1.2 Obj 2 & 3

Properties of Water & Biochemistry

nonpolar covalent bond

electrons shared equally between two bonded atoms

polar covalent bond

electrons shared unequally with the more electronegative atom "pulling" the electrons closer to it

monosaccharide

simple (one) sugar

examples: glucose, galactose, and fructose

disaccharide

two monosaccharides joined together

examples: maltose, lactose, and sucrose

dehydration synthesis

Process that combines two molecules by removing a water molecule, forming a new bond.

hydrolysis

Chemical breakdown of a compound by adding water.

polysaccharide

A complex carbohydrate made up of multiple sugar molecules joined together.

It serves as a long-term energy storage molecule in plants and animals.

Examples include cellulose, starch, and glycogen.

cellulose

structural polysaccharide that makes up plant cell walls

starch

storage polysaccharide found in plants

fatty acid

hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end; majority portion in lipids

saturated fat

fat without double bonds between carbons

unsaturated fat

fat with double bonds between carbons

peptide bond

bond creating amino acid chains or polymers

primary structure

linear sequence of amino acids; peptide bonds

secondary structure

protein formed with hydrogen bonds

tertiary structure

3D conformation formed; determines specificity

quaternary structure

protein with more than one polypeptide chain

alpha helix

secondary structure form of a protein; human hair (keratin)

beta pleated sheet

secondary structure form of a protein; spider webs and silk

functional group

components of organic molecules most often involved in chemical reactions

cohesion

The linking together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds

polymer

long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together

monomer

building block for polymers; only made by producers

adhesion

attraction between different kinds of molecules

surface tension

measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

hydrophobic interaction

tertiary structure; weak chemical bond formed when molecules that do not mix with water change to exclude the water

macromolecule

giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules

nucleotide

building block of a nucleic acid; five carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogen base and a phosphate group

hydroxyl

hydrogen bonded to oxygen bonded to an organic molecule's carbon skeleton; alcohol; polar

carboxyl

oxygen double bonded to a carbon atom that is bonded to a hydroxyl group; located in amino acids and fatty acids.

amine

nitrogen bonded to two hydrogens and to the carbon skeleton

phosphate

phosphorous bonded to four oxygens, two have negative charges, one is bonded to the carbon skeleton; located in nucleic acids , but also important in its role of energy storage in the molecule ATP.