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Chapter 7:6 Study Guide NERVOUS SYSTEM P179-187 Nervous System-complex, highly organized system that coordinates all the activities of the body. *The basic structural unit of the nervous system is the neuron, or nerve cell. It consists of a cell body containing:  Nucleus  Nerve fibers called dendrites (carry impulses toward the cell body)  Single nerve fiber called axon (carry impulses away from the cell body) Many axons have a lipid covering called a myelin sheath, which increases the rate of impulse transmission and insulates and maintains the axon. The axon of one neuron lies close to the dendrites of many other neurons. The spaces between them are known as synapses. Special chemicals, called neurotransmitters, located at the end of each axon allow the nerve impulses to pass from one neuron to another. Nerves are a combination of many nerve fibers located outside the brain and spinal cord. Meninges are membranes or protective lining that covers the brain and spinal cord. Afferent, or sensory, nerves carry messages from all parts of the body to the brain and spinal cord. Efferent, or motor, nerves carry messages from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands. Associative, or internuncial, nerves carry both sensory and motor messages. There are two main divisions to the nervous system: 1. 2. Central nervous system: consists of the brain and spinal cord Peripheral nervous system: consists of the nerves. A separate division of the peripheral nervous system is the autonomic nervous system. This system controls involuntary body functions. *Brain-mass of nerve tissue well protected by membranes and the cranium, or skull. The main sections include:  Cerebrum-the largest and highest section of the brain. Responsible for: reasoning, thought, memory, speech, sensation, sight, smell, hearing, and voluntary body movement.  Cerebellum-section below the back of the cerebrum. Responsible for: muscle coordination, balance and posture, muscle tone.  Diencephalon-section between the cerebrum and midbrain. o Thalamus-acts as a relay center and directs sensory impulses to the cerebrum. o Hypothalamus-regulates and controls the autonomic nervous system, temperature, appetite, water balance sleep and blood vessel constriction and dilation. Also involved in emotions such as anger, fear, pleasure, pain and affection.  Midbrain-the section located below the cerebrum at the top of the brain stem. Responsible for conducting impulses between brain parts and for certain eye and auditory reflexes.  Pons-located below the midbrain and in the brain stem. Responsible for conducting messages to other parts of the brain; for certain reflex actions including chewing, tasting, and saliva production; and for assisting with respiration.  Medulla oblongata-the lowest part of the brain stem. Connects with the spinal cord and is responsible for regulating heartbeat, respiration, swallowing, coughing, and blood pressure. The spinal cord continues down from the medulla oblongata and ends at the first or second lumbar vertebrae. *The meninges are three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. 1. 2. 3. Dura mater-thick, tough, outer layer Arachnoid membrane-delicate and web like Pia mater-closely attached to the brain and spinal cord and contains blood vessels that nourish the nerve tissue. The brain has four ventricles, hollow spaces that connect with each other and with the space under the arachnoid membrane. The ventricles are filled with a fluid called cerebrospinal fluid. This fluid circulates continually between the ventricles and through the subarachnoid space. It serves as a shock absorber to protect the brain and spinal cord. It also carries nutrients to some parts of the brain and spinal cord and helps remove metabolic products and wastes. After circulating, it is absorbed into the blood vessels of the dura mater and returned to the bloodstream through special structures called the arachnoid villi. The peripheral nervous system consists of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. The somatic nervous system consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and their branches and 31 pairs of spinal nerves and their branches. Some of the cranial nerves are responsible for special senses such as sight, hearing, taste, and smell. The Autonomic nervous system is an important part of the peripheral nervous system. It helps maintain a balance in the involuntary functions of the body and allows the body to react in times of emergency. *There are two divisions to the autonomic nervous system: Sympathetic nervous system: prepares the body in times of emergencies. Prepares the body to act by increasing heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure and slowing activity in the digestive tract. This is known as the fight or flight response. Parasympathetic nervous system: After the emergency, this slows down the heart rate, decreases respirations, lowers blood pressure and increases activity in the digestive tract. Cerebral Palsy is a disturbance in voluntary muscle action and is caused by brain damage. Lack of oxygen to the brain, birth injuries, prenatal rubella, and infections can all cause cerebral palsy. Cerebrovascular Accident or CVA (stroke) occurs when the blood flow to the brain is impaired, resulting in a lack of oxygen and a destruction of brain tissue. CVA includes loss of consciousness; weakness or 1. 2. paralysis on one side of the body (hemiplegia); dizziness; dysphagia (difficulty swallowing); visual disturbances; mental confusion; aphasia (speech and language impairment); and incontinence. When a CVA occurs, immediate care within the first three hours can help prevent brain damage. Treatment with thrombolytic or “clot-busting” drugs such as TPA (tissue plasminogen activator) can dissolve the blood clot and restore blood flow to the brain. Aphasia is a speech or language impairment. There are different types. ALS is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Also called Lou Gehrig’s disease. This is a chronic degenerative neuromuscular disease. The cause is unknown. Carpal tunnel syndrome is a progressive, painful condition of the wrist and hand. It occurs when the median nurse is pinched or compressed. Concussions are traumatic brain injuries, usually from a blow to the head by an accident, injury or fall. The brain slides back/forward and forcefully hits against the skull. Think of it like a bruise on the brain. Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain and is caused by a virus, bacterium, or chemical agent. Epilepsy or seizure syndrome is a brain disorder associated with abnormal electrical impulses in the neurons of the brain. Hydrocephalus is an excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles and, in some cases, the subarachnoid space of the brain. It is usually cause by a congenital (at birth) defect, infection, or tumor that obstructs the flow of cerebrospinal fluid out of the brain. The condition is treated by the surgical implantation of a shunt (tube) between the ventricles and the veins, heart, or abdominal peritoneal cavity to provide for drainage of the excess fluid. Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges of the brain and/or spinal cord and is caused by a bacterium, virus, fungus, or toxins such as lead and arsenic. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, progressive, disabling condition resulting from a degeneration of the myelin sheath in the central nervous system. Neuralgia is nerve pain. Inflammation, pressure, toxins, and other disease cause it. Paralysis usually results from a brain or spinal cord injury that destroys neurons and results in a loss of function and sensation below the level of injury. Hemiplegia is paralysis on side of the body and is caused by a tumor, injury, or CVA. Paraplegia is paralysis in the lower extremities or lower part of the body and is caused by a spinal cord injury. Quadriplegia is paralysis of t harems, legs, and body below the spinal cord injury. Parkinson’s disease is a chronic, progressive condition involving degeneration of brain cells, usually in persons over 50 years of age

