AP Biology FRQ Room

Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides

Analyze the structural differences and functional roles of carbohydrates in biological systems. Use

Carbohydrates: Structure and Function

This question investigates the structural characteristics of carbohydrates and distinguishes between

Chemical Bonding in Biological Molecules

Examine the roles of different types of chemical bonds in maintaining the structure of biological mo

Comparative Analysis of Carbohydrate Storage

Two plant species utilize different carbohydrate storage molecules. Species A primarily stores energ

Comparative Analysis of Carbohydrate Storage Molecules

Compare the structures and functions of starch and glycogen, and explain how these attributes are su

Comparative Analysis of DNA and RNA

This question addresses the structural and functional distinctions between DNA and RNA. You will com

Dehydration Synthesis in Polymer Formation

Dehydration synthesis (or condensation) reactions are used to form polymers such as proteins from mo

Elemental Composition and Isotopes in Biological Molecules

You are presented with information about the elements that form biological molecules and the occurre

FRQ 13: Amphipathic Nature of Phospholipids

Phospholipids are key components of cell membranes due to their amphipathic nature. Analyze how thei

FRQ 16: Analyzing a Graph of Enzyme Activity vs. Temperature

The graph provided represents the activity of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction as a function of temperat

FRQ 20: Capillary Action in Plants

Capillary action, driven by the cohesive and adhesive properties of water, is essential for water tr

Impact of Molecular Polarity on Solubility and Membrane Transport

Evaluate how molecular polarity influences the solubility of compounds in water and affects their ab

Isotopic Tracers in Metabolic Pathways

Analyze the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of metabolic pathways.

Molecular Modeling of the Phospholipid Bilayer and Membrane Fluidity

Explore how the structure of phospholipid bilayers relates to membrane fluidity, and how temperature

Nucleic Acids: Structure, Function, and Polymerization

Explore the structure and synthesis of nucleic acids. Analyze how nucleotide properties contribute t

Polymerization and Hydrolysis in Biological Systems

This question addresses the processes of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis in the formation and b

Polymerization Reactions: Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis

Discuss the chemical processes involved in polymer formation and breakdown.

Protein Denaturation: Heat and pH Effects

Investigate how environmental conditions such as temperature and pH lead to protein denaturation.

Protein Structure and Folding

Proteins have a complex hierarchy of structure that is critical to their function. (a) Describe the

Protein Structure and Mutation Analysis

A molecular biologist is investigating the structure of proteins and the effects of mutations.

Structure and Function of Carbohydrates

This FRQ examines the formation and function of carbohydrates. You will explore how monosaccharides

Trace Elements and Enzyme Activity

A biochemist hypothesizes that trace elements, such as copper (Cu), affect the activity of a specifi

Trace Elements and Enzyme Activity

Evaluate the importance of trace elements in supporting enzyme function and overall biological activ

Active Transport and the Sodium-Potassium Pump

The sodium-potassium pump actively transports ions by moving 3 Na⁺ ions out of the cell and 2 K⁺ ion

Analyzing Cytoskeleton's Role in Maintaining Cell Shape

The table below reports the degree of cell deformation under mechanical stress for cells with an int

Analyzing the Role of Ribosomes in Protein Synthesis and Cellular Stress

A recent study claims that under cellular stress conditions, cells compensate for increased protein

Assessing Osmosis and Tonicity in Plant Cells

A research study examined how plant cells respond to changes in external solute concentration. The c

Bulk Flow and Dialysis in Biological Systems

Bulk flow and dialysis are processes that involve the movement of fluids and solutes. Answer the fol

Chloroplast Photosynthesis Efficiency Experiment

An experiment was established to study the effect of light intensity on photosynthetic efficiency in

Comparative Analysis of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

The following table lists key features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Analyze the differences

Comparative Analysis: Plant and Animal Cells

This FRQ compares structural features of plant and animal cells and their functional implications.

