Legal Studies | Unit 1 AOS1

studied byStudied by 15 people
5.0(1)
Get a hint
Hint

Equality (PoJ)

1 / 51

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

52 Terms

1

Equality (PoJ)

‘the state of being equal, especially in status, rights, or opportunities.’

Everyone who comes before the courts is treated the same – regardless of sex, gender, race, religion or culture.

Laws should apply to everyone equally w/ no exceptions or discrimination that affects people based on their characteristics.

<p>‘the state of being equal, especially in status, rights, or opportunities.’</p><p></p><p>E<strong>veryone who comes before the courts is treated</strong> <mark data-color="red"><strong>the same</strong></mark> – <u>regardless of sex, gender, race, religion or culture.</u></p><p></p><p>Laws should <mark data-color="red">apply to everyone equally</mark> w/ <mark data-color="red">no exceptions or discrimination</mark> that affects people <mark data-color="red">based on their characteristics.</mark></p>
New cards
2

Fairness (PoJ)

‘impartial and just treatment or behaviour without favouritism or discrimination.’

this means that one party is not allowed an unequal advantage over the other party. It means that severe penalties are given for severe crimes, and lesser penalties for lesser crimes.

Everybody is given an opportunity to present their case fairly and without discrimination, with strict adherence to rules of evidence and procedure.

<p>‘impartial and just treatment or behaviour without favouritism or discrimination.’</p><p></p><p>this means that <mark data-color="red">one party is not allowed</mark> an <mark data-color="red">unequal advantage</mark> over the other party. It means that <mark data-color="red">severe penalties are given for severe crimes</mark>, and <mark data-color="red">lesser penalties for lesser crimes</mark>.</p><p>Everybody is given an <mark data-color="red">opportunity to present their case</mark> <mark data-color="red">fairly</mark> and <mark data-color="red">without discrimination</mark>, with <mark data-color="red">strict adherence</mark> to rules of <mark data-color="red">evidence and procedure.</mark></p>
New cards
3

Access (PoJ)

means that everyone in the legal system is able to use the resources, procedures and institutions available throughout the legal system.

For laws, this means that they are freely known and people can access the laws themselves.

Within the trial process, this means people affected by the legal system can access help and advice related to their case and circumstances.

<p>means that everyone in the legal system is able to use the resources, procedures and institutions available throughout the legal system.</p><p></p><p>For laws, this means that they are <mark data-color="red">freely known and people can access the laws themselves.</mark></p><p></p><p>Within the trial process, this means people affected by the legal system can <mark data-color="red">access help and advice related to their case and circumstances.</mark></p>
New cards
4

Factors affecting the ability of the criminal justice system to achieve the principles of justice.

Cost factors -

The cost of legal representation means that people on lower incomes are unable to afford the cost of a lawyer, barring them from having their case heard in the best possible light before the court.

The lack of legal aid availability is also a significant barrier in providing people with proper representation.

Where legal aid is unavailable, people who choose to self-represent in court also face many barriers which come from the complex procedures and requirements of the court.

Time factors - Delays in the justice system may prevent principles of justice from being achieved.

Cultural factors - An individual's culture may significantly affect the ability of the court to achieve principles of justice.

New cards
5

Explain what is meant by a court hierarchy

A court hierarchy is the organisation of courts in a hierarchical structures, with superior courts hearing more complex and serious cases, as well as appeals from lower courts.

New cards
6

Reasons for a court hierarchy

  1. It enables a system of appeals to operate.

  2. It allows superior courts to establish precedents that must be followed by lower courts.

  3. It provides administrative convenience for the legal system.

  4. It encourages the development of expertise in each level of the hierarchy.

New cards
7

Court hierarchy

knowt flashcard image
New cards
8

Outline the role of the legal system in achieving social cohesion

Laws are fundamental to achieving social cohesion and protecting the rights of individuals.

They establish a framework in which people live, set boundaries for behaviour, and allow groups and individuals to make choices about how they live

New cards
9

Characteristics of an effective law

  • Reflect society’s values

If a law’s in line with society’s current values, then people are more likely to follow that law than disregard it. Therefore, laws need to change when society’s values change

  • Be enforceable

If people break the law, there must be punishments involved, it must be possible to catch them or sue them. If a law has no punishments/is not enforced people are less likely to abide by the laws.

  • Be known

An effective law must be known, if people don’t know about the law, then they can’t follow it.

This goes both ways, it’s an individual’s responsibility to find out what the law is in a situation that affects them. However, law-makers also need to keep the public informed of any new laws being passed by parliament.

\n

  • Be clear and understood

Laws must also be clear and understood in order to be effective, they should be written in a way so that anybody can understand it, and the intent of the law is clear. If laws were unclear or written in a language that nobody understood full of gibberish, then people won’t follow the laws.

