AP Biology FRQ Room

Atomic Structure and Isotopes

Investigate the properties of carbon isotopes and their significance in biological systems. Analyze

Carbohydrate Structure and Monosaccharide Energy Utilization

A nutritionist is investigating the energy yield differences between monosaccharides and disaccharid

Carbohydrates: Structures and Reactions

Compare the different types of carbohydrates and their roles in biological systems.

Chemical Bonding: Ionic and Covalent Bonds

Examine the differences between ionic and covalent bonds including examples found in biological mole

Comparative Analysis of DNA and RNA

This question addresses the structural and functional distinctions between DNA and RNA. You will com

Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis in Polymer Formation

Examine the processes of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis in the formation and breakdown of poly

Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis Reactions

Discuss how cells use dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions to build and break down polymer

FRQ 7: Carbon's Versatility in Organic Molecules

Carbon's unique ability to form stable bonds with many elements is central to organic chemistry. Dis

FRQ 9: Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis of Peptides

Proteins are synthesized and degraded through dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions. Explai

Lipid Saturation and Membrane Fluidity

A biologist studies how variations in lipid saturation affect the fluidity of cell membranes. Artifi

Lipids as a Source of Energy and Structural Components

A nutrition scientist is examining how triglycerides stored in adipose tissue serve both as energy r

Lipids: Structure and Membrane Function

Examine the structural diversity of lipids and how it relates to their function within biological me

Macromolecule Diversity in Cells

Compare the major classes of organic molecules found in cells and their functional roles.

Nucleic Acids: Structure and Information Storage

A genetics laboratory is studying bacterial DNA mutations following exposure to a mutagen. Answer th

Organic Molecules and Functional Groups

Examine how functional groups in organic molecules influence their chemical reactivity and biologica

Protein Structure and Function

Investigate the levels of protein structure and determine how these levels contribute to protein fun

Roles of Ionic, Covalent, and Hydrogen Bonds in Molecular Structure

This FRQ examines the different types of chemical bonds that are crucial to the structure of biologi

Trace Elements and Enzymatic Activity

Discuss the importance of trace elements in cellular metabolism and enzymatic function.

Trace Elements in Biological Systems

Trace elements, though required in minute amounts, play crucial roles in biological processes. Analy

Water Properties and Plant Physiology

Analyze how the unique properties of water contribute to plant physiology, particularly in terms of

Analysis of Exocytosis Process

This question addresses the process of exocytosis and requires a critical analysis of a diagram repr

Assessing Osmosis and Tonicity in Plant Cells

A research study examined how plant cells respond to changes in external solute concentration. The c

Bulk Flow and Dialysis in Biological Systems

Bulk flow and dialysis are processes that involve the movement of fluids and solutes. Answer the fol

Cell Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio and Its Effects on Cellular Efficiency

In the study of cell physiology, the relationship between surface area and volume has important impl

Comparative Analysis of Plant and Animal Cells

A biologist is comparing plant and animal cells to understand how structural differences relate to t

Cytoskeletal Disruption and Its Impact on Exocytosis

Design an experiment to determine how disruption of actin filaments affects the rate of exocytosis i

Cytoskeletal Dynamics in Cell Movement

This FRQ focuses on the role of cytoskeleton components, particularly actin, in cell movement.

Diffusion and Facilitated Diffusion Rates

This FRQ examines the rate of molecular transport across membranes via diffusion and facilitated dif

Endocytosis and Exocytosis Processes

Cells use vesicular transport to move large particles and bulk materials across the plasma membrane.

