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Atomic Structure and Isotopes
Investigate the properties of carbon isotopes and their significance in biological systems. Analyze
Carbohydrate Structure and Monosaccharide Energy Utilization
A nutritionist is investigating the energy yield differences between monosaccharides and disaccharid
Carbohydrates: Structures and Reactions
Compare the different types of carbohydrates and their roles in biological systems.
Chemical Bonding: Ionic and Covalent Bonds
Examine the differences between ionic and covalent bonds including examples found in biological mole
Comparative Analysis of DNA and RNA
This question addresses the structural and functional distinctions between DNA and RNA. You will com
Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis in Polymer Formation
Examine the processes of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis in the formation and breakdown of poly
Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis Reactions
Discuss how cells use dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions to build and break down polymer
FRQ 7: Carbon's Versatility in Organic Molecules
Carbon's unique ability to form stable bonds with many elements is central to organic chemistry. Dis
FRQ 9: Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis of Peptides
Proteins are synthesized and degraded through dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions. Explai
Lipid Saturation and Membrane Fluidity
A biologist studies how variations in lipid saturation affect the fluidity of cell membranes. Artifi
Lipids as a Source of Energy and Structural Components
A nutrition scientist is examining how triglycerides stored in adipose tissue serve both as energy r
Lipids: Structure and Membrane Function
Examine the structural diversity of lipids and how it relates to their function within biological me
Macromolecule Diversity in Cells
Compare the major classes of organic molecules found in cells and their functional roles.
Nucleic Acids: Structure and Information Storage
A genetics laboratory is studying bacterial DNA mutations following exposure to a mutagen. Answer th
Organic Molecules and Functional Groups
Examine how functional groups in organic molecules influence their chemical reactivity and biologica
Protein Structure and Function
Investigate the levels of protein structure and determine how these levels contribute to protein fun
Roles of Ionic, Covalent, and Hydrogen Bonds in Molecular Structure
This FRQ examines the different types of chemical bonds that are crucial to the structure of biologi
Trace Elements and Enzymatic Activity
Discuss the importance of trace elements in cellular metabolism and enzymatic function.
Trace Elements in Biological Systems
Trace elements, though required in minute amounts, play crucial roles in biological processes. Analy
Water Properties and Plant Physiology
Analyze how the unique properties of water contribute to plant physiology, particularly in terms of
Analysis of Exocytosis Process
This question addresses the process of exocytosis and requires a critical analysis of a diagram repr
Assessing Osmosis and Tonicity in Plant Cells
A research study examined how plant cells respond to changes in external solute concentration. The c
Bulk Flow and Dialysis in Biological Systems
Bulk flow and dialysis are processes that involve the movement of fluids and solutes. Answer the fol
Cell Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio and Its Effects on Cellular Efficiency
In the study of cell physiology, the relationship between surface area and volume has important impl
Comparative Analysis of Plant and Animal Cells
A biologist is comparing plant and animal cells to understand how structural differences relate to t
Cytoskeletal Disruption and Its Impact on Exocytosis
Design an experiment to determine how disruption of actin filaments affects the rate of exocytosis i
Cytoskeletal Dynamics in Cell Movement
This FRQ focuses on the role of cytoskeleton components, particularly actin, in cell movement.
Diffusion and Facilitated Diffusion Rates
This FRQ examines the rate of molecular transport across membranes via diffusion and facilitated dif
Endocytosis and Exocytosis Processes
Cells use vesicular transport to move large particles and bulk materials across the plasma membrane.