english vocab pt 2 separate peace

AQA GCSE Biology Paper 2

Separate Chemistry II

YR10 : Summer Mock (Separates)

Principles of sport management KINE 1500 Wednesday September 10, 2025 Sociological aspects of sport Sport reflects and amplifies the underlying values of Sociology: the study of human society, social relationships -Explore how sport functions as a social institution, sport as a microcosm of study -Understand fan behavior, team dynamics, access, inequality, social impact -Social identities and sport in Canada -Sex, gender, sexuality, indigeneity, race, ethnicity, newcomer status, age, aging, socioeconomic status, religion, spirituality Sex: physiological combination of a person's hormones, genetics, and reproductive organs, denoting that someone is male or female. Gender: informed by societal expectations and cultural norms of what it means to be male/masculine or what it means to be female/feminine. - Organization of sport is based on binary system of sex categories - Sport often reflects and reinforces built in ideas that society believes about gender (men being superior to women, different rules for men and women's sport) - Men's sport as the default version of sport (gender marking in league names, resourcing) - Homophobia in sport, exclusion of queer and transgender individuals - Sex, gender, and notion of fairness - Indigenous athletes have faced barriers to participation in sport, systemic challenges linked to historical ongoing colonialism, socio-economic disparities, and cultural erasure - Sport was used as a tool of cultural genocide of Indigenous peoples; notion of legitimate sport and derogatory names and images of team mascots - Underrepresentation of Indigenous athletes at elite levels of sport, ongoing marginalization of Indigenous body cultural practices Race: physical characteristics, such as skin color, facial features, and hair texture, that have beed used over time to characterize people Ethnicity: common cultural characteristics that people within groups share - Sport experiences are often shaped by individuals racial and ethnic background reflecting broader social dynamics of inclusion, exclusion, and inequality - Anti racism lens to address racism at individual, institutional, and structural levels. - Aging and disability - Lifelong participation in sport ys early specialization opportunities to access sport - Greater understanding of the health and social benefits as one ages - Relationship between disability and sport continues to be shared by systemic inequalities Wednesday September 17th, 2025 Organizations defined - Social entities that are goal directed, are designed as deliberately structured and coordinated activity systems, and are linked to the external environment. - Public organizations, nonprofit organizations, and commercial organizations Organizational environment - Everything that exists outside the boundary of an organization and has the potential to affect all or part of the organization - Organizational environment operates with economic conditions, technology, political climate, social and cultural forces - Management: the process of working with and Scientific management approach, human relations approach, process approach - Scientific management approach: task breakdown and specialization volunteer roles based on small, repeated tasks - Standard operation procedures volunteers are given step-by-step script checklist on how to perform tasks - Training and time studies manager trains each volunteer on how to perform their task in the most efficient way, time studies for how long it takes to complete the task - Top-down supervision supervisors assigned to monitor volunteers and ensure adherence - Incentives for efficiency recognizing and rewarding efficient team or individuals Organizations as open systems Inputs: * raw materials * human resources * capital * technology * information Transformation process->>>>> * employees work activities * management activities * tech and operations methods outputs->>>>>> * products and services * financial results information * human results Human relations approach: building relationships as a manager, you get to know staff members personally, foster a culture where everyone feels like they are a part of the team and appreciated Dimensions of organizational structure Organizational strategy: Refers to the long-term planning and decision making processes that guide an organizational toward achieving its mission, vision, and competitive goals. Encompasses the deliberate alignment of internal resources with external opportunities and threats to ensure sustainable success both on and off the field. - Encouraging input staff are