Biology Unit 4 Study Guide

The major weakness of Darwin's theory during his lifetime was

The major weakness of Darwin's theory during his lifetime was

the lack of a mechanism to explain how traits were passed to offspring intact when most believed inheritance worked through blending

____________ is the study of structure/form of an organism or any of its parts

morphology

Which of the following are required for something to be considered "living"?

Cells, Organization, Response to Environment, Growth, (ALL)

Birds with extravagant plumage may be able to pass their genes to the next generation better than drab birds because

they are more likely to attract a mate

Because of the amount of surface area per unit volume, a large body size loses heat less rapidly than a smaller size of the same shape. Based upon your knowledge of natural selection what trend in deer size might you predict?

The average body size of the deer population increases as you go towards the poles

If the weather in Richmond Virginia changed to very cold (snow on the ground 8 months of each year) over the next few years what change might occur?

If a mutation had previously occurred which caused white fur, such white squirrels would have a better chance to survive and reproduce

A population of deer was threatened with overpopulation until cheetahs were imported. After a couple of years, there were fewer deer but the average running speed of deer had increased. This is an example of

natural selection

Evidence which supports the theory of evolution is found in studies of

biochemistry, fossils, embryos, homologous structures (All of the above)

Which of the following is the most important force in shaping evolution?

natural selection

Many commercial pesticides become less effective after 2-3 years because:

pests with resistant genes will survive and reproduce

Evolution explains all of the following EXCEPT

Multiple origins of different groups of organisms

The theory of natural selection states that

the best adapted individuals survive and reproduce contributing the most genes to the next generation

Which of the following statements about evolution is false?

Individuals evolve

Which of these taxonomic categories is less specific than family and more specific than class?

order

In an organism's binomial scientific name, the first of the two names is the

genus

Which of the following pairs of traits represent analogous characteristics?

bat wings and dragonfly wings

Which pair of animals is probably most closely related evolutionarily?

animals in the same genus

Insect wings, bat wings, and the flaps of tissue between the limbs and body of "flying" squirrels are:

analogous

Which of these is a correct order of taxonomic categories from less specific to more specific?

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Which kind of evidence would be of the least use to taxonomists?

domestication records

Who is credited with developing the binomial system of scientific names?

Linnaeus

The correct way to spell the scientific name of the human species is

Homo sapiens (Big H little s)

Which of the following is not a source of variation within a species or population?

natural selection

If an environment change happens too suddenly a population may go extinct because

it lacks the genetic variation to evolve

Fruit fly species all look more or less alike. If you have a male and female fruit fly what would be the best way to determine that they are the same species?

If they mate successfully and their offspring can also mate successfully , all are the same species

Organisms that can interbreed with each other in nature but which are genetically isolated from all other organisms are a

species

The gene pool for a particular gene is

all the alleles for a particular trait in all the individuals in the population

Which of the following would stop evolution by natural selection from occurring?

if genetic recombination and mutation stopped and organisms could only reproduce asexually

Which of the following is correct?

Most organisms alive today are prokaryotes

A bacterial cell has which of the following structures?

ribosomes

Which groups of organisms are most important as decomposers which decay dead organic matter and recycle its nutrients?

bacteria and fungi

Which of the following areas/conditions would be favored by thermoacidophiles?

hot sulfur springs

One type of bacterium that has a corkscrew shape and causes the disease syphilis is a/an

spirochete

Cells occur singly, have a nucleus and other organelles but do not have chloroplasts or flagella. Even so the cells seem to move by a kind of oozing or flowing of the cytoplasm.

protista

Cilia are

many short, hair-like cellular extensions found of the surface of some protists

Algal protist groups differ from each other in terms of the

all of the above

This organism is chemoheterotrophic, has a cell wall, is not mobile, has a nucleus, and is a decomposer

fungus

Fungi obtain food how?

by digesting it externally and then absorbing it

Which groups of organisms are most important as decomposers which decay dead organic matter and recycle its nutrients?

bacteria and fungi

Each of the following is a characteristic of at least some animals EXCEPT

being single-celled

Which of the following weather conditions would you expect to have the greatest NEGATIVE IMPACT on sexual reproduction of ferns and mosses?

excessively dry period for several days

Animals are divided into different phyla on the basis of

body plans

Which of the following is not a characteristic of all or nearly all plants?

endosperm

If a plant such as an iris reproduces asexually most of the time, it probably

has offspring that live in the same environment as the parent

This organism is big and multicellular, is a photoautotroph and looks green

plant

Lichens are

symbiotic associations of algae and fungi

Single celled fungi are called

yeasts

Guard cells swell and shrink, thus regulating the size of __________ that permit the diffusion of water vapor and other gasses into and out of leaves

stomata

Leaves are covered on the outside with ______ to reduce water loss

cuticle

The fact that transfer cells have many mitochondria supports the statement that transfer cells move mineral ions by means of

active transport

You find a plant with open stomata. What is the plant doing?

exchanging gases

It is important for all plants to be able to respond to all the physical factors in their environment EXCEPT

touch

Which of the following forms from dermal tissue?

epidermis

The vascular system in plants is analogous to the

circulatory in animals

Movement of water out of the leaves of a plant is known as

transpiration

The plant tissue that moves carbohydrates from one part of the plant to another is

phloem

Loss of a little finger in an industrial accident

A characteristic that cannot affect future natural selection

brown eye color as a result of pigment in the front part of the iris

a characteristic that can affect future natural selection

copper colored skin of someone who is a native american

a characteristic that can affect future natural selection

brown eye color as result of wearing contact lenses

a characteristic that cannot affect future nature selection

tanned skin as a result of exposure to the sun

A characteristic that cannot affect future natural selection

Cells occur singly and have no evidence of a nucleus

Two of these are possible

In your opinion which is more correct the two kingdom classification system or six?

I would think six, it's more broad and detailed but there be no place for virsuses

The six-kingdom system provides a more comprehensive classification that takes into account both evolutionary relationships and the genetic makeup of organisms. Therefore, it is generally considered more accurate and appropriate for classifying living organisms.

Describe the difference between homologous and analogous structures in organisms and give an example of each.

Homologous structures:

-Organs with similar structure but different function

-Example: Wings of a bat, arms of primate

-indicate a common ancestor between different species.

Analogous Structure:

-Organs with similar function but different structure

-Examples: Penguins and Fish, birds and insects

-adaptations to similar lifestyles have led to the evolution of similar anatomical features in different species.

A population of grasshoppers in the Kansas prairie has two color phenotypes, green and brown. Typically, the prairie receives adequate water to maintain healthy, green grass. Assume a bird that eats grasshoppers moves into the prairie. How will this affect natural selection of the grasshoppers? How might this change in a drought year?

The green grasshoppers are more likely to survive during a normal year since they blend in and the brown are more likely to get eaten, vice versa on a drought year.

In your opinion, who made a bigger contribution to the system of taxonomy, Aristotle or Linnaeus?

In conclusion, while Aristotle made important contributions to the early development of taxonomy, his system was limited by the knowledge and resources available at the time. Linnaeus's contributions, on the other hand, had a more profound and lasting impact on the field. His system of binomial nomenclature and hierarchical classification revolutionized the way we name and categorize living organisms and provided a framework for understanding their relationships and evolution.