Endocytosis and Exocytosis: Mechanisms and Functions
A researcher is exploring the mechanisms by which cells internalize and expel substances. The proces
Energy Conversion in Mitochondria vs. Peroxisomes
This question contrasts energy conversion efficiencies between mitochondria and peroxisomes and disc
Fluid Mosaic Model and Plasma Membrane Function
The table below lists different types of membrane proteins and their functions. Use this information
Fluid Mosaic Model and Plasma Membrane Structure
The plasma membrane is best described by the fluid mosaic model. This question explores the structur
Golgi Complex: Processing and Packaging Proteins
The Golgi complex is essential for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for transport. Answer
Impact of Cytoskeletal Disruption on Cell Morphology
This question assesses how disruption of the cytoskeleton alters cell shape by analyzing quantitativ
Integration of Cellular Organelles: Experimental Design
This question requires you to integrate your understanding of several cellular organelles and design
Lysosomes and Cellular Waste Management
Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes critical for recycling cellular components. Answer the parts bel
Mechanisms of Bulk Flow
This question focuses on the concept of bulk flow and its significance in biological transport proce
Microscopy Sample Preparation Fault
Researchers prepared cell samples for electron microscopy to study plasma membrane structures. The s
Microscopy Techniques in Cell Biology
This question explores the differences between microscopy techniques used in cell biology and requir
Mitochondrial Function and Energy Conversion
Mitochondria convert energy from nutrients into ATP. Answer each part of the question below:
Osmosis and Tonicity in Plant Cells
Design a controlled experiment to study the effects of isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions
Osmosis and Water Potential in Cells
Water potential drives water movement in biological systems. (a) Define water potential and explain
Passive Transport: Diffusion and Facilitated Diffusion
Passive transport allows substances to move across membranes without energy input. This question add
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis and Cell Signaling
A recent article claims that binding of a specific ligand to its receptor not only initiates recepto
Role of Plasma Membrane in Selective Permeability
A series of experiments using artificial membranes have aimed to test the claim that the plasma memb
Secondary Active Transport and Glucose Uptake
Design an experiment to assess the efficiency of secondary active transport in glucose uptake in cel
Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio and Cell Efficiency
This FRQ investigates how cell size affects the efficiency of material exchange. Consider a spherica
Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio and Heat Exchange in Organisms
This question connects geometric scaling with physiological processes such as heat exchange in organ
The Fluid Mosaic Model and Membrane Proteins
This question examines the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane and the impact of lipid composi
Vacuoles in Plant and Animal Cells
Vacuoles serve important roles in both plant and animal cells. (a) Identify and compare the functio
Vesicular Transport Analysis
Researchers designed an experiment to analyze vesicle formation and release during exocytosis in cul
Bioenergetic Trade-offs in Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration
A researcher compares aerobic and anaerobic respiration in terms of energy yield and metabolic bypro
Chloroplast Structure and Function
A plant biologist is investigating how the structural organization of chloroplasts enhances photosyn
Chloroplast Structure and Function
Examine the provided diagram of a chloroplast and identify key structures involved in photosynthesis
Coenzymes and their Roles in Enzymatic Reactions
A researcher is investigating the impact of supplementing a coenzyme on the activity of an enzyme in
Competitive and Noncompetitive Inhibition
A researcher examines an enzyme's kinetics in the presence and absence of inhibitors. Reaction rate
Designing an Experiment on Allosteric Regulation
Design a controlled experiment to test the effect of an allosteric inhibitor on enzyme activity.
Effects of Oxygen Availability on the Electron Transport Chain
Develop an experimental design to study how varying oxygen levels affect electron transport chain ef
Electron Transport Chain: Comparative Analysis
Compare the components and functions of the electron transport chains in photosynthesis and cellular
Energy Conversion Comparisons: Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration
Design an experiment to compare the energy conversion efficiency of photosynthesis and cellular resp
Environmental Impact on Enzyme Function
This question assesses how extreme environmental conditions affect enzyme structure and function.
Enzyme Catalysis and Specificity
Enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions by lowering activation energy and forming specific enzyme‐sub
Enzyme Inhibition: Competitive vs. Noncompetitive
Using the data provided below, compare the effects of competitive and noncompetitive inhibition on e
Enzyme Saturation and Substrate Concentration
The table below shows how reaction rate varies with increasing substrate concentration. Use the data
Enzyme Specificity and the Induced-fit Model
This question investigates enzyme specificity and the induced-fit model of enzyme action.