Critically Evaluating Cellular Storage: Vacuoles in Plant Cells

A research paper claims that central vacuoles in plant cells are essential for maintaining turgor pr

Cytoskeleton Function and Cellular Dynamics

The cytoskeleton is essential for maintaining cell shape, enabling movement, and facilitating cell d

Cytoskeleton: Microfilaments vs. Microtubules

The cytoskeleton is essential for maintaining cell shape and enabling movement. Analyze the differen

Dialysis Membrane Efficiency and Solute Diffusion

Design an experiment to evaluate how increasing solute concentration affects the rate of diffusion a

Impact of Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio on Organismal Physiology

The concept of the surface area-to-volume ratio is critical not only at the cellular level but also

Integrated Analysis: From Cellular Structure to Organism Function

This question integrates concepts from cellular geometry, membrane transport, and energy metabolism.

Interdependence of Cellular Structures in Transport and Metabolism

Cells rely on a network of organelles and structures to coordinate transport and metabolic processes

Light vs. Electron Microscopy Analysis

A researcher is using microscopy techniques to study cell structures and needs to understand the adv

Lysosomes in Cellular Maintenance and Apoptosis

Lysosomes play a key role in cellular digestion and programmed cell death (apoptosis). (a) Define t

Mechanisms of Endocytosis and Exocytosis

Cells use various mechanisms to move large molecules and particles across the plasma membrane. Analy

Mitochondrial Function and Cellular Respiration

A biologist obtains experimental data showing oxygen consumption in cells under varying concentratio

Mitochondrial Function and Energy Conversion

Mitochondria convert energy from nutrients into ATP. Answer each part of the question below:

Organelle Dysfunction and Disease

A researcher studies the impact of mitochondrial and lysosomal malfunctions in a disease model, focu

Osmosis and Water Potential Experiment

In an experiment to investigate the effects of osmotic pressure on plant cells, researchers placed i

Osmosis and Water Potential in Cells

This question assesses understanding of osmosis, water potential, and the consequences of solute con

Passive Transport: Simple and Facilitated Diffusion

Passive transport in cells occurs via simple diffusion or facilitated diffusion. Answer the followin

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Growth Rates

Design an experiment to compare the growth rates of a prokaryotic organism (e.g., a bacterium) and a

Ribosome Protein Synthesis Efficiency

A prokaryotic cell contains approximately 10,000 ribosomes, with each ribosome synthesizing proteins

Ribosome Structure and Protein Synthesis

A biologist investigates the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis, as well as the effects of ribos

Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis

Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis in cells. Answer the following questions regarding thei

Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio and Cell Efficiency

This FRQ investigates how cell size affects the efficiency of material exchange. Consider a spherica

Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio in Organisms

An experiment was designed to examine how organism size affects heat exchange with the environment u

Allosteric Regulation and Enzyme Kinetics

This question examines how allosteric regulation influences enzyme kinetics and metabolic control.

Analysis of Inhibition: Competitive vs. Noncompetitive

Using the data in the table below that compares reaction rates at various substrate concentrations w

ATP Yield from Cellular Respiration

Aerobic cellular respiration converts glucose into energy. In this problem, you will derive the tota

ATP Yield in Cellular Respiration Processes

Refer to the table below listing ATP and electron carrier yields from different stages of cellular r

Calvin Cycle and Carbon Fixation

A botanist investigates the dark reactions of photosynthesis, focusing on the Calvin cycle and its r

Calvin Cycle and Reaction Coupling

Detail the Calvin Cycle and explain how it is coupled to the products of the light-dependent reactio

CAM vs C4 Pathways under Drought Stress

A biologist compares CO2 uptake efficiency and water-use efficiency between CAM and C4 plants under

Comparative Analysis of Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

A flow diagram is provided comparing the overall processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiratio

Comparative Analysis of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Photosynthesis

The table below compares key features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic photosynthesis. Analyze the data

Comparing Competitive vs Noncompetitive Inhibition

Answer the following questions regarding enzyme inhibition using the provided data.

Designing an Experiment on Allosteric Regulation

Design a controlled experiment to test the effect of an allosteric inhibitor on enzyme activity.

