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U.S. History Final Exam Study Guide 1. Columbus Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer who sailed for Spain in 1492. He was searching for a westward route to Asia but instead reached the Caribbean. His voyage began long-term European exploration and colonization of the Americas. Columbus’s arrival also led to major consequences for Native Americans, including disease, conquest, forced labor, and cultural destruction. 2. Columbian Exchange The Columbian Exchange was the transfer of plants, animals, people, diseases, and ideas between Europe, Africa, and the Americas after 1492. Europeans brought horses, cattle, wheat, and diseases like smallpox. The Americas sent corn, potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco, and cacao to Europe. It changed diets, economies, populations, and environments around the world. 3. Jackson and the Bank Andrew Jackson opposed the Second Bank of the United States because he believed it gave too much power to wealthy elites. He thought the bank was unfair to common people and harmful to democracy. Jackson vetoed the bill to renew the bank’s charter and removed federal money from it. This became known as the “Bank War.” 4. Jamestown Jamestown was founded in 1607 in Virginia and was the first permanent English settlement in North America. The settlers struggled with disease, starvation, poor leadership, and conflict with Native Americans. The colony survived partly because of tobacco farming. Jamestown became important because it showed England could establish colonies in America. 5. John Smith / John Rolfe John Smith helped Jamestown survive by enforcing discipline with the rule, “He who does not work shall not eat.” He also built relationships with local Native Americans. John Rolfe introduced a successful type of tobacco, which became Jamestown’s main cash crop. Rolfe also married Pocahontas, helping create a short period of peace. 6. Middle Passage The Middle Passage was the forced journey of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas. Conditions on ships were brutal, overcrowded, and deadly. Many Africans died from disease, starvation, abuse, or suicide. It was part of the triangular trade system and a major part of the growth of slavery in the Americas. 7. Bacon’s Rebellion Bacon’s Rebellion happened in Virginia in 1676. Nathaniel Bacon led poor farmers, indentured servants, and others against Governor Berkeley. They were angry about lack of protection from Native American attacks and unfair treatment by wealthy landowners. After the rebellion, plantation owners relied more on enslaved Africans instead of indentured servants. 8. Mayflower Compact The Mayflower Compact was signed in 1620 by the Pilgrims before they settled at Plymouth. It created a basic form of self-government. The signers agreed to make and follow laws for the good of the colony. It is important because it was an early example of democracy and majority rule in America. 9. Pilgrims & Puritans Pilgrims were Separatists who wanted to completely break away from the Church of England. They settled Plymouth in 1620. Puritans wanted to reform or “purify” the Church of England and settled mostly in Massachusetts Bay. Both groups came for religious reasons, but the Puritans created a larger and stricter society. 10. Age of Jackson Presidents The Age of Jackson refers mainly to Andrew Jackson’s presidency and the expansion of democracy for white men. Voting rights expanded as property requirements were removed for many white males. Jackson presented himself as a champion of the common man. However, this era also included Indian removal, the Bank War, and growing sectional conflict. 11. Stamp Act The Stamp Act of 1765 was a British tax on paper goods such as newspapers, legal documents, and playing cards. Colonists were angry because they had no representatives in Parliament. This led to the slogan “No taxation without representation.” Colonial protests helped force Britain to repeal the law. 12. American System The American System was an economic plan supported by Henry Clay. It included protective tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements such as roads and canals. Its goal was to strengthen the U.S. economy and connect different regions. It showed the federal government taking a stronger role in economic growth. 13. Boston Massacre The Boston Massacre happened in 1770 when British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists, killing five people. Colonists used the event as propaganda against Britain. Paul Revere’s engraving made the British look cruel and violent. It increased anger and tension between Britain and the colonies. 14. Boston Tea Party The Boston Tea Party happened in 1773. Colonists protested the Tea Act by dumping British tea into Boston Harbor. They were angry because Britain gave the British East India Company special advantages. Britain responded with the Intolerable Acts, which punished Massachusetts. 15. Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence was adopted on July 4, 1776. It announced that the colonies were separating from Britain. Thomas Jefferson wrote most of it. The document argued that people have natural rights and that government gets power from the consent of the governed. 16. Unalienable Rights Unalienable rights are rights that cannot be taken away. In the Declaration of Independence, these include “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.” The idea came from Enlightenment thinkers like John Locke. These rights were used to justify independence from Britain. 17. Common Sense / Thomas Paine Common Sense was a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1776. It argued that the colonies should become independent from Britain. Paine used simple language so ordinary people could understand. It helped convince many colonists to support independence. 18. Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation were America’s first national government. They created a weak central government because Americans feared tyranny. Congress could not tax, regulate trade well, or enforce laws effectively. Its weaknesses led to the creation of the Constitution. 19. Shays’ Rebellion Shays’ Rebellion was a farmers’ rebellion in Massachusetts in 1786–1787. Farmers were angry about debt, taxes, and losing their farms. The weak national government could not respond effectively. This showed the problems of the Articles of Confederation and encouraged leaders to write the Constitution. 20. Lexington and Concord / “Shot Heard ’Round the World” The Battles of Lexington and Concord happened in April 1775. They were the first battles of the American Revolution. British troops went to seize colonial weapons, but colonial militias resisted. The “shot heard ’round the world” refers to the first shot that began the Revolution. 21. Bunker Hill The Battle of Bunker Hill happened in 1775 near Boston. The British won, but they suffered heavy casualties. The battle proved that colonial forces could fight against the powerful British army. It gave colonists confidence early in the Revolution. 22. Saratoga / Ben Franklin The Battle of Saratoga in 1777 was a major American victory. It is considered the turning point of the Revolutionary War. After Saratoga, France agreed to support the Americans. Benjamin Franklin helped negotiate the French alliance, which provided money, troops, and naval support. 23. Yorktown The Battle of Yorktown happened in 1781. American and French forces trapped British General Cornwallis in Virginia. The French navy blocked British escape by sea. Cornwallis surrendered, effectively ending the Revolutionary War. 24. Alexander Hamilton / Economic Plan Alexander Hamilton was the first Secretary of the Treasury. His economic plan included paying off national debt, creating a national bank, and supporting manufacturing. He wanted a strong federal government and strong economy. His plan helped stabilize the new nation but caused political conflict. 25. Whiskey Rebellion The Whiskey Rebellion happened in 1794 when farmers protested a tax on whiskey. President George Washington sent federal troops to stop the rebellion. This showed that the new Constitution gave the federal government power to enforce laws. It was a contrast to the weakness shown during Shays’ Rebellion. 26. Washington’s Farewell Address Washington’s Farewell Address warned Americans against political parties and permanent foreign alliances. He believed political parties could divide the nation. He also wanted the U.S. to avoid being pulled into European conflicts. His advice influenced American foreign policy for many years. 27. James K. Polk James K. Polk was president from 1845 to 1849. He strongly supported Manifest Destiny and westward expansion. During his presidency, the U.S. gained Oregon territory and fought the Mexican-American War. The U.S. gained a large amount of land, including California and the Southwest. 28. William Henry Harrison William Henry Harrison was the 9th president of the United States. He was known as a military hero from the Battle of Tippecanoe. He gave a very long inaugural speech in cold weather and died about a month later. He had the shortest presidency in U.S. history. 29. Constitution The Constitution is the supreme law of the United States. It replaced the Articles of Confederation and created a stronger federal government. It established three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. It also created checks and balances to prevent one branch from becoming too powerful. 30. Preamble to the Constitution The Preamble is the introduction to the Constitution. It begins with “We the People.” It explains the goals of the government, such as forming a more perfect union, establishing justice, ensuring peace, providing defense, promoting general welfare, and securing liberty. 