Functional Adaptations in Photosynthetic Pathways
A plant biologist is studying different photosynthetic pathways to understand how plants adapt to di
Inhibition Kinetics: Competitive vs Noncompetitive Inhibition
This question examines the kinetic differences between competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors.
Investigating the Effects of pH and Temperature on Enzyme Kinetics
A researcher aims to study the combined effects of pH and temperature on the kinetic parameters of a
Investigation of Inhibitor Effects on Enzyme Catalysis
A laboratory experiment was performed to assess the effect of a purported noncompetitive inhibitor o
Krebs Cycle Energy Yield Analysis
A researcher examines the energy yield from the Krebs cycle during cellular respiration.
Proton Gradients in Cellular Energy Conversion
A researcher is exploring how proton gradients are generated and utilized in mitochondria and chloro
Reaction Coupling and ATP Hydrolysis
Cells drive endergonic reactions by coupling them with exergonic ones such as the hydrolysis of ATP.
Regulation of Metabolic Pathways in Cellular Respiration
This question explores the regulatory mechanisms controlling cellular respiration, including feedbac
The Calvin Cycle and Carbon Fixation Pathways
This question examines the Calvin-Benson cycle along with alternative carbon fixation pathways (C3,
Activation of Cell Cycle Checkpoints Following DNA Damage
When cells encounter DNA damage, such as from UV radiation, cell cycle checkpoints become activated
Analysis of Tumor Suppressor Gene Function in the Cell Cycle
Tumor suppressor genes play a critical role in preventing uncontrolled cell division. Analyze a scen
Analyzing Signal Transduction Pathways: Crosstalk and Amplification
An experiment investigates the dynamics of a signal transduction cascade and suggests there may be c
Cell Cycle Checkpoints and DNA Damage Response
Construct a detailed experimental plan to investigate the activation of cell cycle checkpoints in ma
Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum
A researcher studies chemotaxis in Dictyostelium discoideum by exposing wild-type cells and mutant c
Chemotaxis in Unicellular Organisms
A recent study claims that chemotaxis in unicellular organisms is primarily controlled by the intera
Cyclin/CDK Complex Activation Kinetics
The activation of cyclin/CDK complexes is pivotal for cell cycle progression. Analyze the kinetics o
Cyclin/CDK Complex Function
A claim posits that the formation of the cyclin/CDK complex is a critical checkpoint event that driv
Cyclins and CDKs in Cell Cycle Regulation
During liver regeneration, proper cell cycle progression is critical. The role of cyclins and cyclin
Cytokinesis and Mitotic Spindle Dynamics
During cell division, cytokinesis physically separates the cytoplasm of the dividing cell, concludin
Differential Hormone Signal Transduction
This question examines the differences between steroid and peptide hormone signaling and requires th
Experimental Design to Investigate Chemotaxis
A researcher is designing an experiment to study bacterial chemotaxis in response to a nutrient grad
Feedback Loops in Signal Transduction Pathways
Design an experiment to explore both positive and negative feedback loops within a specific cell sig
Feedback Regulation in Homeostasis
A study monitors blood glucose levels over time after a meal and the corresponding insulin and gluca
Hormonal Feedback in Glucose Regulation
A research team investigates the role of insulin and glucagon in regulating blood glucose levels usi
Insulin's Role in Blood Glucose Homeostasis
Propose an experimental design to investigate how insulin contributes to maintaining blood glucose l
Integration of Cell Communication and Cell Cycle Control in Tissue Repair
A researcher is studying wound healing in epithelial tissue and observes that cell communication thr
Integrative Analysis: Linking Cell Communication and Cell Cycle Regulation
The interplay between external signals and cell cycle regulators is critical for proper cell divisio
Interphase Dynamics and DNA Replication
Interphase is a critical period during which the cell grows and duplicates its genetic material. A r