Effect of Inorganic Cofactor Concentrations on Enzyme Kinetics

Design an experiment to assess how varying concentrations of an inorganic cofactor (e.g., $$Mg^{2+}$

Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity

A researcher studies the impact of temperature on the activity of an enzyme. The experiment involves

Effects of Temperature and pH on Enzyme Activity

This question examines how environmental factors like temperature and pH affect enzyme activity.

Electron Transport in Photosynthesis

Outline the sequence of events in the light reactions of photosynthesis, with reference to the elect

Energy Yield of Aerobic Respiration

Outline the stages of aerobic respiration and calculate the total ATP yield from one molecule of glu

Enzyme Inhibition and Kinetics

This question explores the mechanisms of enzyme inhibition and how they affect reaction kinetics.

Enzyme Kinetics and Temperature Effects

Examine the table below showing enzyme reaction rates measured at different temperatures. Use the da

Enzyme Saturation and Reaction Rate

A researcher examines how increasing substrate concentration affects an enzyme's reaction rate. Data

Examination of Energy Coupling in Chloroplast ATP Synthesis

A research team designed an experiment to study the coupling of proton gradient formation to ATP syn

Functional Adaptations in Photosynthetic Pathways

A plant biologist is studying different photosynthetic pathways to understand how plants adapt to di

Investigation of ATP Synthase Activity via Proton Gradient Manipulation

Design an experiment to determine how alterations in the proton gradient across the mitochondrial in

Investigation of Cytochrome c Oxidase Inhibition and Membrane Integrity

A research team designed an experiment to study the effect of increasing concentrations of a cytochr

Investigation of Enzyme Catalysis in ATP Hydrolysis

A research team designed an experiment to study the effect of enzyme concentration on ATP hydrolysis

Light Reactions vs. Calvin Cycle in Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis comprises two major phases: the light reactions and the Calvin cycle. A researcher is

Metabolic Adaptations During Intense Exercise

During intense exercise, muscle cells switch from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism. Analyze the metab

Muscle Cell Fermentation Under Oxygen Debt

During high-intensity exercise, muscle cells may switch to fermentation due to oxygen debt, resultin

Optimal Reaction Conditions and Enzyme Denaturation

Enzyme activity is highly sensitive to temperature. Analyze the relationship between enzyme activity

Photosynthesis Pigment Absorption

A plant physiologist examines how light energy is captured by photosynthetic pigments during the lig

Proton Gradients in Cellular Energy Conversion

A researcher is exploring how proton gradients are generated and utilized in mitochondria and chloro

Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA Conversion

The conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA is a crucial step between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.

Reaction Coupling and ATP Hydrolysis Calculations

Cells frequently couple exergonic and endergonic reactions to drive unfavorable processes. Use the p

Thermodynamic Constraints on Reaction Coupling

This question explores the thermodynamic basis for coupling reactions in metabolism.

Thermodynamic Principles in Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration must obey the principles of thermodynamics. Use the provided energy data to ana

Catalytic Receptor Activity in Initiating Cell Division

An experiment is designed to study the effect of an enzyme-linked (catalytic) receptor on cell proli

Cell Communication in Tissue Regeneration

During wound healing, tissue regeneration relies on effective cell communication via growth factor s

Cell Cycle Checkpoint Regulation

Cells must accurately replicate and divide their genetic material, a process tightly controlled by c

Cell Cycle Checkpoints and DNA Damage Response

Construct a detailed experimental plan to investigate the activation of cell cycle checkpoints in ma

Cell Cycle Regulation and Cancer

This question addresses the regulatory mechanisms of the cell cycle and the potential consequences w

Cell Migration and Developmental Patterning

Design an experiment to study the migration patterns of cells during development in a tissue model,

Cell-to-Cell Communication Mechanisms

This question explores the diverse mechanisms by which cells communicate with each other, particular

Chemotaxis in Unicellular Organisms

A researcher investigates the chemotactic response of a bacterial species to increasing concentratio