31. The Republican Party The Republican Party was founded in the 1850s. It opposed the spread of slavery into western territories. Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president. The party’s rise showed how slavery was becoming the central political issue before the Civil War. 32. Three-Fifths Compromise The Three-Fifths Compromise was made at the Constitutional Convention. It said that enslaved people would count as three-fifths of a person for representation and taxation. Southern states wanted enslaved people counted for more representation. This compromise increased Southern political power while protecting slavery. 33. Checks and Balances Checks and balances allow each branch of government to limit the power of the others. For example, the president can veto laws, Congress can override vetoes, and the Supreme Court can declare laws unconstitutional. This system prevents any one branch from becoming too powerful. 34. Intolerable Acts The Intolerable Acts were passed by Britain after the Boston Tea Party. They punished Massachusetts by closing Boston Harbor and limiting self-government. Colonists saw these acts as unfair and oppressive. They helped unite the colonies against Britain. 35. Bill of Rights The Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments to the Constitution. It protects individual freedoms such as speech, religion, press, assembly, and the right to bear arms. It was added to satisfy Anti-Federalists who feared a strong central government. 36. Impressment Impressment was the British practice of forcing American sailors into the British navy. It angered Americans and violated U.S. neutrality. Impressment was one of the major causes of the War of 1812. 37. Judicial Review / Marbury v. Madison Judicial review is the power of the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional. It was established in Marbury v. Madison in 1803. Chief Justice John Marshall strengthened the power of the Supreme Court through this decision. 38. James Madison James Madison is known as the “Father of the Constitution” because he helped design the U.S. government. He also helped write the Federalist Papers and the Bill of Rights. As president, he led the country during the War of 1812. 39. War of 1812 / Battle of New Orleans The War of 1812 was fought between the United States and Britain. Causes included impressment, trade restrictions, and British support for Native American resistance. The Battle of New Orleans was fought after the peace treaty had been signed, but news had not arrived. Andrew Jackson became a national hero because of the victory. 40. Monroe Doctrine The Monroe Doctrine was announced in 1823 by President James Monroe. It warned European nations not to colonize or interfere in the Americas. In return, the U.S. would stay out of European affairs. It showed growing American confidence in foreign policy. 41. John Quincy Adams / Corrupt Bargain John Quincy Adams became president after the election of 1824. No candidate won a majority, so the House of Representatives decided the election. Henry Clay supported Adams and later became Secretary of State. Andrew Jackson’s supporters called this a “corrupt bargain.” 42. Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny was the belief that the United States was destined to expand across North America. It encouraged westward expansion. Supporters saw expansion as progress, but it led to Native American removal, war with Mexico, and conflict over slavery. 43. Trail of Tears / Indian Removal Act The Indian Removal Act of 1830 allowed the federal government to move Native Americans west of the Mississippi River. The Trail of Tears refers especially to the forced removal of the Cherokee. Thousands died from hunger, disease, and exposure. It is one of the darkest examples of U.S. expansion. 44. Worcester v. Georgia Worcester v. Georgia was an 1832 Supreme Court case. The Court ruled that Georgia had no authority over Cherokee land. However, President Andrew Jackson did not enforce the ruling. The Cherokee were still forced to move west. 45. Missouri Compromise The Missouri Compromise was passed in 1820. Missouri entered as a slave state, and Maine entered as a free state. It also banned slavery north of the 36°30′ line in the Louisiana Territory. It temporarily balanced free and slave states but did not solve the slavery issue. 46. Alamo The Alamo was a mission in San Antonio, Texas, where Texan defenders fought Mexican forces in 1836. The defenders were defeated, but the battle became a symbol of resistance. “Remember the Alamo” became a rallying cry during the Texas Revolution. 47. Kansas-Nebraska Act The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 allowed settlers in Kansas and Nebraska to decide whether to allow slavery through popular sovereignty. It repealed the Missouri Compromise line. It led to violence in Kansas, known as “Bleeding Kansas,” and increased sectional conflict. 