Kinetic Analysis of Cell Cycle Phases
This question focuses on the temporal regulation of the cell cycle and requires the analysis of kine
Ligand-Gated Ion Channels in Neuromuscular Function
This question focuses on the role of ligand-gated ion channels in initiating muscle contraction and
Oncogenes, Tumor Suppressors, and Cancer Progression
A research study compares the proliferation rates of different cell types to understand the roles of
Oxidative Stress Response Measurement
In an experiment to study cellular responses to oxidative stress, researchers expose cultured cells
Quantitative Analysis of Mitotic Spindle Formation
This question evaluates the role of the mitotic spindle in chromosome segregation through quantitati
Receptor Binding and Signal Specificity
A research group examines signal transduction through enzyme-linked receptors in cultured fibroblast
Regulation of the Cell Cycle: Cyclins and CDKs
This question focuses on cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and their roles in regulating t
Role of Second Messengers in Signal Amplification
Second messengers play a crucial role in amplifying cellular signals. Consider the role of cyclic AM
Signal Transduction Pathways: Second Messenger Systems
Second messengers are important components of many signal transduction pathways. A researcher is foc
Signal Transduction Schematic Analysis
Analyze the provided diagram of a signal transduction pathway. Consider the pathway components illus
Analysis of Sex-Linked Inheritance of X-linked Recessive Traits
A researcher is analyzing a trait known to be X-linked and recessive (such as color blindness) in hu
Analysis of X-Inactivation and Barr Bodies
In female mammals, one of the two X chromosomes is randomly inactivated during development, leading
Application of Mendelian Principles in Plant Breeding
A plant breeder performs a cross between a heterozygous tall, yellow-flowered plant (TtYy) and a sho
Chromosomal Behavior in Meiosis
Compare the behavior of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis with regard to their arrangement, occ
Chromosomal Crossover Experiment Suspension
A student lab attempted to induce chromosomal crossover events in model plant cells by subjecting th
Designing a Recombination Mapping Experiment
A geneticist seeks to map the order and distances between three genes on a chromosome. The experimen
Effects of Ploidy on Yeast Growth Rates
Design a controlled laboratory experiment to investigate how ploidy state (haploid versus diploid) i
Environmental Influence on Phenotypic Plasticity
Two genetically identical plants are grown under different conditions: one in an optimal environment
Evaluating Environmental Effects on Phenotypic Plasticity in Plants
Design an experiment to assess the impact of environmental conditions on the phenotype of geneticall
Experimental Design: Test Cross for Genetic Analysis
Design an experiment using a test cross to determine whether a plant exhibiting a dominant phenotype
Exploring Meiotic Nondisjunction
Errors during meiosis can have significant impacts on an organism. Answer the following: (a) Define
Gametogenesis: Comparing Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis
Compare and contrast the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis. In your response, outline the d
Genetic Variation from Crossing Over
During prophase I of meiosis, crossing over can lead to recombinant chromosomes. Assume the probabil
Impact of Crossing-Over on Genetic Variation
Crossing-over during meiosis is an important mechanism for increasing genetic diversity. This questi
Impact of Recombination on Genetic Diversity
Evaluate the contribution of recombination during meiosis to genetic diversity. Discuss the mechanis
Investigating Environmental Effects on Trait Expression
A researcher studies how different light conditions affect leaf size in a particular plant species.
Investigating Meiotic Errors: Nondisjunction Events
A geneticist investigates nondisjunction events in meiosis by analyzing gametes with abnormal chromo
Investigating the Law of Segregation with Genotypic Ratios
Mendel observed a 1:2:1 genotypic ratio in the offspring of self-pollinated heterozygous pea plants.
