crossing-over events during synapsi

Synapsis and Crossing-Over: Diagram Analysis

Analyze the provided diagram illustrating synapsis and crossing-over during prophase I of meiosis. I

Understanding Sex-linked Traits and X Inactivation

Discuss the inheritance patterns of X-linked recessive traits (such as color blindness) and the role

Bacterial Gene Transfer by Transduction

Analyze the process of transduction in bacteria and its implications for genetic diversity.

Chromatin Organization and Genome Structure

Explain how chromatin structure contributes to genome organization and affects gene expression.

Comparative Analysis of Leading and Lagging Strand Synthesis

Develop a multi-step experimental design to elucidate differences in the synthesis of leading and la

Comparative DNA Replication: Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes

Compare the mechanisms of DNA replication in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, highlighting the diff

DNA Base Pairing and Hydrogen Bond Energy

This question focuses on the quantitative and qualitative aspects of hydrogen bonding in the DNA dou

DNA Double Helix Structure Interpretation

Examine the attached diagram of a DNA double helix and answer the following parts regarding its stru

DNA Replication Enzymes Analysis

Using the provided table that lists key enzymes involved in DNA replication, answer the following qu

Evaluating the Function of Telomeres and Telomerase

Researchers are investigating the role of telomeres in safeguarding chromosome ends and how telomera

Examining the Effects of Histone Modification on Gene Expression

A study examined the relationship between histone acetylation levels and gene activity. The graph be

FRQ 11: Transcription Factor Binding and Promoter Efficiency

Researchers have engineered a synthetic promoter to enhance gene expression in cultured cells. A rep

FRQ 14: Telomeres and Cellular Aging

A study tracks telomere length in human fibroblasts over several passages and correlates these measu

FRQ 18: Operon Function and Regulation in Bacteria

The lac operon in E. coli is a classic model for gene regulation in response to environmental cues.

Impact of Impaired Okazaki Fragment Processing

Okazaki fragments play a critical role in lagging strand synthesis during DNA replication. Evaluate

In Vitro Translation of Wild-Type vs. Mutant mRNA with Control Error

A researcher compares the activity of a protein translated from wild-type mRNA to that from a point-

Interplay of Transcription, RNA Processing, and Translation

Examine the sequential processes from transcription to translation and discuss how errors in RNA pro

Investigation of DNA Replication Enzyme Activity Error

A researcher is investigating the replication kinetics of a novel DNA polymerase in an in vitro syst

Mechanism of Translation

Examine the process of translation and the molecular accuracy mechanisms involved in protein synthes

Mechanisms of RNA Interference (RNAi)

A study explored the effectiveness of different RNAi molecules in silencing a target gene in culture

Operon Model in Prokaryotic Gene Regulation

Investigate the regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes with a focus on the operon model.

Operon Regulation Study with Misinterpretation of Repressor Binding

To understand gene regulation in bacteria, a researcher investigates a mutant strain with an altered

PCR Amplification and Exponential Growth

In a polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a single double-stranded DNA molecule is amplified by a factor

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Temperature Effects

A researcher uses PCR to amplify a specific DNA fragment and tests how varying the annealing tempera

Transcription Factor Binding and Promoter Strength

In a study, the rate of transcription (R) is modeled as a function of transcription factor concentra

Translation Termination Efficiency Study with Stop Codon Misinterpretation

In a cell-free translation assay, a researcher studies the termination efficiency of protein synthes

Adaptive Change in Response to Climate Alteration

In this long-term study, a researcher monitors a population of lizards over a 10-year period to asse

Adaptive Traits and Finch Beak Variation

A population of finches exhibits variation in beak size that correlates with environmental condition

Analyzing Different Modes of Natural Selection

A population of insects displays variation in body size under different selection pressures. Using e

Artificial Selection and Breeding Experiments

Artificial selection has played a significant role in shaping species, particularly in agriculture.

Artificial Selection in Domestic Animals

A livestock breeder aims to increase milk production in cows through selective breeding. Design an e

Artificial Selection in Drosophila Wing Patterns

In this experiment, a researcher is investigating the outcomes of artificial selection on wing patte

Artificial Selection versus Natural Selection

Contrast artificial selection with natural selection, and design an experiment to illustrate mechani

Biogeography and Evolutionary Relationships

Examine the pattern of species distribution across continents provided in the table and answer the f

Comparative Analysis of Lamarckian and Darwinian Evolution

Critically compare the theories of Lamarckian evolution and Darwin’s natural selection regarding the

Comparing Darwin's Natural Selection and Lamarck's Theory

This question asks you to compare the theory of natural selection with Lamarck's theory of the inher

Constructing Phylogenetic Trees to Understand Common Ancestry

This FRQ focuses on how molecular and fossil records are used together to construct phylogenetic tre

Darwin vs. Lamarck: Mechanisms of Evolution

The theories proposed by Charles Darwin and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck offer different explanations for h