Comparative Analysis of Membrane Receptors

Various classes of membrane receptors differ in structure and function. A researcher is comparing li

Comparative Study of Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes

Researchers compare mutation frequencies in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes across several canc

Distinguishing Negative and Positive Feedback in Cellular Signaling

A researcher monitors the strength of a cellular signal over time following an initial stimulus. The

Enzyme-Linked Receptor Kinetics and Substrate Conversion

This question focuses on catalytic (enzyme-linked) receptors and uses Michaelis-Menten kinetics to a

Evaluating Oncogenic Activation Effects on Mitotic Rate

This question examines how oncogenic activation can influence the rate of cell division by altering

Experimental Design: Investigating Taxis Behavior

A scientist aims to study the directed movement (taxis) of organisms in response to a chemical gradi

Exploring Cell Junctions and Direct Cell-to-Cell Communication

Cell junctions play a critical role in maintaining proper cell-to-cell communication in tissues.

Feedback Control in Hormone Regulation

Design an experiment investigating the negative feedback loop between insulin and glucagon in regula

Feedback Mechanisms in Hormonal Regulation

Hormonal regulation, such as the maintenance of blood glucose levels, often relies on feedback mecha

Feedback Regulation in Homeostasis

A study monitors blood glucose levels over time after a meal and the corresponding insulin and gluca

G-Protein Coupled Receptor Activation and cAMP Signaling

Researchers are studying the activation of a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) in cultured cells. Wh

G-Protein Coupled Receptors Function

G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) play a crucial role in cellular signaling. Answer the following

G-Protein-Coupled Receptors and cAMP Amplification

An endocrinologist studies the effect of adrenaline on heart cells, focusing on its interaction with

Genetic Mutations and Oncogene Activation

Mutations in regulatory genes can transform proto-oncogenes into oncogenes, leading to increased cel

Impact of CDK Inhibition on Cell Cycle Progression

Design an experiment to analyze the effect of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors on cell cycle

Impact of Receptor Mutation on Signal Transduction

A mutation in the extracellular domain of a plasma membrane receptor can drastically alter cell comm

Mitosis: The Dance of the Chromosomes

Mitosis is a critical process for cell division. Refer to the provided diagram to answer the questio

Oncogenes, Tumor Suppressors, and Cancer Progression

A research study compares the proliferation rates of different cell types to understand the roles of

Plasma Membrane Receptor Specificity

Researchers test the specificity of plasma membrane receptors by exposing a cultured cell line to a

Rapid Signal Amplification in a Two-Tier Cascade Model

This question examines signal amplification in a cellular cascade involving two tiers of messenger m

Role of GTPases in Regulation of Signal Transduction

G-protein linked receptors utilize GTPases as part of their signal transduction mechanism. Consider

Short-Range vs. Long-Range Signaling in Multicellular Organisms

In a cultured mammalian cell system, researchers study the effects of a signaling molecule that is h

Signal Amplification in Cellular Communication

A cell receives a low concentration of a signaling molecule, yet the resulting intracellular respons

Signal Transduction in Environmental Stress Response

An aquatic plant is exposed to a contaminant that acts as a signaling molecule, triggering a cellula

Signal Transduction in Mammalian Cells

A team of scientists studies the activation of a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) in cultured mamma

Temporal Coordination of DNA Replication and the S Phase

Accurate DNA replication during the S phase is essential for genomic stability. Evaluate the timing

Analyzing Pedigree Data to Determine Inheritance Patterns

A genetic counselor is analyzing a pedigree chart showing the inheritance pattern of a particular tr

Barr Bodies and X-Inactivation

X-inactivation is a process that equalizes gene dosage in female mammals. Answer the following: (a)

Chromosomal Behavior in Meiosis

Compare the behavior of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis with regard to their arrangement, occ

Chromosome Separation Simulation Experiment

In an experiment, students used a microfluidic chip to simulate the stages of meiosis in plant cells

Comparative Analysis of Haploid and Diploid Cells

In a tissue culture experiment, a researcher isolates haploid and diploid cells from the same plant