Linkage and Recombination Mapping
Using recombination frequencies between three linked genes A, B, and C, construct a simple genetic m
Mapping Linked Genes Using Recombination Frequencies
A geneticist studying three linked genes, A, B, and C, observes the following recombination frequenc
Mendelian Inheritance: Monohybrid Cross Analysis
Using a monohybrid cross between tall pea plants (T) and short pea plants (t), analyze and predict t
Pedigree Analysis for Inheritance Patterns
A pedigree chart shows the appearance of a certain trait across multiple generations in a family. Us
Pedigree Analysis for Inheritance Patterns
A pedigree chart (provided below) tracks an inherited trait over several generations. Analyze the ch
Probability Calculations in Genetics
Probability rules are often used to predict outcomes in genetic crosses. Using the provided probabil
Quantitative Analysis of Crossing-over Frequency
Calculate the recombination frequency using experimental data and discuss how this measurement is us
Sex-Linked Inheritance Analysis
Analyze a cross between a carrier female for color blindness (X^(C)X^(c)) and a normal male (X^(C)Y)
Sex-Linked Traits and Pedigree Analysis
Analyze a pedigree where a sex-linked trait (e.g., color blindness) is present. Explain the differen
Sex-Linked Traits and Punnett Square Analysis
Certain traits, like color blindness, are inherited in a sex-linked manner. In this scenario, analyz
Test Cross and Determining Genotypes
A plant that exhibits the dominant tall phenotype is being test crossed with a recessive short (tt)
Analyzing Frameshift Mutations
Frameshift mutations can drastically alter the reading frame of a gene. Given the original mRNA sequ
Antiparallel DNA and Replication Dynamics
Discuss how the antiparallel nature of DNA influences the dynamics of replication.
Cell-Free Translation System: Ribosome Binding Site Error
A researcher develops a cell-free system to study translation by combining purified mRNA, ribosomes,
DNA Double Helix Structure Interpretation
Examine the attached diagram of a DNA double helix and answer the following parts regarding its stru
DNA Polymerase Proofreading and Replication Fidelity
An in vitro experiment compares DNA replication by polymerases with and without proofreading activit
DNA Repair Analysis with Unwarranted Telomere Removal
A researcher examines UV-induced DNA damage repair in eukaryotic cells. Cells are exposed to UV ligh
DNA Structure and Base Pairing Analysis
Discuss the structure of DNA with emphasis on its nucleotide components and the significance of its
DNA Topology and Supercoiling
This question focuses on the concept of DNA supercoiling and the enzymes involved in managing DNA to
Epigenetic Gene Silencing Study with Inadequate Chromatin Isolation
A researcher investigates differential gene expression between euchromatin and heterochromatin regio
Evaluating Methods for Enhancing Bacterial Transformation
Design an experiment to compare different methods for introducing a recombinant plasmid into E. coli
FRQ 3: Genome Structure and Chromatin Packaging
A comparative study between two cell types shows that one cell type has loosely packed chromatin (eu
FRQ 7: Point Mutations and Protein Function
A bacterial population develops antibiotic resistance after a point mutation in a gene coding for an
FRQ 8: Gene Rearrangement and Chromosomal Abnormality
During meiosis, errors in homologous chromosome pairing can lead to unequal crossing over, resulting
FRQ 17: Recombinant DNA and Genetic Engineering
A biotechnologist constructs a recombinant plasmid containing a gene for human insulin and transform
FRQ 20: Effects of Mutations on Protein Structure and Function
A point mutation in a multi-domain enzyme leads to the substitution of a polar amino acid with a non
Investigating the Role of Histones in Chromatin Structure
A researcher examines the relationship between nucleosome density and gene expression. The provided
Investigation of Plasmid Size on Transformation Efficiency
Propose an experimental design to assess how plasmid size affects transformation efficiency in bacte
Lab Design for Studying Plasmid Replication in Prokaryotes
A group of students is designing an experiment to investigate factors affecting plasmid replication
Operon Function and Regulation
Using the provided operon diagram, answer the following questions concerning the regulation of gene
Operon Regulation Under Nutrient Conditions
This question explores how environmental conditions can affect operon-mediated gene regulation in ba
Plasmid Construction and Genetic Engineering
This question focuses on the use of plasmids in genetic engineering. Provide comprehensive answers t
Plasmid Transformation and Gene Expression in Bacteria
Design an experiment involving bacterial transformation with a plasmid to achieve gene expression an
Quantitative Analysis of Gene Expression via qPCR
A study employs quantitative PCR (qPCR) to quantify mRNA levels of a target gene under different env
Separation and Analysis of DNA Fragments via Gel Electrophoresis
Design an experiment using gel electrophoresis to distinguish DNA fragments of different sizes.
