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: Systems Engineering – Unit 3 Revision Study Guide Electrical & Energy Systems 1. The Engineering Process & Systems Thinking 1.1 The Engineering Process Stages You must know the sequence and purpose of each stage: 1. Investigate & design 2. Plan 3. Produce a solution 4. Test and diagnose 5. Evaluate and report 6. Modify and improve Once a system is built, the next stage is always “Test and diagnose”. 1.2 IPO Diagrams (Input–Process–Output) Used to analyse and explain systems. Example: Home Security Alarm • Inputs: Motion sensors, door switches, keypad input • Process: Microcontroller compares input to programmed logic • Outputs: Alarm siren, alert light, SMS notification Be ready to label inputs, processes, and outputs clearly. 2. Energy Sources & Sustainability 2.1 Renewable vs Non-Renewable • Renewable: Solar, wind, hydro, tidal, biomass, geothermal • Non-renewable: Coal, oil, gas, nuclear (alternative but not renewable) Geothermal energy comes from heated groundwater. 2.2 Advantages & Disadvantages (Exam Favourite) Wind Power – Advantages • Renewable • Zero greenhouse emissions during operation • Low operating cost • Scalable • Reduces fossil fuel dependence Coal Power – Disadvantages • High CO₂ emissions • Non-renewable • Air pollution • Thermal inefficiency • Environmental damage You will be asked to: • Compare energy sources • Justify one over another • Give an opinion with reasoning 3. Energy Transformations Know energy chains in order: Examples • Wind turbine: Kinetic → Mechanical → Electrical • Hydro power: Potential → Kinetic → Mechanical → Electrical • Solar PV: Radiant → Electrical 4. Efficiency Calculations HIGH PRIORITY 4.1 Formula Efficiency= Useful output energy Total input energy × 100% 4.2 Combined Efficiency Multiply efficiencies as decimals: Example: • Solar panel: 40% → 0.40 • Battery: 80% → 0.80 0.40 × 0.80 = 0.32 = 32% Combined efficiency = 32% 5. Electrical Fundamentals 5.1 Current Types • AC (Alternating Current): Household power, wind turbines • DC (Direct Current): Batteries, solar panels 5.2 Frequency & Period 1 𝑓 = 𝑇 • Australia mains electricity = 50 Hz • Direction changes 50 times per second Example: • Period = 0.005 s 𝑓 = 1 ÷ 0.005 = 200 Hz 6. Power, Work & Energy Calculations 6.1 Power 𝑊 𝑃 = or𝑃 = 𝑉 × 𝐼 𝑡 Example: • 1,000,000 J in 50 s 𝑃 = 1,000,000 ÷ 50 = 20,000 W 6.2 Work 𝑊 = 𝐹 × 𝑑 Example: • 2000 N × 10 m = 20,000 J 7. Batteries & Electrical Storage 7.1 Series vs Parallel • Series: Voltage adds • Parallel: Capacity (Ah) adds Example: • 4 × 12 V batteries in series = 48 V 7.2 Battery Runtime Total energy Time (h)= Power of load 8. Circuit Theory 8.1 Ohm’s Law 𝑉 = 𝐼 × 𝑅 8.2 Resistance • Series: 𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 • Parallel: 1 1 1 = + 𝑅𝑇 𝑅1 𝑅2 8.3 Capacitors • Series: inverse rule • Parallel: add values directly 9. Electrical Components & Symbols You must identify: • Resistor • Variable resistor (potentiometer) • Capacitor • Cell / Battery • LDR (light-dependent resistor) • LED • Diode • Thermistor • Switch types: SPST, SPDT, DPDT LED does not detect light LDR, phototransistor do 10. Transformers Formula 𝑉 𝑠 𝑁 𝑠 = 𝑉 𝑝 𝑁 𝑝 Example: • 40 primary, 800 secondary • Input = 240 V 𝑉 𝑠 = 240 × (800 ÷ 40) = 4800𝑉 Used to step up voltage → reduce current → reduce power loss 11. Power Transmission Why Voltage Is Stepped-Up • Reduces current • Minimises power loss as heat • Improves efficiency • Allows thinner cables • Enables long-distance transmission 12. Power Electronics Rectifier • Converts AC to DC H-Bridge + PWM • Technique: Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) • Purpose: Convert DC into simulated AC & control motor speed 13. Semiconductors • Doping: Adding impurities to silicon • Creates diodes and transistors • Enables controlled current flow 14. Safety & Standards Before using 230 V power tools: Must have a current electrical safety tag 15

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