48. Harriet Tubman Harriet Tubman escaped slavery and became a leader in the Underground Railroad. She helped many enslaved people escape to freedom. During the Civil War, she also served as a nurse, spy, and scout for the Union. She became a symbol of courage and resistance to slavery. 49. Seneca Falls Convention The Seneca Falls Convention was held in 1848 in New York. It was the first major women’s rights convention in the United States. Leaders included Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott. The convention demanded women’s rights, including the right to vote. 50. John Brown John Brown was a radical abolitionist who believed slavery must be ended by force. In 1859, he led a raid on Harpers Ferry to start a slave rebellion. The raid failed, and Brown was executed. His actions increased tension between North and South before the Civil War. 51. Fugitive Slave Act The Fugitive Slave Act was part of the Compromise of 1850. It required citizens to help capture escaped enslaved people. It also punished people who helped freedom seekers. Many Northerners were angered by the law because it forced them to participate in slavery. 52. Harriet Beecher Stowe / Uncle Tom’s Cabin Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin in 1852. The novel showed the cruelty of slavery and became very popular in the North. It helped increase abolitionist feelings. Southerners criticized it and argued that it gave a false picture of slavery. 53. Dred Scott v. Sandford Dred Scott v. Sandford was an 1857 Supreme Court case. The Court ruled that enslaved people were not citizens and could not sue in court. It also said Congress could not ban slavery in the territories. This decision angered Northerners and made sectional conflict worse. 54. Lincoln-Douglas Debates The Lincoln-Douglas debates happened in 1858 during the Illinois Senate race. Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas debated slavery’s expansion. Lincoln argued slavery should not spread, while Douglas supported popular sovereignty. Although Lincoln lost the Senate race, the debates made him nationally known. 55. Popular Sovereignty Popular sovereignty means allowing people in a territory to vote on whether to allow slavery. Stephen Douglas supported this idea. It was used in the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Instead of solving the slavery issue, it led to violence and conflict. 56. Fort Sumter Fort Sumter was a federal fort in South Carolina. Confederate forces fired on it in April 1861. This attack began the Civil War. After Fort Sumter, more Southern states joined the Confederacy. 57. Emancipation Proclamation The Emancipation Proclamation was issued by Abraham Lincoln in 1863. It declared enslaved people free in Confederate-controlled areas. It did not immediately free all enslaved people, but it changed the purpose of the war. The Civil War became a fight to preserve the Union and end slavery. 58. Gettysburg Address The Gettysburg Address was a speech given by Abraham Lincoln in 1863 after the Battle of Gettysburg. Lincoln honored the soldiers who died and explained the meaning of the war. He said the nation was fighting for democracy and equality. The speech is one of the most famous in American history. 59. Reconstruction Reconstruction was the period after the Civil War when the U.S. tried to rebuild the South and reunite the nation. It also aimed to define freedom and rights for formerly enslaved people. During Reconstruction, the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments were passed. However, racism, Black Codes, and groups like the Ku Klux Klan limited progress. 60. Civil War Amendments The Civil War Amendments are the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments. The 13th Amendment abolished slavery. The 14th Amendment gave citizenship and equal protection under the law. The 15th Amendment gave Black men the right to vote. 61. Roger Williams Roger Williams was a Puritan minister who believed in religious freedom and separation of church and state. He was banished from Massachusetts for his beliefs. He founded Rhode Island, which became known for religious tolerance. His ideas influenced later American ideas about freedom of religion.