Evidence for Haploid and Diploid States

A researcher conducted an experiment to determine chromosome numbers in various cell types. The foll

Gene Mapping and Crossing-Over Analysis

In a genetic mapping experiment, a researcher obtained the following recombination frequencies: | G

Investigating Meiotic Errors: Nondisjunction Events

A geneticist investigates nondisjunction events in meiosis by analyzing gametes with abnormal chromo

Mapping Gene Order Through Analysis of Recombination Frequencies in Fruit Flies

Design an experiment using genetic crosses in fruit flies to map the order of three linked genes on

Maternal Inheritance: Mitochondrial Genetics

Mitochondrial inheritance differs from Mendelian inheritance as mitochondria are passed only from th

Mendelian Inheritance and Test Cross

This question involves using a test cross to determine the genotype of a tall pea plant. A tall plan

Mendelian Monohybrid Cross Analysis

Gregor Mendel’s experiments with pea plants laid the groundwork for classical genetics. Analyze the

Mitochondrial Inheritance Patterns

Unlike nuclear genes, mitochondrial genes are inherited maternally. This question investigates how m

Non-Nuclear Inheritance: Mitochondrial Genetics in Plants

A geneticist is examining inheritance patterns in plants with the goal of distinguishing between tra

Polygenic Inheritance in Quantitative Traits

A population genetics study focuses on a quantitative trait, such as human height, which is influenc

Product and Sum Rule Application in Dihybrid Crosses

Given that in a dihybrid cross the probability of expressing a recessive phenotype for a single trai

Recombination Mapping and Gene Order Determination

A genetic study on three genes (X, Y, and Z) produced the following recombination frequencies: $$rf_

Sex-Linked Traits Inheritance

This question explores the unique pattern of inheritance for X-linked traits using color blindness a

Statistical Analysis of Gamete Viability Based on Environmental Stress

A study evaluates the effect of temperature on gamete viability. Analyze the provided data and discu

Synapsis and Crossing-Over: Diagram Analysis

Analyze the provided diagram illustrating synapsis and crossing-over during prophase I of meiosis. I

Test Cross for Determining Genotype

A test cross is a common method used to determine the genotype of an individual displaying the domin

Validating Dihybrid Cross Outcomes Using Probability Rules

Design an experiment to validate the expected outcomes of a dihybrid cross using the product and sum

Antiparallel Structure of DNA and Its Functional Implications

The antiparallel orientation of DNA strands is a key feature of the double helix. Answer the followi

Bacterial Gene Transfer by Transduction

Analyze the process of transduction in bacteria and its implications for genetic diversity.

Comparative Analysis of Translation

Discuss the translation process in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, noting key differences and

Comparative Genomics of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

This question compares the genome organization in prokaryotes versus eukaryotes. Provide comprehensi

Complementary Base Pairing and Hydrogen Bond Stability

A media report claims that increased temperature causes significant weakening of hydrogen bonds in D

DNA Sequence Mutation Analysis

Consider the mRNA transcript 5'-AUG UCC GUA AAA UGA-3' derived from a DNA coding sequence. A point m

DNA Sequencing Accuracy Analysis

This question addresses the impact of sequencing errors on genetic analysis.

FRQ 11: Transcription Factor Binding and Promoter Efficiency

Researchers have engineered a synthetic promoter to enhance gene expression in cultured cells. A rep

FRQ 16: Reverse Transcriptase Activity in Retroviruses

Researchers are studying HIV and focus on how the viral enzyme reverse transcriptase converts RNA in

FRQ 20: Effects of Mutations on Protein Structure and Function

A point mutation in a multi-domain enzyme leads to the substitution of a polar amino acid with a non

Gene Regulation in Eukaryotic Cells

In studying gene regulation, a researcher monitored mRNA expression in eukaryotic cells after applyi

Genomic Organization and Chromatin Structure

Discuss how genomic organization affects gene expression.