Telomere Function and Cellular Aging
Answer the following questions regarding telomere structure, its role in cellular aging, and implica
Telomeres, Replication, and Cellular Aging
Discuss the structure and function of telomeres, and analyze their impact on cellular aging.
Topoisomerase Function Analysis
Topoisomerases relieve supercoiling during DNA replication. In an experiment, a cell's DNA has 10,00
Transcription Rate Under Promoter Mutations
A geneticist is investigating the impact of promoter mutations on transcription efficiency. The tabl
Adaptive Radiation and Speciation
Adaptive radiation is a process in which a single ancestral species diversifies into multiple distin
Analyzing Biogeographical Patterns in Evolution
Biogeography provides important clues about evolutionary relationships. Analyze how species distribu
Artificial Selection and Genetic Variation
Artificial selection is an intentional process in which humans select for desirable traits. Consider
Artificial Selection in Domestic Animals
A livestock breeder aims to increase milk production in cows through selective breeding. Design an e
Artificial vs. Natural Selection
This question compares artificial and natural selection. Design an experiment and analyze the evolut
Biogeography and Evolutionary Patterns
Biogeography provides important insights into the processes of speciation and evolutionary history.
Comparative Embryology and Evolutionary Development
Discuss how comparative embryology supports evolutionary theory by examining similarities and differ
Comparative Embryology and Evolutionary Development
Comparative embryology provides insights into common ancestry. Consider the following data comparing
Convergent vs. Divergent Evolution
Evolutionary processes can lead to similar traits through different mechanisms. The table provided c
Darwin’s Natural Selection Observations
Analyze Darwin’s observations, including the production of excess offspring, competition, and differ
Darwin’s Observations and Reproductive Success
This question investigates Darwin's observations regarding reproductive excess and the resulting dif
Divergent Evolution and Speciation in Birds
Two populations of a bird species become geographically isolated due to a landscape change. Over tim
Effects of Gene Flow on Subpopulation Divergence
Two subpopulations of the same species are separated by a mountain range, but occasional migration (
Embryology and Evolutionary Development
Explore how embryological evidence supports common ancestry among vertebrates. Answer the following
Environmental Pressures and Adaptive Evolution
Environmental factors drive adaptive changes in populations. Answer the following:
Environmental Pressures and Phenotypic Traits
A study examines the effect of temperature on the beak size of a particular bird species. Use the pr
Evidence for Evolution from Fossils, Biogeography, and Embryology
Analyze the multiple lines of evidence that underpin the theory of evolution.
Evolutionary Stasis and Punctuated Equilibrium
Evaluate the theories of gradualistic evolution versus punctuated equilibrium in explaining patterns
Experimental Design: The Impact of Genetic Variation on Survival
A researcher hypothesizes that populations with higher genetic variation have a better chance of sur
Fossil Records and Transitional Forms
Examine the role of the fossil record in supporting the theory of evolution and the concept of trans
Graph Analysis: Rate of Speciation
This question requires you to analyze a graph depicting speciation events over time and perform a re
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium and Genetic Variability
Consider a population of beetles with two alleles for shell color. Using the Hardy-Weinberg equation
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium and Population Genetics
Understanding population genetics relies on the application of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Use t
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Disruption Analysis
A population's genotypic frequencies were measured and compared to expected Hardy-Weinberg proportio
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Violation
This question focuses on the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and how factors like gene flow disturb genet
Impact of Environmental Change on Evolutionary Dynamics
A population of desert lizards experiences a rapid increase in ambient temperature along with a decr
Integrative Evolutionary Synthesis