Endocytosis and Exocytosis: Mechanisms and Functions

A researcher is exploring the mechanisms by which cells internalize and expel substances. The proces

Energy Conversion in Mitochondria vs. Peroxisomes

This question contrasts energy conversion efficiencies between mitochondria and peroxisomes and disc

Fluid Mosaic Model and Plasma Membrane Function

The table below lists different types of membrane proteins and their functions. Use this information

Fluid Mosaic Model and Plasma Membrane Structure

The plasma membrane is best described by the fluid mosaic model. This question explores the structur

Golgi Complex: Processing and Packaging Proteins

The Golgi complex is essential for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for transport. Answer

Impact of Cytoskeletal Disruption on Cell Morphology

This question assesses how disruption of the cytoskeleton alters cell shape by analyzing quantitativ

Integration of Cellular Organelles: Experimental Design

This question requires you to integrate your understanding of several cellular organelles and design

Lysosomes and Cellular Waste Management

Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes critical for recycling cellular components. Answer the parts bel

Mechanisms of Bulk Flow

This question focuses on the concept of bulk flow and its significance in biological transport proce

Microscopy Sample Preparation Fault

Researchers prepared cell samples for electron microscopy to study plasma membrane structures. The s

Microscopy Techniques in Cell Biology

This question explores the differences between microscopy techniques used in cell biology and requir

Mitochondrial Function and Energy Conversion

Mitochondria convert energy from nutrients into ATP. Answer each part of the question below:

Osmosis and Tonicity in Plant Cells

Design a controlled experiment to study the effects of isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions

Osmosis and Water Potential in Cells

Water potential drives water movement in biological systems. (a) Define water potential and explain

Passive Transport: Diffusion and Facilitated Diffusion

Passive transport allows substances to move across membranes without energy input. This question add

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis and Cell Signaling

A recent article claims that binding of a specific ligand to its receptor not only initiates recepto

Role of Plasma Membrane in Selective Permeability

A series of experiments using artificial membranes have aimed to test the claim that the plasma memb

Secondary Active Transport and Glucose Uptake

Design an experiment to assess the efficiency of secondary active transport in glucose uptake in cel

Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio and Cell Efficiency

This FRQ investigates how cell size affects the efficiency of material exchange. Consider a spherica

Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio and Heat Exchange in Organisms

This question connects geometric scaling with physiological processes such as heat exchange in organ

The Fluid Mosaic Model and Membrane Proteins

This question examines the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane and the impact of lipid composi

Vacuoles in Plant and Animal Cells

Vacuoles serve important roles in both plant and animal cells. (a) Identify and compare the functio

Vesicular Transport Analysis

Researchers designed an experiment to analyze vesicle formation and release during exocytosis in cul

Bioenergetic Trade-offs in Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration

A researcher compares aerobic and anaerobic respiration in terms of energy yield and metabolic bypro

Chloroplast Structure and Function

A plant biologist is investigating how the structural organization of chloroplasts enhances photosyn

Chloroplast Structure and Function

Examine the provided diagram of a chloroplast and identify key structures involved in photosynthesis

Coenzymes and their Roles in Enzymatic Reactions

A researcher is investigating the impact of supplementing a coenzyme on the activity of an enzyme in

Competitive and Noncompetitive Inhibition

A researcher examines an enzyme's kinetics in the presence and absence of inhibitors. Reaction rate

Designing an Experiment on Allosteric Regulation

Design a controlled experiment to test the effect of an allosteric inhibitor on enzyme activity.

Effects of Oxygen Availability on the Electron Transport Chain

Develop an experimental design to study how varying oxygen levels affect electron transport chain ef

Electron Transport Chain: Comparative Analysis

Compare the components and functions of the electron transport chains in photosynthesis and cellular

Energy Conversion Comparisons: Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration

Design an experiment to compare the energy conversion efficiency of photosynthesis and cellular resp

Environmental Impact on Enzyme Function

This question assesses how extreme environmental conditions affect enzyme structure and function.

Enzyme Catalysis and Specificity

Enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions by lowering activation energy and forming specific enzyme‐sub

Enzyme Inhibition: Competitive vs. Noncompetitive

Using the data provided below, compare the effects of competitive and noncompetitive inhibition on e

Enzyme Saturation and Substrate Concentration

The table below shows how reaction rate varies with increasing substrate concentration. Use the data

Enzyme Specificity and the Induced-fit Model

This question investigates enzyme specificity and the induced-fit model of enzyme action.

