biochem + evolution

________ are molecules that are made up of simple units called nucleotides.

Nucleic acids

________ are organic compounds of mono/poly/di-saccharides that contain Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.

Carbohydrates

________ are organic compounds (no monomer) that contain Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.

Lipids

________ are organic compounds made of amino acids that contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Sulfur.

Proteins

________ are organic compounds of nucleotides that contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Phosphorus.

Nucleic Acids

________ is when polymers can also be broken down into monomers.

Hydrolysis

Most carbohydrates are categorised as either ________, disaccharides, or polysaccharides.

monosaccharides

________ contains the hereditary "blueprints "of all life.

DNA

________ are the individual building blocks of a polymer.

Monomers

The ________ ions in a solution will indicate whether it is acidic, basic, or neutral.

concentration of hydrogen

________ are negatively charged-) (particles.

Electrons

________ are also influenced by whether the solution in which they occur is acidic, basic, or neutral.

Reactions

________ is essential for protein synthesis.

RNA

________ are positively charged (+) particles.

Protons

It is a(n) ________ for cells.

energy source

________ contain two fatty acid "tails "and one negatively charged phosphate "head.

Phospholipids

Dehydration

A(n) ________ is lost in the reaction, and a larger compound is formed.

water molecule

Carbs and Lipids contain ________, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms.

carbon

________ are chains of building blocks in macromolecules.

Polymers

________ is an important part of the food we eat, and it is the product made by plants during photosynthesis.

Glucose

________ are building blocks of proteins.

Amino acids

________ affects whether an amino acid is more hydrophobic or more hydrophilic.

Side chain polarity

________ are made up of many repeated units of monosaccharides.

Polysaccharides

It is formed when four ________ interact with each other and is a quaternary structure.

separate polypeptide chains

A solution is acidic if it contains a(n) ________ ions (H+)

lot of hydrogen

They contain carbon, hydrogen, ________, and nitrogen and phosphorus.

oxygen

________ are uncharged particles.

Neutrons

________ are the unit of life and are the building blocks of the physical world.

Atoms

________ and starch are sugar storage molecules.

Glycogen

The ________ is logarithmic and represents a tenfold change in hydrogen ion concentration.

pH scale

When the polypeptide begins to twist it begins forming either a coil (known as a(n) ________) or zigzagging pattern (known as beta- pleated sheets)

alpha helix

When ________ sometimes interact with each other, they form a quaternary structure.

different polypeptide chains

Once a(n) ________ and folds on itself, it forms a 3D structure called a protein.

polypeptide chain twists

The ________ formed from two glucose molecules is maltose.

disaccharide

If a(n) ________ is joined together in a "string, "the resulting organic compound is called a polypeptide.

group of amino acids

Each triglyceride is made of a glycerol molecule (also called the glycerol backbone) with three ________ attached to it.

fatty acid chains

Some atoms have the ________ but differ in the number of neutrons in the nucleus.

same number of protons

________ are important for structure, function, and regulation of your tissues and organs.

Proteins

________ are important due to their non- polar structures, they function as structural components of cell membranes, sources of insulation, signalling molecules, and a means of energy storage.

Lipids

It generally increases ________, except at very high temperatures.

membrane fluidity

A(n) ________ is covered in hydrogen.

fatty acid chain

A(n) ________ is formed when electrons are shared between atoms.

covalent bond

________ with carbon are organic molecules and ________ that do not contain carbon atoms are called inorganic compounds.

Molecules

The ________ contributes to another property of water known as surface tension.

cohesion of water molecules

When two ________ are joined, the bond is called a glycosidic linkage, and the resulting sugar is called a disaccharide.

monosaccharides

________ are important because of some unique properties they possess, regards to water.

Phospholipids

________ have a strong tendency to stick together.

Water molecules

________ and fructose can be depicted as either "straight "or "rings ..

Glucose

are substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means

Elements

Just add water

To break up the disaccharide and form two monosaccharides

hydrophobic and uncharged

non-polar

hydrophilic and charged

polar

polar (hydrophilic) and charged

ionic

Electronegativity

describes how much an atom wants an electron (how likely it is to attract)

how electrons are shared

Atoms can share an electron if their electronegativity is similar. If they have a more prominent difference an electron can be transferred.

non-polar

a covalent bond that shares electrons evenly

polar

a covalent bond that shares electrons unevenly, uneven charge

ionic

a bond where an electron is stolen, resulting in negatively and positively charged ions

ion

an atom that has lost or gained an electron and is charged

hydrophobic

• lipids (C-H bonds r non polar)

non-polar and fat soluable. They repell water or move away from water.

hydrophilic

• glucose + other sugars

• salt

polar and water-soluable. They move toward water.

hydrogen bond

A fairly weak bond between two polar molecules or polar portions of larger molecules. The molecules involved always have a hydrogen covalently bound to a more electronegative element like O or N

phosphate

A high energy functional group. Negative charge. Makes larger molecules (like proteins) unstable when added.

Protein structure

There four levels of protein structure. Primary is amino acid sequence. Secondary is hydrogen bonds form beta sheets or alpha helices, third level is those secondary structures folding in different ways due to hydrophilic interactions, hydrophobic interactions (Van der Waals forces), charged attractions, or disulfide bridges. Note that structural levels 1-3 all relate to one single polypeptide chain. Fourth level is multiple polypeptides coming together to form the final protein.

polypeptide

a linear organic polymer consisting of a large number of amino-acid residues bonded together in a chain, forming part of (or the whole of) a protein molecule.

dehydration synthesis

Forming a polymer by removing an H and OH from two monomers (a H20 molecule)

saturated

containing the greatest possible number of hydrogen atoms, and so having no carbon–carbon double or triple bonds.

unsaturated

having carbon–carbon double or triple bonds and therefore not containing the greatest possible number of hydrogen atoms for the number of carbons.

carb structure

lipid structure

protein structure

DNA structure

covalent bonds (in organic molecules)

• glycosidic for carbs

• peptide for proteins

• phosphodiester for DNA

• ester for lipids

protein synthesis

You will need to be able to transcribe and translate a gene. Remember, transcribe means copy DNA to mRNA and translate means use an amino acid decoder to change the mRNA code into an amino acid sequence. 

bacteria

Unicellular Cell wall without peptidoglycan Reproduce asexually Prokaryotic Share many genes with eukaryotes Unique cell membrane

archea

• Unicellular 

• No nucleus

• Cell Wall with peptidoglycan 

• Prokaryotic

evolution

the change in a population overtime

eukaryotes

• Have membrane bound organelles.

• Can be unicellular or multicellular

• Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protist

• Have a nucleus

• Many have cell wall

Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have…

cell membranes, ribosomes, common sets of metabolic pathways, replicate DNA semiconservatively, and use their DNA has genetic material that codes for proteins

evidence for endosymbiosis 

mitochondria and chloroplasts have circular, single stranded DNA. Single stranded, circular DNA is found exclusively in prokaryotes. This supports the theory because these characteristics would allow the mitochondria and chloroplasts to survive on their own.

Mitochondria

eukaryotic cells

chloroplast

plants and algae

Be able to apply the theory of natural selection to the appearance of antibiotic resistance in bacteria

when germs like bacteria and fungi develop the ability to defeat the drugs designed to kill them. That means the germs are not killed and continue to grow. Resistant infections can be difficult, and sometimes impossible, to treat.

Bacterial Resistance

resistant

bacteria dont die

Bacterial Resistance

susceptible

bacteria die

Bacterial Resistance

antibiotic

medicine that kills bacteria

how new traits can arise in bacteria

mutations