Synthesizing multiple lines of evidence, analyze how diverse fields such as paleontology, molecular
Investigating Natural Selection in a Laboratory Insect Population
A researcher is investigating the effect of an insecticide on a genetically variable population of i
Lab Analysis: Evolutionary Fitness in Fruit Flies
A laboratory study examines evolutionary changes in a fruit fly population over several generations,
Lamarck vs. Darwin: Inheritance of Traits
A biologist observes a population of organisms where some individuals appear to acquire enhanced fea
Lamarck vs. Darwin: Mechanisms of Evolution
Contrast Darwin's theory of natural selection with Lamarck’s hypothesis of the inheritance of acquir
Measuring Reproductive Success in Variable Environments
Evolutionary fitness is commonly measured by reproductive success, but environmental factors can inf
Mechanisms of Speciation
This question evaluates your understanding of speciation processes. Examine different modes of speci
Media Critique: Evaluating Claims of Rapid Evolution
Critically evaluate a media report claiming that evolution can occur within a single generation. Use
Molecular Evidence for Evolution
Molecular comparisons among species can help illustrate common ancestry. The table below shows perce
Molecular Evidence for Evolution: Cladistic Analysis
Analyze the molecular data provided in the table to construct a cladogram and explain how DNA sequen
Morphological Homologies: Evidence of Common Ancestry
Using examples of homologous structures, explain how similarities in anatomical features support the
Mutation Rates and Environmental Factors
Mutations introduce new genetic variation. Consider a gene with a length of 2000 base pairs and a mu
Natural Selection in Fluctuating Environments
A study tracked allele frequencies for a particular trait in a population over a 12-month period wit
Non-random Mating and Deviations from Equilibrium
Discuss the concept of non-random mating and analyze data to determine its effect on Hardy-Weinberg
Origins of Life and the Miller–Urey Experiment
The Miller–Urey experiment simulated early Earth’s atmospheric conditions by combining gases (CH4, N
Peppered Moth Evolution and Natural Selection
Investigate the impact of natural selection on the phenotypic shift in peppered moth populations due
Peppered Moth Experiment: Natural Selection in Polluted Environments
Researchers set up a controlled enclosure experiment to simulate a polluted environment and study na
Population Bottlenecks and the Founder Effect
A graph displays a dramatic reduction in population size (a bottleneck event) followed by recovery.
Population Genetics and Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
A biologist studied a population's genotype frequencies over 10 generations. The table below shows t
Population Genetics Simulation: Allele Frequency Change Over Time
A simulation of allele frequency in a population over time is represented by the graph provided.
Rapid Environmental Change and Directional Selection
Assess how a rapid environmental change can lead to directional selection and use quantitative metho
Selective Pressures in Plant Populations: Light and Resource Competition
An experiment is conducted on two groups of plants grown under varying light intensities. Researcher
Sexual Selection and Reproductive Fitness
Examine the concept of sexual selection and its relationship to reproductive fitness in natural popu
Sexual Selection and Trait Propagation
Analyze the role of sexual selection in driving the evolution of secondary sexual traits. Answer the
Sexual Selection: Trade-offs in Peafowl
Studies of peafowl indicate that males with larger and more colorful tails are more attractive to fe
Speciation and Reproductive Isolation
Discuss the process of speciation with emphasis on reproductive isolation mechanisms. Answer the fol
Speciation Mechanisms: Allopatric vs. Sympatric Speciation
Speciation involves the emergence of new species through various mechanisms. Consider the processes
Testing Differential Reproductive Success
This FRQ challenges you to design a rigorous experiment investigating how variation in a specific tr
Testing Non-Random Mating Patterns
This FRQ focuses on the concept of non-random mating and explores its effects on genetic diversity a
The Peppered Moth Case Study: Directional Selection
Examine the classic case of the peppered moth and answer the following questions:
The RNA World Hypothesis
Discuss the RNA world hypothesis and its significance in explaining the origins of life on Earth.