Functional Adaptations in Photosynthetic Pathways

A plant biologist is studying different photosynthetic pathways to understand how plants adapt to di

Inhibition Kinetics: Competitive vs Noncompetitive Inhibition

This question examines the kinetic differences between competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors.

Investigating the Effects of pH and Temperature on Enzyme Kinetics

A researcher aims to study the combined effects of pH and temperature on the kinetic parameters of a

Investigation of Inhibitor Effects on Enzyme Catalysis

A laboratory experiment was performed to assess the effect of a purported noncompetitive inhibitor o

Krebs Cycle Energy Yield Analysis

A researcher examines the energy yield from the Krebs cycle during cellular respiration.

Proton Gradients in Cellular Energy Conversion

A researcher is exploring how proton gradients are generated and utilized in mitochondria and chloro

Reaction Coupling and ATP Hydrolysis

Cells drive endergonic reactions by coupling them with exergonic ones such as the hydrolysis of ATP.

Regulation of Metabolic Pathways in Cellular Respiration

This question explores the regulatory mechanisms controlling cellular respiration, including feedbac

The Calvin Cycle and Carbon Fixation Pathways

This question examines the Calvin-Benson cycle along with alternative carbon fixation pathways (C3,

Activation of Cell Cycle Checkpoints Following DNA Damage

When cells encounter DNA damage, such as from UV radiation, cell cycle checkpoints become activated

Analysis of Tumor Suppressor Gene Function in the Cell Cycle

Tumor suppressor genes play a critical role in preventing uncontrolled cell division. Analyze a scen

Analyzing Signal Transduction Pathways: Crosstalk and Amplification

An experiment investigates the dynamics of a signal transduction cascade and suggests there may be c

Cell Cycle Checkpoints and DNA Damage Response

Construct a detailed experimental plan to investigate the activation of cell cycle checkpoints in ma

Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum

A researcher studies chemotaxis in Dictyostelium discoideum by exposing wild-type cells and mutant c

Chemotaxis in Unicellular Organisms

A recent study claims that chemotaxis in unicellular organisms is primarily controlled by the intera

Cyclin/CDK Complex Activation Kinetics

The activation of cyclin/CDK complexes is pivotal for cell cycle progression. Analyze the kinetics o

Cyclin/CDK Complex Function

A claim posits that the formation of the cyclin/CDK complex is a critical checkpoint event that driv

Cyclins and CDKs in Cell Cycle Regulation

During liver regeneration, proper cell cycle progression is critical. The role of cyclins and cyclin

Cytokinesis and Mitotic Spindle Dynamics

During cell division, cytokinesis physically separates the cytoplasm of the dividing cell, concludin

Differential Hormone Signal Transduction

This question examines the differences between steroid and peptide hormone signaling and requires th

Experimental Design to Investigate Chemotaxis

A researcher is designing an experiment to study bacterial chemotaxis in response to a nutrient grad

Feedback Loops in Signal Transduction Pathways

Design an experiment to explore both positive and negative feedback loops within a specific cell sig

Feedback Regulation in Homeostasis

A study monitors blood glucose levels over time after a meal and the corresponding insulin and gluca

Hormonal Feedback in Glucose Regulation

A research team investigates the role of insulin and glucagon in regulating blood glucose levels usi

Insulin's Role in Blood Glucose Homeostasis

Propose an experimental design to investigate how insulin contributes to maintaining blood glucose l

Integration of Cell Communication and Cell Cycle Control in Tissue Repair

A researcher is studying wound healing in epithelial tissue and observes that cell communication thr

Integrative Analysis: Linking Cell Communication and Cell Cycle Regulation

The interplay between external signals and cell cycle regulators is critical for proper cell divisio

Interphase Dynamics and DNA Replication

Interphase is a critical period during which the cell grows and duplicates its genetic material. A r

Kinetic Analysis of Cell Cycle Phases

This question focuses on the temporal regulation of the cell cycle and requires the analysis of kine