2023 Semester Only Grade 7th/8th Physical Education Content Review Key Concepts Content • Responsible behaviors • Team Building • Responsible Behaviors o Demonstrate acceptance and respect for people with diverse backgrounds and abilities during fitness activities. Develop strategies for including everyone. o Demonstrate responsible behaviors during fitness activities. Examples of responsible behaviors are controlling emotions, resolving conflicts, respecting opponents and officials, and accepting both victory and defeat • Team Building o Characteristics of High-Performing Teams - Most members of high-performing teams report that it’s fun and satisfying to work on collaborative teams because they are asked to contribute at their highest potential and they learn a lot along the way. Characteristics of high-performing teams include the following: ▪ People have solid and deep trust in each other and in the team’s purpose — they feel free to express feelings and ideas. ▪ Everybody is working toward the same goals. Everyone places the team first. ▪ Team members are clear on how to work together and how to accomplish tasks. ▪ Everyone understands both team and individual performance goals and knows what is expected. ▪ Individuals contribute to the team based on their unique strengths ▪ The team engages in extensive discussion, and everyone gets a chance to contribute. ▪ Disagreement is viewed as a good thing and conflicts are managed. Criticism is constructive and is oriented toward problem solving and removing obstacles. ▪ The team makes decisions when there is natural agreement — in the cases where agreement is elusive, a decision is made by the team lead or executive sponsor, after which little second-guessing occurs. ▪ Each team member carries his or her own weight and respects the team processes and other members. ▪ The leadership of the team shifts from time to time, as appropriate, to drive results. ▪ No individual members are more important than the team. • Warm-up • Cool-Down • Heat Cramps • Hear Exhaustion • Heat Stroke • Dehydration • Proper Attire (clothes and shoes) - color and type of clothing to be worn during exercise in different climates • Proper Hydration - drink water before, during and after exercise especially during hot weather • Warm-up: Gentle exercises that get the heart and muscles ready for moderate to vigorous physical activity. You know when you are warmed up when you begin to sweat and breath more heavily. o Walking or jogging for 5-10 minutes is recommended • Cool-Down: Gentle exercises that let the body adjust to ending a workout. Should last for 5-10 minutes allowing your heart rate and breathing to return to normal. o Include light stretching in your cool down to help muscles relax and not feel stiff or sore afterward. • Heat-Related Illnesses o Heat Cramps: Painful, brief muscle cramps that occur during exercise in a hot environment, caused by dehydration o Heat Exhaustion: A heat illness caused by the body overheating. Symptoms include heavy sweating, dizziness, weakness and rapid pulse o Heat Stoke: A health illness caused by the bodies inability to regulate its temperature. Symptoms include hot, dry skin, elevated body temperature, lack of sweat, hallucinations o Dehydration: Excessive loss of body fluid • Aerobic exercise • Anaerobic exercise • Pedometer • Vigorous • Moderate • FITT • Aerobic Exercise - Rhythmic activity that uses large amounts of oxygen and works the heart and lungs. • Anaerobic Exercise - Activities performed (without oxygen) consists of brief strength-based activities. • Heart Rate - The number of times your heart beats per minute. • Moderate physical activity - An activity with intensity equal to brisk walking. Activities of moderate intensity can be performed for relatively long periods of time without fatigue. • Vigorous physical activity - Movement that expends more energy or is performed at a higher intensity than brisk walking. • Forehand stroke • Backhand stroke • Forehand strokes (racquet sports) are where the front of the hand leads the stroke. o To strike the ball players should stand with their opposite shoulder facing the net, swing from low to high and follow through. Opposite footsteps toward the net. o Follow through by driving the racket forward so that it ends up above the shoulders, pointing up to the sky and in the direction of the ball you just hit. o Hitting the ball too late may cause the ball to land out of bounds. • Backhand strokes (racquet sports) are where the back of the hand leads the stroke. o Begin with a balanced ready position. Transition from large steps to smaller steps as a player closes in on the ball will help maintain balance. Step toward the net with the foot on the same side. o As the ball approaches, the player must move to intercept it, the shoulder must turn to begin the backswing. As a player sets to hit the ball, the backswing is complete. o The path of the racket extends along the intended flight of the ball as long as possible. Contact point for a one-handed backhand is further in front of the body than in a two-handed stroke. o The face of the racket remains vertical through the contact zone. The follow through is high. • CPR • Aquatic safety • Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) o Hands-Only CPR Steps: ▪ Call 911 and push hard and fast in the center of the chest (100 compressions a minute) • Aquatic Safety o Swim with a buddy o Take swimming, diving, and water safety or rescue classes to learn the skills to swim and dive safely. o Never