  • Be stable

If laws were constantly changing, then no one would ever be 100% certain on what the law is, resulting in the law becoming ineffective as people would not be able to follow the correct law. If a law has remained constant over a long period of time, then people are more likely to follow the law as the details have remained unchanged.

New cards
10

The structure of the Commonwealth Parliament

King

Queen’s representative (governor-general)

upper house (senate)

Lower house (house of reps)

New cards
11

The structure of the Victorian Parliament

Queen’s representative (governor)

lower house (Legislative assembly)

upper house (Legislative council)

New cards
12

How does the role of the upper house differ from that of the lower house? (Commonwealth)

House of reps:

Represents the people, introduces and passes proposed laws (bills), review bills passed by senate and form the Australian government

Senate:

Represents the interests of states and territories of Australia, introduce and pass bills, and review bills passed by the HOR

New cards
13

How does the role of the upper house differ from that of the lower house? (State)

Legislative assembly:

Main role is to introduce and pass bills and to form the Victorian Government

Legislative council:

Main role is to introduce and pass bills reviewed by the Legislative assembly.

Bills passed by the Legislative assembly can be rejected or amended by the Legislative council

New cards
14

Identify the two sources of law in Australia.

Statute law:

  • Parliaments make Legislations/Acts of Parliament

Australia’s parliamentary system is based on the concept of supremacy of parliament.

  • This means that parliaments are able to override laws made by other bodies, including the courts, and the final law-making power is left to the government

\n

Common law:

  • Law that is made by the courts

The court’s primary responsibility is to apply existing laws to the facts in cases and to resolve disputes.

However, the secondary role of the courts is to make laws as part of their determination of cases.

They are able to make law in 2 situations/circumstances:

  • By interpreting the meaning of the words in a statue when applying the statue to a case the court is hearing (known as statutory interpretation)

  • By deciding on a new issue that is brought before the court in a  case where there is no legislation in this area or when a previous principle of law requires expansion to apply to a new situation

ALSO ! Statutory authorities (eg. australia post, council)

New cards
15

doctrine of precedent

is the rule that a legal principle that has been established by a superior court should be followed in other similar cases by that court and other courts.

New cards
16

ratio decidendi

A Latin term meaning ‘the reason’:

the legal reasoning behind a judge’s decision. Ratio decidendi forms the binding part of a precedent.

New cards
17

obiter dictum

A Latin term meaning 'by the way';

comments made by the judge in their ruling that are not part of the ratio and so, only have persuasive value

New cards
18

binding precedent

A precedent that is set by a higher court that must be followed (by lower authorities) in future cases.

New cards
19

persuasive precedent

A precedent set by a court of equal or lower status in the court hierarchy that is not binding, but may have some influence in a future case.

New cards
20

overruling

A superior court establishes a precedent that changes an existing precedent. (In two separate cases)

New cards
21

reversing

A precedent can be reversed when the same case is taken to a higher court on appeal. When a precedent is reversed, it no longer applies

New cards
22

distinguishing

If the material facts of a case are different from the material facts in a binding precedent, a lower court may not have to follow the precedent. Instead, they may distinguish the material facts in a present case from those in the previous case and make a different decision.

New cards
23

disapproving

Occurs when a judge expresses concerns about the precedent and although the precedent still must be followed, it weakens its authority.

New cards
24

crime

An act or omission that breaks an existing law, harmful to an individual or society as a whole and punishable by law.

New cards
25

civil wrong

A private dispute between two or more individuals involving a breach of rights that results in some form of loss.

New cards
26

prosecution

Representatives of the State who investigate a crime and argue the case against an accused in court.

New cards
27

plaintiff

The party in a civil dispute who initiates an action against another party because of an alleged breach of their rights.

New cards
28

defendant

The person/group of people who has been accused of committing a criminal act or civil wrong.

New cards
29

sanction

A penalty imposed by the courts when the defendant has been found guilty of an offence.

New cards
30

remedy

The outcome of a civil case that should restore the plaintiff to their original position -- usually in the form of financial compensation for loss suffered.

New cards
31

Statutory interpretation

Where courts take law from the parliament, as they are usually written in more general terms, to further clarify what is attempted to be interpreted. This interpretation sets a precedent for future cases

New cards
32

A statutory interpretation that established a precedent

Deing v Tarola

  • man accused of possessing a weapon, with the weapon in question being a black belt with silver studded spikes

  • plead not guilty but the Magistrates found him guilty

  • He then appealed against this decision, where the supreme court had to interpret what a ‘regulated weapon’ was

New cards
33

landmark cases

Involves a novel area of law, where no existing law is available for courts to apply, and so their ruling becomes the definitive legal principle on the matter.

outcome’s reason = ratio decidendi

New cards
34

What is the difference between codification and abrogation?