The RNA World Hypothesis and Origins of Life
The RNA World Hypothesis and experiments simulating early Earth conditions have provided insights in
Understanding Convergent Evolution in Desert Plant Species
Design an experiment to compare both morphological traits and genetic sequences of desert plants tha
Altruism in Animal Groups
Data from behavioral studies on a social species indicate variations in the frequency of altruistic
Assessing Biodiversity Using Simpson's Diversity Index
A researcher uses Simpson's Diversity Index, given by $$D = 1 - \sum (n_i/N)^2$$, to assess biodiver
Assessing Biodiversity using Simpson’s Diversity Index
A field ecologist surveys a pond ecosystem and records the number of organisms for each species. Use
Assessing Simpson’s Diversity Index in a Forest Ecosystem
An ecologist collects data on tree species abundance within a 1-hectare plot in a temperate forest t
Calculating and Interpreting Simpson’s Diversity Index in a Forest Ecosystem
Researchers collected species data from a forest and used Simpson's Diversity Index $$D = 1 - \Sigma
Chemical Communication and Agonistic Behavior in Insects
In a study, researchers examined how varying concentrations of pheromones affect the level of aggres
Chemical Communication: Pheromones in Social Insects
A study examined how varying concentrations of pheromones affect foraging success in ants. The table
Circadian Rhythms in Plants
A botanist investigates how different light/dark cycles affect flowering time in a plant species kno
Comparative Thermoregulation in Endotherms and Ectotherms
A study claims that differences in metabolic rate lead to more effective behavioral responses to env
Critical Periods and Imprinting
Examine the diagram provided, which illustrates the imprinting response of hatchling birds over time
Ecosystem Energy Flow and Ecological Pyramids
An ecologist measured the biomass at different trophic levels within an ecosystem. The table below s
Energy Transfer Efficiency in an Aquatic Food Web
A marine ecologist aims to quantify energy transfer efficiency across trophic levels in a coastal fo
Experimental Evaluation of Habituation in Rodents
An experiment was conducted in which a rodent was repeatedly exposed to a harmless sound. Over time,
Human Impact on Biodiversity
Environmental scientists compared two regions—one with significant human-induced deforestation and o
Human Impact: Deforestation and Biodiversity Loss
A conservation biologist is examining the effects of deforestation on species diversity in tropical
Human Impacts on Ecosystems: A Study of Pollutant Toxins
Analyze the table below that presents pollutant concentrations in various ecosystems. Address the fo
Human Impacts: Deforestation Effects on Biodiversity
A study examines the impact of deforestation on species diversity in a tropical forest. Surveys indi
Impact of Deforestation on Ecosystem Function
Analyze the long-term effects of deforestation and subsequent desertification on ecosystem structure
Imprinting Behavior and Critical Period Analysis
A study on imprinting behavior collected data on the critical period durations (in hours) for severa
Keystone Species and Ecosystem Dynamics
Keystone species have a disproportionate effect on their ecosystems. Answer the following:
Learning and Neural Adaptations: Habituation vs. Sensitization
Review the graph provided, which displays response intensity over multiple trials for two different
Learning versus Instinct: Behavioral Adaptations in Navigational Tasks
A study compared the maze navigation times of animals relying solely on instinct versus those allowe
Photoperiodism and Seasonal Behavior in Plants
Examine the graph provided showing variation in day length over the months of a year. Answer the fol
Photoperiodism in Flowering Plants
A botanist investigates the effect of day length on flowering in a short-day plant species. The expe
Plant Tropisms: Phototropism and Gravitropism
In an experiment, a researcher exposes seedlings to directional light and altered gravitational cond
Plant Tropisms: Phototropism vs. Gravitropism
A study examined the directional growth responses of plants to different stimuli. Observations inclu
Primary Productivity: Gross vs. Net
A researcher measured both the gross productivity and respiration rate of a photosynthetic community
Succession Dynamics Analysis
A study of ecological succession in a barren landscape recorded the types of pioneer species and sub
Symbiotic Relationships in Coastal Ecosystems
A researcher surveys the symbiotic relationships in a coastal ecosystem. Examples observed include a
Thermoregulation and Circadian Rhythms in Endotherms and Ectotherms
This question explores how different animals regulate their body temperature and the role of interna
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