Ligand-Gated Ion Channels in Neuromuscular Function

This question focuses on the role of ligand-gated ion channels in initiating muscle contraction and

Oncogenes, Tumor Suppressors, and Cancer Progression

A research study compares the proliferation rates of different cell types to understand the roles of

Oxidative Stress Response Measurement

In an experiment to study cellular responses to oxidative stress, researchers expose cultured cells

Quantitative Analysis of Mitotic Spindle Formation

This question evaluates the role of the mitotic spindle in chromosome segregation through quantitati

Receptor Binding and Signal Specificity

A research group examines signal transduction through enzyme-linked receptors in cultured fibroblast

Regulation of the Cell Cycle: Cyclins and CDKs

This question focuses on cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and their roles in regulating t

Role of Second Messengers in Signal Amplification

Second messengers play a crucial role in amplifying cellular signals. Consider the role of cyclic AM

Signal Transduction Pathways: Second Messenger Systems

Second messengers are important components of many signal transduction pathways. A researcher is foc

Signal Transduction Schematic Analysis

Analyze the provided diagram of a signal transduction pathway. Consider the pathway components illus

Analysis of Sex-Linked Inheritance of X-linked Recessive Traits

A researcher is analyzing a trait known to be X-linked and recessive (such as color blindness) in hu

Analysis of X-Inactivation and Barr Bodies

In female mammals, one of the two X chromosomes is randomly inactivated during development, leading

Application of Mendelian Principles in Plant Breeding

A plant breeder performs a cross between a heterozygous tall, yellow-flowered plant (TtYy) and a sho

Chromosomal Behavior in Meiosis

Compare the behavior of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis with regard to their arrangement, occ

Chromosomal Crossover Experiment Suspension

A student lab attempted to induce chromosomal crossover events in model plant cells by subjecting th

Designing a Recombination Mapping Experiment

A geneticist seeks to map the order and distances between three genes on a chromosome. The experimen

Effects of Ploidy on Yeast Growth Rates

Design a controlled laboratory experiment to investigate how ploidy state (haploid versus diploid) i

Environmental Influence on Phenotypic Plasticity

Two genetically identical plants are grown under different conditions: one in an optimal environment

Evaluating Environmental Effects on Phenotypic Plasticity in Plants

Design an experiment to assess the impact of environmental conditions on the phenotype of geneticall

Experimental Design: Test Cross for Genetic Analysis

Design an experiment using a test cross to determine whether a plant exhibiting a dominant phenotype

Exploring Meiotic Nondisjunction

Errors during meiosis can have significant impacts on an organism. Answer the following: (a) Define

Gametogenesis: Comparing Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis

Compare and contrast the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis. In your response, outline the d

Genetic Variation from Crossing Over

During prophase I of meiosis, crossing over can lead to recombinant chromosomes. Assume the probabil

Impact of Crossing-Over on Genetic Variation

Crossing-over during meiosis is an important mechanism for increasing genetic diversity. This questi

Impact of Recombination on Genetic Diversity

Evaluate the contribution of recombination during meiosis to genetic diversity. Discuss the mechanis

Investigating Environmental Effects on Trait Expression

A researcher studies how different light conditions affect leaf size in a particular plant species.

Investigating Meiotic Errors: Nondisjunction Events

A geneticist investigates nondisjunction events in meiosis by analyzing gametes with abnormal chromo

Investigating the Law of Segregation with Genotypic Ratios

Mendel observed a 1:2:1 genotypic ratio in the offspring of self-pollinated heterozygous pea plants.