Abrogation

To cancel or abolish a precedent by passing an Act of Parliament

Codification

Is the opposite of abrogation, occurs when parliament passes law to put a precedent in legislative form, so that it becomes permanent

New cards
35

Donoghue v Stevenson and Grant v Australian Knitting Mills. What were their shared material facts?

knowt flashcard image
New cards
36

House of reps

The lower house of the federal parliament where the government is formed because it holds a majority of seats.

New cards
37

Senate

The upper house of the federal parliament when scrutiny of legislation takes place. It is also known as the States' House as each state has equal representation in the chamber regardless of population.

New cards
38

Burden of proof in Criminal

Prosecution V the accused

Prosecution has burden of proof with the standard of proof being beyond reasonable doubt

They need to prove that there is no other reasonable explanation other than that the accused is guilty

New cards
39

Burden of proof in Civil

Plaintiff v Defendant

Plaintiff has the burden of proof where the standard of proof is the balance of probabilities

meaning the plaintiff must prove that their story is more likely than the defendant’s story

New cards
40

The relationship b etween parliamenbt and the courts

The courts and the Parliament provide checks and balances on each other, they have a complementary relationship.

  • The parliament and the courts must work together to ensure that laws are workable and enforceable

  • Courts prevent the Parliament from exceeding their constitutional powers

Statutory interpretation

Codification of common law

Abrogation of common law

Ability of courts to influence parliament

\n

New cards
41

Magistrate's Court OG JURISDICTION

Criminal

  1. Summary Offences - less serious crimes such as jaywalking, shoplifting and traffic offences.

  2. Indictable Offences Heard Summarily - where the accused opts to have their indictable offence heard by a Magistrate rather than a County Court judge (to hopefully incur a lesser penalty). NOTE: This is only available for a limited range of offences.

  3. Committal Hearings - a Magistrate will assess the strength of the Prosecution's case to determine if there is sufficient evidence to support a conviction should it proceed to trial in the County or Supreme Court -- that is, does a prima facie case exist?

  4. Bail Hearings - a Magistrate will decide whether or not an accused is permitted Bail or whether they will be remanded in custody until the hearing. This will be determined by factors such as -- are they a threat to society or do they pose a flight risk?

Civil - disputes where the plaintiff is seeking damages between the amounts of $10,000 to $100,000.

New cards
42

Children’s court OG jurisdiction

Criminal - trials where the accused was aged 17 or under when the offence was committed.

Family - disputes where children are seeking emancipation and other family matters.

New cards
43

Coroner’s court OG jurisdiction

Investigations into deaths that are suspicious in nature, are the result of a fire or occur in a public place

New cards
44

County Court OG jurisdiction

Criminal - trials involving all indictable offences other than those pertaining to murder, treason or terrorism.

Civil - disputes involving claims for an unlimited amount of compensation as damages.

May hear Criminal appeals from the Magistrate's Court on conviction only.

No Civil appeals.

New cards
45

Supreme Court - trial division

Criminal - trials involving the most serious indictable offences such as murder, treason and terrorism.

May hear Criminal appeals from the Magistrate's Court on severity of sentence or on point of law. \n

Civil - disputes involving claims for an unlimited amount of compensation as damages.

May hear Civil appeals from the Magistrate's Court.

New cards
46

Supreme Court - Court of Appeal

No original jurisdiction.

May hear Criminal and Civil appeals from the County Court or from the Trial Division of the Supreme Court.

New cards
47

High Court

Disputes between various levels of government or between an individual and the government. This typically involve matters pertaining to the Constitution.

May hear appeals from the various State Courts of Appeal.

New cards
48

Example of fairness and equality

Koori court

  • “not equal”

  • because they are more disadvantaged and different cultural behaviours - it brings them in the same level as we are in the traditional court system

  • they don’t achieve a just outcome in a tradition court room

New cards
49

An appeal from the Magistrates’ Court on point on law

Supreme court

New cards
50

state decisis

latin phrase meaning to stand by what has been decided

lower courts following the reasons for the decsiiison of the hgih coruts

New cards
51

Aim of criminal law

Protect society, punish offender, rehabilitate, denunciate, deter future offences

against society as a whole

New cards
52

Aim of civil law

Restore the plaintiff to their ‘origin position’ before the beach of rights

against an individual

New cards

Explore top notes

note Note
studied byStudied by 10 people
... ago
5.0(2)
note Note
studied byStudied by 5 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 124 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 30 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 91 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 15 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 28 people
... ago
4.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 3907 people
... ago
4.7(25)

Explore top flashcards

flashcards Flashcard (82)
studied byStudied by 17 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (32)
studied byStudied by 1 person
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (217)
studied byStudied by 5 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (20)
studied byStudied by 2 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (89)
studied byStudied by 66 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (50)
studied byStudied by 5 people
... ago
4.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (54)
studied byStudied by 1 person
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (54)
studied byStudied by 12 people
... ago
5.0(1)
robot