Impact of Hox Gene Mutations on Vertebrate Body Plan Development

Design a multi-step experimental study to investigate the effects of Hox gene mutations during early

Impacts of Genetic Mutations on Protein Synthesis

Considering different types of genetic mutations, answer the following questions regarding their eff

Investigating Promoter Mutations on mRNA Synthesis

Design a controlled experiment to determine how promoter mutations affect transcription efficiency i

Investigating the Impact of Chromosomal Inversions on Gene Regulation

Propose an experimental design to study the effects of chromosomal inversions on gene expression pat

Mechanisms of DNA Replication Enzyme Functions

A researcher performs an in vitro study to elucidate the roles of key enzymes in DNA replication, in

Operon Function in Bacterial Gene Regulation

This question examines the structure and function of bacterial operons and the consequences of regul

Operon Regulation Under Nutrient Conditions

This question explores how environmental conditions can affect operon-mediated gene regulation in ba

PCR Amplification and Gel Electrophoresis Analysis

A molecular biology experiment aimed to amplify a specific gene using PCR and analyze the PCR produc

PCR Amplification Experiment

A researcher employs PCR to amplify a specific gene fragment, varying the number of cycles to observ

Plasmid Transformation and Gene Expression in Bacteria

Design an experiment involving bacterial transformation with a plasmid to achieve gene expression an

Recombinant DNA and Ethical Implications

Explore the process of creating recombinant DNA and discuss its scientific benefits alongside potent

Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Compare the mechanisms of gene regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, highlighting both shared pr

Retroviral Replication and Reverse Transcriptase

Researchers are studying the replication cycle of retroviruses and comparing it with bacteriophage r

Semiconservative Replication: The Meselson-Stahl Experiment

The Meselson-Stahl experiment provided key evidence for semiconservative DNA replication. Answer the

Topoisomerase Function Analysis

Topoisomerases relieve supercoiling during DNA replication. In an experiment, a cell's DNA has 10,00

Adaptive Radiation in Island Ecosystems

This question explores the concept of adaptive radiation and its role in generating biodiversity on

Analysis of Darwin's Observations and Natural Selection

This question asks you to analyze Darwin's observations of reproduction, intraspecific variation, an

Analyzing the Fossil Record

Examine the fossil record as evidence for evolution and answer the following questions:

Artificial Selection and Crop Improvement

Agricultural scientists use artificial selection to improve traits such as yield in wheat crops. Dat

Artificial Selection and Its Effects

In a controlled breeding experiment with domestic dogs, a table of average tail lengths over success

Case Study: The Impact of Pollution on Peppered Moth Populations

Using the peppered moth as a case study, analyze how environmental pollution affects allele frequenc

Coevolution in Predator-Prey Relationships

The following table shows population numbers for a predator and its prey over several years. Use the

Comparing Artificial and Natural Selection

Compare and contrast the mechanisms of artificial selection and natural selection using examples fro

Comparing Directional, Stabilizing, and Disruptive Selection

A graph displays a frequency distribution for a particular trait within a population. Using the grap

Comparison of Natural and Artificial Selection

Natural selection and artificial selection lead to changes in populations, but they operate via diff

Darwin's Observations and Natural Selection

A researcher studies a finch population on an isolated island and collects data on beak sizes, avail

Darwin’s Observations and Natural Selection

Examine Darwin's observations regarding reproduction, variation, and survival, and describe how thes

Darwin's Observations: Population Dynamics

A researcher gathers data on a population of beetles under conditions of limited resources. The foll

Effects of Gene Flow on Population Genetics

Habitat changes lead to the reunion of two previously isolated populations of a bird species, result

Environmental Pressures and Adaptive Traits

Selective pressures from an organism’s environment influence the development of adaptive traits. Use

Evaluating Lamarckian Inheritance Versus Darwinian Natural Selection

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck proposed that acquired traits can be inherited, while Darwin’s theory empha

Evidence for Evolution: Fossils, Embryology, and Molecular Data

Evaluate the evidence for evolution provided by different scientific fields including paleontology,