Linkage and Recombination Mapping

Using recombination frequencies between three linked genes A, B, and C, construct a simple genetic m

Mapping Linked Genes Using Recombination Frequencies

A geneticist studying three linked genes, A, B, and C, observes the following recombination frequenc

Mendelian Inheritance: Monohybrid Cross Analysis

Using a monohybrid cross between tall pea plants (T) and short pea plants (t), analyze and predict t

Pedigree Analysis for Inheritance Patterns

A pedigree chart shows the appearance of a certain trait across multiple generations in a family. Us

Pedigree Analysis for Inheritance Patterns

A pedigree chart (provided below) tracks an inherited trait over several generations. Analyze the ch

Probability Calculations in Genetics

Probability rules are often used to predict outcomes in genetic crosses. Using the provided probabil

Quantitative Analysis of Crossing-over Frequency

Calculate the recombination frequency using experimental data and discuss how this measurement is us

Sex-Linked Inheritance Analysis

Analyze a cross between a carrier female for color blindness (X^(C)X^(c)) and a normal male (X^(C)Y)

Sex-Linked Traits and Pedigree Analysis

Analyze a pedigree where a sex-linked trait (e.g., color blindness) is present. Explain the differen

Sex-Linked Traits and Punnett Square Analysis

Certain traits, like color blindness, are inherited in a sex-linked manner. In this scenario, analyz

Test Cross and Determining Genotypes

A plant that exhibits the dominant tall phenotype is being test crossed with a recessive short (tt)

Analyzing Frameshift Mutations

Frameshift mutations can drastically alter the reading frame of a gene. Given the original mRNA sequ

Antiparallel DNA and Replication Dynamics

Discuss how the antiparallel nature of DNA influences the dynamics of replication.

Cell-Free Translation System: Ribosome Binding Site Error

A researcher develops a cell-free system to study translation by combining purified mRNA, ribosomes,

DNA Double Helix Structure Interpretation

Examine the attached diagram of a DNA double helix and answer the following parts regarding its stru

DNA Polymerase Proofreading and Replication Fidelity

An in vitro experiment compares DNA replication by polymerases with and without proofreading activit

DNA Repair Analysis with Unwarranted Telomere Removal

A researcher examines UV-induced DNA damage repair in eukaryotic cells. Cells are exposed to UV ligh

DNA Structure and Base Pairing Analysis

Discuss the structure of DNA with emphasis on its nucleotide components and the significance of its

DNA Topology and Supercoiling

This question focuses on the concept of DNA supercoiling and the enzymes involved in managing DNA to

Epigenetic Gene Silencing Study with Inadequate Chromatin Isolation

A researcher investigates differential gene expression between euchromatin and heterochromatin regio

Evaluating Methods for Enhancing Bacterial Transformation

Design an experiment to compare different methods for introducing a recombinant plasmid into E. coli

FRQ 3: Genome Structure and Chromatin Packaging

A comparative study between two cell types shows that one cell type has loosely packed chromatin (eu

FRQ 7: Point Mutations and Protein Function

A bacterial population develops antibiotic resistance after a point mutation in a gene coding for an

FRQ 8: Gene Rearrangement and Chromosomal Abnormality

During meiosis, errors in homologous chromosome pairing can lead to unequal crossing over, resulting

FRQ 17: Recombinant DNA and Genetic Engineering

A biotechnologist constructs a recombinant plasmid containing a gene for human insulin and transform

FRQ 20: Effects of Mutations on Protein Structure and Function

A point mutation in a multi-domain enzyme leads to the substitution of a polar amino acid with a non

Investigating the Role of Histones in Chromatin Structure

A researcher examines the relationship between nucleosome density and gene expression. The provided

Investigation of Plasmid Size on Transformation Efficiency

Propose an experimental design to assess how plasmid size affects transformation efficiency in bacte

Lab Design for Studying Plasmid Replication in Prokaryotes

A group of students is designing an experiment to investigate factors affecting plasmid replication

Operon Function and Regulation

Using the provided operon diagram, answer the following questions concerning the regulation of gene

Operon Regulation Under Nutrient Conditions

This question explores how environmental conditions can affect operon-mediated gene regulation in ba

Plasmid Construction and Genetic Engineering

This question focuses on the use of plasmids in genetic engineering. Provide comprehensive answers t

Plasmid Transformation and Gene Expression in Bacteria

Design an experiment involving bacterial transformation with a plasmid to achieve gene expression an

Quantitative Analysis of Gene Expression via qPCR

A study employs quantitative PCR (qPCR) to quantify mRNA levels of a target gene under different env

Separation and Analysis of DNA Fragments via Gel Electrophoresis

Design an experiment using gel electrophoresis to distinguish DNA fragments of different sizes.