swim under the influence of alcohol or drugs o Make sure to check the depth of the water before diving • Free Pass • Penalty try • Rugby Game Play: o free pass: is used to start the match or restart after a “try”. It starts from the center of the field at the halfway line at the beginning of each half. From the touch line (at the place where the ball went into touch) when the ball goes into touch (put into play), and from where the referee makes a mark when an infringement has taken place. o To score in flag rugby you must be on or cross the end zone with your flag on, touch the ball to the ground and say “try”. o A penalty try will be awarded if a try would have been scored if there was not foul play by the defending team. o When a try is scored, the game is restarted by a free pass from the center of the pitch by the non-scoring team. o The player taking the free pass must start with the ball in both hands and, when instructed by the referee who will declare “Play”, pass the ball sideways or backwards through the air to a team-mate. • Rules of the game • Basketball Rules: o The game starts with a jump ball then alternate possession begins. o Five players play on the floor at a time. Players’ positions consist of guards, forwards and a center, o Traveling- is having possession of the ball and moving without dribbling, resulting in a turnover. • Rules • Ultimate Frisbee is a non-contact field sport that combines elements of soccer, football and basketball. The object of the game is for a team to pass the disc from player to player until a pass is completed to a teammate in the end zone resulting in a score. Teams consist of 7 players. • How the Game is Played: o The game is played to 13 points or until a certain amount of time has passed. o All players from both teams begin each point in their respective end zones. Play is initiated with a “pull” from the defensive team’s end zone. The disc is passed from player to player down the field. o Once the disc is caught the “handler” must come to a complete stop. He/she may pivot but must maintain one planted foot at all times (even on the follow through). o The thrower or “handler” has ten seconds to throw the disc once caught. o A point is scored when a receiver catches the disc in the end zone. • Warm-up • Cool-Down • Heat Cramps • Heat Exhaustion • Heat Stroke • Dehydration • Proper Attire (clothes and shoes) - color and type of clothing to be worn during exercise in different climates • Proper Hydration - drink water before, during and after exercise especially during hot weather • Warm-up: Gentle exercises that get the heart and muscles ready for moderate to vigorous physical activity. You know when you are warmed up when you begin to sweat and breath more heavily. o Walking or jogging for 5-10 minutes is recommended • Cool-Down: Gentle exercises that let the body adjust to ending a workout. Should last for 5-10 minutes allowing your heart rate and breathing to return to normal. o Include light stretching in your cool down to help muscles relax and not feel stiff or sore afterward. • Heat-Related Illnesses o Heat Cramps: Painful, brief muscle cramps that occur during exercise in a hot environment, caused by dehydration o Heat Exhaustion: A heat illness caused by the body overheating. Symptoms include heavy sweating, dizziness, weakness and rapid pulse o Heat Stoke: A health illness caused by the bodies inability to regulate its temperature. Symptoms include hot, dry skin, elevated body temperature, lack of sweat, hallucinations • Dehydration: Excessive loss of body fluid • Alcohol • Smoking • Effective Communication • Alcohol o Underage drinking is considered illegal o There are laws about alcohol consumption o Alcohol slows down the ability to think clearly • Smoking o Smoking is the primary risk factor in respiratory diseases including emphysema and bronchitis o Cigarette smoking causes the heartbeat to increase the heart rate o Nicotine in cigarettes stimulates the heart to beat faster, which increases the heart’s need for more oxygen. Carbon monoxide replaces the oxygen in the blood forcing the heart to work harder. • Effective Communication o Includes: ▪ being respectful ▪ Actively listening ▪ Using assertive communication skills when needed • PACER • Push-ups • Curl-ups • Sit and Reach • Fitness Test o PACER: Performed to measure cardiorespiratory fitness o Push-ups: Use to measure muscular strength and endurance o Curl-ups: Used to measure abdominal muscular endurance and muscular strength o Sit and Reach: Performed to measure a student’s flexibility • Digital Citizenship • Digital Footprint • Digital Citizenship: is a safe, responsible, and respectful use of technology • Digital Footprint: is essentially a history of everything you’ve ever done online. Everything you post and do online can follow you through middle and high school, college, and even when you get a job. It has the potential