Experimental Evolution in Microbial Populations

Researchers exposed a bacterial population to increasing concentrations of an antibiotic and recorde

Fossil Dating and Paleontological Evidence

Fossil dating is a critical tool in understanding evolutionary timelines. The table below summarizes

Fossil Record and Evolutionary Chronology

A geologist compiled data on fossils from various rock layers, using both relative dating and carbon

Gene Flow and Adaptation in Populations

Gene flow between populations can alter genetic composition and affect adaptation. The table below s

Genetic Drift and the Bottleneck Effect

Using the data provided in the table, explain how a bottleneck event can impact genetic diversity an

Genetic Drift in Small Populations

On an isolated island, a small population of finches exhibits significant fluctuations in allele fre

Genetic Variability and Adaptation in a Laboratory Plant Study

Researchers are investigating a plant species that displays extensive genetic variability. In contro

Genetic Variability and Natural Selection

A biologist investigates genetic variability within a population to understand its potential for evo

Graph Analysis: Rate of Speciation

This question requires you to analyze a graph depicting speciation events over time and perform a re

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium in Populations

The Hardy-Weinberg principle provides a framework for understanding genetic variation in populations

Impact of Gene Flow on Genetic Variation

Two previously isolated populations of a species began interbreeding. The following table presents t

Impact of Invasive Species on Native Genotypes

In this experiment, a researcher assesses the impact of an invasive species on the genetic diversity

Impact of Mutations on Population Genetics

Analyze the role of mutations in contributing to genetic variability and evolution. Answer the follo

Integrative Evolutionary Synthesis

Synthesizing multiple lines of evidence, analyze how diverse fields such as paleontology, molecular

Interpreting Phylogenetic Trees and Common Ancestry

Phylogenetic trees illustrate the evolutionary relationships among species. Analyze the provided phy

Lamarck vs. Darwin: Inheritance of Traits

A biologist observes a population of organisms where some individuals appear to acquire enhanced fea

Lamarckian vs. Darwinian Evolutionary Mechanisms

Compare and contrast Lamarck’s theory of acquired traits with Darwin’s theory of natural selection,

Mechanisms of Speciation: Geographic Isolation and Beyond

Speciation can occur through various mechanisms, including allopatric and sympatric speciation. Usin

Mechanisms of Speciation: Reproductive Isolation

A study examines several populations of frogs that have been geographically separated. Researchers h

Mendelian Genetics and Evolutionary Equilibrium

This question integrates Mendelian genetics with population-level equilibrium analyses. Calculate al

Miller-Urey Experiment Simulation: Origins of Life

Scientists replicate the famous Miller-Urey experiment to simulate early Earth conditions. In the ex

Molecular Evidence and Common Ancestry

Molecular biology offers compelling evidence for evolution. Discuss how molecular data supports the

Molecular Evidence for Evolution

A table provides the percentages of DNA sequence similarity among various species. Use this molecula

Molecular Evidence Supporting Common Ancestry

Scientists compare gene sequences from various species to assess their evolutionary relationships an

Non-random Mating and Hardy-Weinberg Deviations

A table provides data on a population exhibiting non-random mating with an inbreeding coefficient $$

Peppered Moths: Environmental Impact and Evolution

A study of peppered moth populations before, during, and after industrialization provides insights i

Population Bottlenecks and Founder Effects

Population bottlenecks and founder effects are important examples of genetic drift. Evaluate how the

Population Bottlenecks and Genetic Drift

Population bottlenecks can profoundly influence genetic diversity through genetic drift. Consider th

Population Genetics and Genetic Drift

Examine the role of genetic drift in shaping genetic diversity within a population. Answer the follo

Population Genetics and Hardy-Weinberg Law

Analyze a population using Hardy-Weinberg principles to evaluate its genetic structure.