Telomere Function and Cellular Aging

Answer the following questions regarding telomere structure, its role in cellular aging, and implica

Telomeres, Replication, and Cellular Aging

Discuss the structure and function of telomeres, and analyze their impact on cellular aging.

Topoisomerase Function Analysis

Topoisomerases relieve supercoiling during DNA replication. In an experiment, a cell's DNA has 10,00

Transcription Rate Under Promoter Mutations

A geneticist is investigating the impact of promoter mutations on transcription efficiency. The tabl

Adaptive Radiation and Speciation

Adaptive radiation is a process in which a single ancestral species diversifies into multiple distin

Analyzing Biogeographical Patterns in Evolution

Biogeography provides important clues about evolutionary relationships. Analyze how species distribu

Artificial Selection and Genetic Variation

Artificial selection is an intentional process in which humans select for desirable traits. Consider

Artificial Selection in Domestic Animals

A livestock breeder aims to increase milk production in cows through selective breeding. Design an e

Artificial vs. Natural Selection

This question compares artificial and natural selection. Design an experiment and analyze the evolut

Biogeography and Evolutionary Patterns

Biogeography provides important insights into the processes of speciation and evolutionary history.

Comparative Embryology and Evolutionary Development

Discuss how comparative embryology supports evolutionary theory by examining similarities and differ

Comparative Embryology and Evolutionary Development

Comparative embryology provides insights into common ancestry. Consider the following data comparing

Convergent vs. Divergent Evolution

Evolutionary processes can lead to similar traits through different mechanisms. The table provided c

Darwin’s Natural Selection Observations

Analyze Darwin’s observations, including the production of excess offspring, competition, and differ

Darwin’s Observations and Reproductive Success

This question investigates Darwin's observations regarding reproductive excess and the resulting dif

Divergent Evolution and Speciation in Birds

Two populations of a bird species become geographically isolated due to a landscape change. Over tim

Effects of Gene Flow on Subpopulation Divergence

Two subpopulations of the same species are separated by a mountain range, but occasional migration (

Embryology and Evolutionary Development

Explore how embryological evidence supports common ancestry among vertebrates. Answer the following

Environmental Pressures and Adaptive Evolution

Environmental factors drive adaptive changes in populations. Answer the following:

Environmental Pressures and Phenotypic Traits

A study examines the effect of temperature on the beak size of a particular bird species. Use the pr

Evidence for Evolution from Fossils, Biogeography, and Embryology

Analyze the multiple lines of evidence that underpin the theory of evolution.

Evolutionary Stasis and Punctuated Equilibrium

Evaluate the theories of gradualistic evolution versus punctuated equilibrium in explaining patterns

Experimental Design: The Impact of Genetic Variation on Survival

A researcher hypothesizes that populations with higher genetic variation have a better chance of sur

Fossil Records and Transitional Forms

Examine the role of the fossil record in supporting the theory of evolution and the concept of trans

Graph Analysis: Rate of Speciation

This question requires you to analyze a graph depicting speciation events over time and perform a re

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium and Genetic Variability

Consider a population of beetles with two alleles for shell color. Using the Hardy-Weinberg equation

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium and Population Genetics

Understanding population genetics relies on the application of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Use t

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Disruption Analysis

A population's genotypic frequencies were measured and compared to expected Hardy-Weinberg proportio

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Violation

This question focuses on the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and how factors like gene flow disturb genet

Impact of Environmental Change on Evolutionary Dynamics

A population of desert lizards experiences a rapid increase in ambient temperature along with a decr

Integrative Evolutionary Synthesis

Synthesizing multiple lines of evidence, analyze how diverse fields such as paleontology, molecular

Investigating Natural Selection in a Laboratory Insect Population

A researcher is investigating the effect of an insecticide on a genetically variable population of i