Darwin's Observations and Evolutionary Fitness Analysis

This question explores Darwin’s concept of evolutionary fitness through empirical data. A researcher

Directional Selection in Alpine Plant Populations

In this experiment, a researcher investigates the impact of altitude on the phenotype of alpine plan

Ecological Interactions Driving Evolution

Population dynamics of predators and prey can exert selective pressures that drive evolutionary chan

Embryological Analysis of Vertebrate Development

In this experiment, a researcher examines the embryonic development of a range of vertebrate species

Environmental Influences on Natural Selection

Evaluate how different environmental factors, both biotic and abiotic, drive natural selection in a

Environmental Pressures and Adaptations

Examine the role of environmental pressures as selective forces in shaping adaptations within popula

Evaluating Experimental Methods in Evolution Research

Evaluate a media claim regarding rapid evolution by analyzing experimental methods used in studying

Evidence for Evolution: Phylogenetic Tree Analysis

A cladogram is provided that shows the evolutionary relationships among several vertebrate groups in

Evidences of Continuing Evolution: Fossils and Molecular Biology

Continuing evolution is supported by multiple lines of evidence. Answer the following:

Evolution and Genetic Variability: Allele Frequencies Over Time

A study monitored the frequency of Allele A in a given population over five generations. The followi

Experimental Evolution: Mutation Rates and Population Dynamics

Analyze how mutation rates contribute to evolutionary dynamics in a microbial population.

Experimental Test on Effects of Sexual Selection in Bird Mating Displays

Design an experiment to investigate how female mate choice influences the evolution of male plumage

Exploring the RNA-World Hypothesis and the Origins of Life

Discuss the RNA-world hypothesis and its significance in theories of the origins of life on Earth, a

Fossil Evidence and Phylogenetic Trees

Paleontologists use fossil records, radiometric dating, and cladistics to study evolutionary relatio

Fossil Record Analysis

A timeline table outlines major fossil discoveries corresponding to various geological periods.

Gene Flow and Its Effects on Population Genetics

This question investigates gene flow and its quantitative effects on allele frequencies in a subdivi

Graph Analysis: Rate of Speciation

This question requires you to analyze a graph depicting speciation events over time and perform a re

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium and Allele Frequencies

Using Hardy-Weinberg principles, answer the following:

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium and Population Genetics

Understanding population genetics relies on the application of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Use t

Homologous vs. Analogous Structures and Evolution

Differentiate between homologous and analogous structures and explain how each provides insights int

Impact of Mutations on Population Genetics

Analyze the role of mutations in contributing to genetic variability and evolution. Answer the follo

Interpreting Phylogenetic Trees and Common Ancestry

Phylogenetic trees illustrate the evolutionary relationships among species. Analyze the provided phy

Laboratory Simulation of Natural Selection

Interpret and analyze the results from a laboratory simulation designed to study natural selection u

Mechanisms of Speciation: Geographic Isolation and Beyond

Speciation can occur through various mechanisms, including allopatric and sympatric speciation. Usin

Modeling Punctuated Equilibrium vs. Gradualism

This FRQ challenges you to design a simulation experiment to test which pattern of evolutionary chan

Molecular Biology: DNA Sequencing and Phylogeny

Molecular data has become a crucial tool in constructing phylogenies. Consider the following data on

Mutation Effects on Allele Frequency: Quantitative Analysis

A table presents initial allele frequencies and mutation rates for a population. Use this data to an

Mutation Rates and Environmental Factors

Mutations introduce new genetic variation. Consider a gene with a length of 2000 base pairs and a mu

Natural versus Artificial Selection

Compare and contrast natural selection with artificial selection by describing their processes and p

Origins of Life: The RNA-world Hypothesis

The RNA-world hypothesis suggests that RNA molecules were precursors to modern life forms. Evaluate

Peppered Moths and Directional Selection

In a classic study, the population of peppered moths in a region changed phenotype frequencies as th

Peppered Moths and Directional Selection

Examine how environmental changes influenced natural selection in peppered moths. Answer the followi

Population Genetics and Evolutionary Mechanisms

Population genetics utilizes the Hardy-Weinberg principle to model genetic variation. Consider the e

Selection Patterns: Stabilizing vs. Disruptive Selection

Different types of selection can shape a population’s trait distribution in distinct ways. Consider

Selective Predation on Peppered Moths

In this experiment, a researcher is investigating the effects of selective predation on peppered mot

Sexual Selection and Mate Choice in Peafowl

A long-term field study on peafowl examines the relationship between male tail length and mating suc

Sexual Selection and Reproductive Fitness

Examine the concept of sexual selection and its relationship to reproductive fitness in natural popu

Sexual Selection and Trait Variation

A study explores the relationship between male tail length and mating success. The graph provided sh

Speciation and Reproductive Barriers

Examine the process of allopatric speciation and explain the role of reproductive isolation in the f

Speciation and Reproductive Isolation

Reproductive isolation is key to the formation of new species. Discuss reproductive barriers using t