to contribute positively or negatively to your digital reputation. • Positions in Hockey • How the Game is played • Scoring • Hand Placement • How the game of hockey is played o Street hockey is played very similar to ice hockey using the same rules and similar style of play. The only difference is that the players are using a ball instead of a puck and are running on firm ground rather than skating on ice. The game is played with 5 players and a goalie. There are five players on the court at a time with a goalie. Three forwards (2 wingers and a center) and two defenders. • Object of the game o Hockey is a fast-paced team sport, and the object is to outscore your opponent in the allotted time. • Start to play o A face-off will occur after every goal scored and to start off each period. The referee will drop the ball in-between the two centers who are facing each other. There are three periods in a game. • Out of Bounds o If the ball is hit out of bounds, then the opposing team may pass it back in from the side lines. • Scoring o a goal is made when a player either knocks down a cone, or if the ball crosses the goal line. Both goals and assists will be rewarded when scorekeeping during tournament play at the end of the unit. • How the game is played • Players and positions • Basic Skills • How the game of volleyball is played: o A game is played to 25 points. A team must win by 2 points and is called a set. A match is 3 out of 5 sets. o The server must stand anywhere behind the end line on his/her side of the court prior to the serve. The ball may be served underhand or overhand. The player who serves is in the right back position. o Each team may only hit the ball 3 times on its side before the ball must pass over the net. o The teams will rotate clockwise each time they win the serve. o A point is scored every time a ball is not returned properly into the opponent’s court, this is called rally scoring. Thus, both serving and receiving teams can score points. o If the ball hits the line it is considered, in bounds or good. • Players and Positions: o Setters – player who “sets” the ball with an “overhead pass” for a teammate to hit, the setter normally runs the offense o Hitter - the spiker or attacker o Outside hitter - A left or right-front attacker normally taking an approach which starts from outside the court o Libero - defensive specialists, designated for back row only, and wear a different colored jersey. The libero may serve for one player she is substituting for per game. o Blocking - A defensive play by one or more players meant to deflect a spiked ball back into the hitter’s court. To block, move your body in front of the hitter, keep arms in front, straight, palms facing the ball. • Players • Rules • Cues for throwing in flag football • Cues for catching • Scoring • Flag Safety • Defensive Strategy • Flag Football Players Include o Quarterback - The offensive person who is in charge of advancing the ball down the field (either by hand-off or pass), in order to gain yardage, a first down, or to score a touchdown. The QB also initiates and calls the plays. o Center - The offensive person who is in charge of “snapping” or “hiking” the football to the Quarterback. (“Hiking” means to hand the ball between the legs) o Receiver - The offensive person who runs a route down the field to catch a pass from the quarterback in order to gain yardage, a first down, or to score a touchdown • Rules o Interception - When the defensive player catches a pass intended for an offensive receiver o Sack - When the Quarterback has his flag pulled by the defense behind the line of scrimmage o Fumble - When the ball is dropped after being in possession o Line of Scrimmage - Each play starts on the line of scrimmage. The line of scrimmage is the imaginary line where the nose of the ball is placed to separate the offensive team from the defensive team. • Downs - The offensive team then has 4 “downs” to advance the ball to the next 1st down marker. Teams may advance the ball by passing or rushing • How the game is played • How the game of soccer is played o Soccer is a field game between two teams of up to 11 players. o The purpose of the game is to make goals by dribbling, heading, or volleying the ball into the opponent’s goal while defending the teams own goal from opponents. o The ball is put into play at the beginning of the game when a player kicks the ball into the opponent’s half of the field at a distance of at least the circumference of the ball. The kicking player may not kick the ball twice in a row. o Once the ball is in play, each team tries to advance the ball toward the opponent’s goal to score by dribbling and passing it down the field. o Players are free to play the ball in any direction during play. In typical play, players attempt to create goal scoring opportunities through individual control of the ball, dribbling, passing and taking shots on goal