Lab Analysis: Evolutionary Fitness in Fruit Flies

A laboratory study examines evolutionary changes in a fruit fly population over several generations,

Lamarck vs. Darwin: Inheritance of Traits

A biologist observes a population of organisms where some individuals appear to acquire enhanced fea

Lamarck vs. Darwin: Mechanisms of Evolution

Contrast Darwin's theory of natural selection with Lamarck’s hypothesis of the inheritance of acquir

Measuring Reproductive Success in Variable Environments

Evolutionary fitness is commonly measured by reproductive success, but environmental factors can inf

Mechanisms of Speciation

This question evaluates your understanding of speciation processes. Examine different modes of speci

Media Critique: Evaluating Claims of Rapid Evolution

Critically evaluate a media report claiming that evolution can occur within a single generation. Use

Molecular Evidence for Evolution

Molecular comparisons among species can help illustrate common ancestry. The table below shows perce

Molecular Evidence for Evolution: Cladistic Analysis

Analyze the molecular data provided in the table to construct a cladogram and explain how DNA sequen

Morphological Homologies: Evidence of Common Ancestry

Using examples of homologous structures, explain how similarities in anatomical features support the

Mutation Rates and Environmental Factors

Mutations introduce new genetic variation. Consider a gene with a length of 2000 base pairs and a mu

Natural Selection in Fluctuating Environments

A study tracked allele frequencies for a particular trait in a population over a 12-month period wit

Non-random Mating and Deviations from Equilibrium

Discuss the concept of non-random mating and analyze data to determine its effect on Hardy-Weinberg

Origins of Life and the Miller–Urey Experiment

The Miller–Urey experiment simulated early Earth’s atmospheric conditions by combining gases (CH4, N

Peppered Moth Evolution and Natural Selection

Investigate the impact of natural selection on the phenotypic shift in peppered moth populations due

Peppered Moth Experiment: Natural Selection in Polluted Environments

Researchers set up a controlled enclosure experiment to simulate a polluted environment and study na

Population Bottlenecks and the Founder Effect

A graph displays a dramatic reduction in population size (a bottleneck event) followed by recovery.

Population Genetics and Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

A biologist studied a population's genotype frequencies over 10 generations. The table below shows t

Population Genetics Simulation: Allele Frequency Change Over Time

A simulation of allele frequency in a population over time is represented by the graph provided.

Rapid Environmental Change and Directional Selection

Assess how a rapid environmental change can lead to directional selection and use quantitative metho

Selective Pressures in Plant Populations: Light and Resource Competition

An experiment is conducted on two groups of plants grown under varying light intensities. Researcher

Sexual Selection and Reproductive Fitness

Examine the concept of sexual selection and its relationship to reproductive fitness in natural popu

Sexual Selection and Trait Propagation

Analyze the role of sexual selection in driving the evolution of secondary sexual traits. Answer the

Sexual Selection: Trade-offs in Peafowl

Studies of peafowl indicate that males with larger and more colorful tails are more attractive to fe

Speciation and Reproductive Isolation

Discuss the process of speciation with emphasis on reproductive isolation mechanisms. Answer the fol

Speciation Mechanisms: Allopatric vs. Sympatric Speciation

Speciation involves the emergence of new species through various mechanisms. Consider the processes

Testing Differential Reproductive Success

This FRQ challenges you to design a rigorous experiment investigating how variation in a specific tr

Testing Non-Random Mating Patterns

This FRQ focuses on the concept of non-random mating and explores its effects on genetic diversity a

The Peppered Moth Case Study: Directional Selection

Examine the classic case of the peppered moth and answer the following questions:

The RNA World Hypothesis

Discuss the RNA world hypothesis and its significance in explaining the origins of life on Earth.