Stabilizing Selection in Bird Beak Sizes

Researchers collected data on the beak sizes of a bird population from the same habitat. The followi

The RNA World Hypothesis and Origins of Life

The RNA World Hypothesis and experiments simulating early Earth conditions have provided insights in

The Role of Genetic Drift

Evaluate the role of genetic drift in shaping genetic variation within populations, particularly in

The Role of Genetic Variability in Evolution

Researchers measured phenotypic variations in beak size in a finch population across different seaso

Transitional Fossils and Evolution

Transitional fossils provide snapshots of evolutionary change over time. Analyze the role of transit

Understanding Convergent Evolution in Desert Plant Species

Design an experiment to compare both morphological traits and genetic sequences of desert plants tha

Aggressive Behavior and Dominance Hierarchies in Birds

A researcher studies aggressive behavior in a group of roosters competing for a limited food resourc

Animal Communication: Pheromones and Agonistic Behaviors

This FRQ focuses on the various ways animals communicate, emphasizing chemical signaling and social

Assessing Biodiversity using Simpson’s Diversity Index

A field ecologist surveys a pond ecosystem and records the number of organisms for each species. Use

Behavioral Adaptations in Extreme Environments

This FRQ examines how animals adjust their behavior to thrive in extreme environmental conditions.

Chemical Communication and Aggressive Behavior in Animals

A researcher investigating the role of pheromones on agonistic (aggressive) behavior in rodents hypo

Circadian Rhythm Phase Shift Analysis

Researchers are studying circadian rhythms in roosters and plants. The activity level of the organis

Circadian Rhythms in Plants

A botanist investigates how different light/dark cycles affect flowering time in a plant species kno

Climate Change Effects on Population Dynamics and Distribution

Assess the potential impacts of climate change on species' population growth and geographic distribu

Ecological Succession and Pioneer Species

This FRQ focuses on the process of ecological succession and the role of pioneer species in transfor

Ecological Succession in Primary Succession Environments

Ecological succession is the process by which the species structure of an ecosystem gradually change

Experimental Analysis of Habituation and Imprinting

In a controlled experiment, animals were exposed to a repeated stimulus to test habituation, and the

Experimental Analysis of Population Growth in Bacterial Cultures

A microbiologist sets up an experiment to observe the exponential growth of a bacterial culture in a

Experimental Evaluation of Habituation in Rodents

An experiment was conducted in which a rodent was repeatedly exposed to a harmless sound. Over time,

Gravitropism in Plant Roots

A plant biologist studies gravitropism by tilting pots containing pea plants and recording the angle

Growth Curve Analysis

A graph comparing exponential (J-shaped) and logistic (S-shaped) population growth curves for a part

Human Impact on Biodiversity

Environmental scientists compared two regions—one with significant human-induced deforestation and o

Human Impact: Deforestation and Biodiversity Loss

A conservation biologist examines the relationship between deforestation rates and species richness

Human Population Dynamics and Environmental Carrying Capacity

A demographer is studying the relationship between human population growth and environmental carryin

Imprinting and Instinct: A Case Study

A researcher observed newly hatched chicks exposed to different moving objects during a critical per

Interactions of Endothermy and Behavior

A researcher examines energy expenditure in birds by comparing endothermic metabolic costs and the i

Investigating Phototropism: Plant Growth Towards Light

Researchers observed that plants exposed to a directional light source exhibit curvature towards the

Photoperiodism and Plant Flowering

Plants rely on photoperiodism—the response to the duration of day and night—to time essential proces

Photosynthetic Response to Light Intensity in Shade Plants

A plant ecologist investigates the photosynthetic response of shade-adapted plants to varying light

Plant Tropisms and Photoperiodism

Plants exhibit various behavioral responses to environmental stimuli. This FRQ focuses on the mechan

Plant Tropisms: Directed Growth Responses

Plants exhibit growth responses to external stimuli known as tropisms. Answer the following:

Population Dynamics Under Environmental Stress

An ecologist studies a population of amphibians under different environmental stressors including po

Productivity in Ecosystems: Gross vs Net Primary Productivity

A researcher is comparing gross primary productivity (GPP) and net primary productivity (NPP) in a t

Simpson’s Diversity Index Analysis

Diversity indices provide insight into the variety of species within a community. This FRQ addresses

Symbiotic Relationship Dynamics

A study examined the interaction between remora fish and their host sharks by measuring host stress

Symbiotic Relationships: Mutualism, Commensalism, and Parasitism

Symbiotic relationships define the interactions between different species living in close associatio

Symbiotic Relationships: Mutualism, Commensalism, and Parasitism

Examine the chart below summarizing examples of symbiotic relationships. Answer the following:

Thermoregulation in Endotherms and Ectotherms

A researcher examines the effect of ambient temperature on metabolic rate in two species: an endothe

Thermoregulation in Endotherms vs. Ectotherms

A biologist compared two groups of animals—endotherms and ectotherms—by measuring their body tempera