Predator-Prey Dynamics and Natural Selection in Prey Populations

When a new predator is introduced into an ecosystem, it can drastically impact the natural selection

Sexual Selection and Avian Plumage

In this experiment, a researcher investigates sexual selection in birds by comparing the mating succ

Sexual Selection and Mate Choice in Peafowl

A long-term field study on peafowl examines the relationship between male tail length and mating suc

Sexual Selection and Mating Preferences

Sexual selection is a fundamental evolutionary process distinct from natural selection. Answer the f

Sexual Selection and Reproductive Fitness

Examine the concept of sexual selection and its relationship to reproductive fitness in natural popu

Sexual Selection and Trait Propagation

Analyze the role of sexual selection in driving the evolution of secondary sexual traits. Answer the

Speciation and Reproductive Barriers

Examine the process of allopatric speciation and explain the role of reproductive isolation in the f

Testing Non-Random Mating Patterns

This FRQ focuses on the concept of non-random mating and explores its effects on genetic diversity a

The RNA World Hypothesis and Origins of Life

Scientists continue to explore the origins of life, and one prominent theory is the RNA world hypoth

The RNA World Hypothesis and the Origins of Life

Experiments simulating early Earth conditions, such as the Miller-Urey experiment, provide support f

Altruistic Behavior and Kin Selection

A behavioral study recorded the frequency of altruistic helping behaviors in relation to the coeffic

Analyzing Population Growth Using the r Equation

A researcher studying an insect population collected data on births and deaths over one generation a

Assessing Biodiversity Using Simpson's Diversity Index

A researcher uses Simpson's Diversity Index, given by $$D = 1 - \sum (n_i/N)^2$$, to assess biodiver

Carrying Capacity and Density-Dependent Factors

A researcher studies a rabbit population within a confined habitat that follows a logistic growth pa

Circadian Rhythm Phase Shift Analysis

Researchers are studying circadian rhythms in roosters and plants. The activity level of the organis

Distinguishing Learning and Instinct in Animal Behavior

A researcher observes that in a group of birds, certain behaviors are exhibited immediately upon hat

Dominance Hierarchies and Agonistic Behavior

This FRQ examines the role of aggressive interactions in establishing and maintaining dominance hier

Human Impact on Biodiversity

Environmental scientists compared two regions—one with significant human-induced deforestation and o

Human Impact on Ecosystems

Human activities have significantly altered natural ecosystems. This FRQ examines various human-indu

Human Impact: Deforestation and Biodiversity Loss

A conservation biologist examines the relationship between deforestation rates and species richness

Imprinting and Behavior Analysis

This FRQ focuses on the process of imprinting in animals. Explore how imprinting as a form of learni

Imprinting and Critical Period Sensitivity

A biologist studying imprinting behavior in waterfowl wishes to examine how the timing of exposure t

Instinct, Learning, and Imprinting in Birds

A researcher studies the behavior of ducklings with respect to imprinting. In the absence of their m

Investigating Phototropism: Plant Growth Towards Light

Researchers observed that plants exposed to a directional light source exhibit curvature towards the

Keystone Species and Ecosystem Dynamics

Keystone species have a disproportionate effect on their ecosystems. Answer the following:

Learning Behavior: Habituation in Animals

Consider the table below showing the response intensity of an animal to a repeated auditory stimulus

Learning Behaviors: Habituation and Imprinting in Birds

A behavioral ecologist wants to compare the processes of habituation and imprinting in birds by desi

Learning Through Habituation Analysis

A behavioral experiment measured the startle response of animals subjected to a repeated startling s

Photosynthesis Rate Under Variable Conditions

Investigate how changes in light intensity and temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis in plan

Plant Tropisms: Phototropism, Gravitropism, and Thigmotropism

Plants display directional growth responses or tropisms in reaction to external stimuli. Phototropis

Symbiotic Relationships in Coastal Ecosystems

A researcher surveys the symbiotic relationships in a coastal ecosystem. Examples observed include a

Territoriality and Mating Success in Amphibians

A herpetologist hypothesizes that territorial behavior in male frogs directly correlates with their

Territoriality and Resource Abundance in Lizards

Researchers studied how territory size in a population of lizards is influenced by resource abundanc