The RNA World Hypothesis and Origins of Life

The RNA World Hypothesis and experiments simulating early Earth conditions have provided insights in

Understanding Convergent Evolution in Desert Plant Species

Design an experiment to compare both morphological traits and genetic sequences of desert plants tha

Altruism in Animal Groups

Data from behavioral studies on a social species indicate variations in the frequency of altruistic

Assessing Biodiversity Using Simpson's Diversity Index

A researcher uses Simpson's Diversity Index, given by $$D = 1 - \sum (n_i/N)^2$$, to assess biodiver

Assessing Biodiversity using Simpson’s Diversity Index

A field ecologist surveys a pond ecosystem and records the number of organisms for each species. Use

Assessing Simpson’s Diversity Index in a Forest Ecosystem

An ecologist collects data on tree species abundance within a 1-hectare plot in a temperate forest t

Calculating and Interpreting Simpson’s Diversity Index in a Forest Ecosystem

Researchers collected species data from a forest and used Simpson's Diversity Index $$D = 1 - \Sigma

Chemical Communication and Agonistic Behavior in Insects

In a study, researchers examined how varying concentrations of pheromones affect the level of aggres

Chemical Communication: Pheromones in Social Insects

A study examined how varying concentrations of pheromones affect foraging success in ants. The table

Circadian Rhythms in Plants

A botanist investigates how different light/dark cycles affect flowering time in a plant species kno

Comparative Thermoregulation in Endotherms and Ectotherms

A study claims that differences in metabolic rate lead to more effective behavioral responses to env

Critical Periods and Imprinting

Examine the diagram provided, which illustrates the imprinting response of hatchling birds over time

Ecosystem Energy Flow and Ecological Pyramids

An ecologist measured the biomass at different trophic levels within an ecosystem. The table below s

Energy Transfer Efficiency in an Aquatic Food Web

A marine ecologist aims to quantify energy transfer efficiency across trophic levels in a coastal fo

Experimental Evaluation of Habituation in Rodents

An experiment was conducted in which a rodent was repeatedly exposed to a harmless sound. Over time,

Human Impact on Biodiversity

Environmental scientists compared two regions—one with significant human-induced deforestation and o

Human Impact: Deforestation and Biodiversity Loss

A conservation biologist is examining the effects of deforestation on species diversity in tropical

Human Impacts on Ecosystems: A Study of Pollutant Toxins

Analyze the table below that presents pollutant concentrations in various ecosystems. Address the fo

Human Impacts: Deforestation Effects on Biodiversity

A study examines the impact of deforestation on species diversity in a tropical forest. Surveys indi

Impact of Deforestation on Ecosystem Function

Analyze the long-term effects of deforestation and subsequent desertification on ecosystem structure

Imprinting Behavior and Critical Period Analysis

A study on imprinting behavior collected data on the critical period durations (in hours) for severa

Keystone Species and Ecosystem Dynamics

Keystone species have a disproportionate effect on their ecosystems. Answer the following:

Learning and Neural Adaptations: Habituation vs. Sensitization

Review the graph provided, which displays response intensity over multiple trials for two different

Learning versus Instinct: Behavioral Adaptations in Navigational Tasks

A study compared the maze navigation times of animals relying solely on instinct versus those allowe

Photoperiodism and Seasonal Behavior in Plants

Examine the graph provided showing variation in day length over the months of a year. Answer the fol

Photoperiodism in Flowering Plants

A botanist investigates the effect of day length on flowering in a short-day plant species. The expe

Plant Tropisms: Phototropism and Gravitropism

In an experiment, a researcher exposes seedlings to directional light and altered gravitational cond

Plant Tropisms: Phototropism vs. Gravitropism

A study examined the directional growth responses of plants to different stimuli. Observations inclu

Primary Productivity: Gross vs. Net

A researcher measured both the gross productivity and respiration rate of a photosynthetic community

Succession Dynamics Analysis

A study of ecological succession in a barren landscape recorded the types of pioneer species and sub

Symbiotic Relationships in Coastal Ecosystems

A researcher surveys the symbiotic relationships in a coastal ecosystem. Examples observed include a

Thermoregulation and Circadian Rhythms in Endotherms and Ectotherms

This question explores how different animals regulate their body temperature and the role of interna