encouraged to share ideas for improving operations - Recognition and morale boosting publicly recognize individuals or teams for good work during or after the game, offer small perks. - Supportive supervision supervisors focus on coaching, not commanding - Team cohesion activities organize team bonding opportunities, build a sense of belonging amongst employees Process approach: - pre crisis (planning and organizing) crisis protocols and contingency plans are already in place - During crisis (leading and controlling) Quickly assess situation, direct each functional area according to a clear chain of command make real time adjustments - Interdepartmental coordination act as a central hub ensuring that the department is acting in sync, communication is fast and structured - Post crisis review evaluate the response process and share lessons learned - Monday September 22, 2025 Management functions planning: developing and implementing goals, objectives, strategies, procedures, policies, and rules to produce goods and services in the most effective and efficient manner Operating: resources to produce goods and services in the most effective and efficient manner Staffing: recruiting, selecting, orientating, training, developing, and replacing employees to produce goods and services in the most effective manner Dividing: influencing members as individuals and as groups to produce goods and services efficiently Outstanding and evaluating: Paris 2024 summer Olympics/ Paralympics Planning: sustainability in planning 95% were existing or temporary long-term urban Organizing: coordination with international governing bodies, local government, and sponsors Staffing: recruiting and training 45k volunteers and paid staff Directing: managing teams across language, cultural and operational divides Evaluating: constant risk assessment All managers have formal authority for organizing, directing, and controlling the work activities of others - Organizational hierarchy based on levels of management - People play an important role in the management of sport at all levels, and in all contexts - Organizational principles Effectiveness: extent to which goals are achieved focused on results Efficiency: extent wo which goals are achieved using the fewest possible resources focussed on activities 4 approaches to organizational goals 1. Goal attainment 2. Resource based 3. Internal process 4. Strategic constituency Organizational strategy: Refers to the long-term planning and decision making processes that guide an organizational toward achieving its mission, vision, and competitive goals. Encompasses the deliberate alignment of internal resources with external opportunities and threats to ensure sustainable success both on and off the field Key points: - strategic alignment, stakeholder involvement, competitive advantage, performance measurement, dynamic environment, resource management - Strategic plan is the course of action or a direction to move an organization from one point to another 1. Identifying the goals, objectives, and mission of the organization 2. Determining strategic objectives 3. Identifying the resources required to implement the strategy 4. Establishing a timeline and identifying milestones Organizational culture the shared values, beliefs, behavior's, and norms that shape how people within an organization interact, make decisions, and pursue collective goals - Culture shapes performance and behaviour - Leadership drives culture - Values must be lived not stated - Culture is dynamic, evolves over time - Subcultures can exist within larger organizations - Culture influences reputation and retention Organizational structure: identifies the formal positions and reporting relationships with organizations. Specifies the grouping of individuals into functions, roles, department Organizational design: process of shaping or aligning the structure of an organization to achieve its strategic goals, how and why structure is created. specialization - degree to which activities in the organization are subdivided into separate jobs (task and responsibilities of individual) centralization - degree to which decision making is concentrated at a single point in the organization (where decision making happens) formalization - degree to which jobs within the organization are standardized (the rules policies of the organization) organizational change & innovation * organizational change- refers to the process by which organizations modify their structures strategies, processes, or culture to adapt to internal and external pressures * innovation- the introduction of new ideas, technologies, or practice that ensconce organizational operations and goal achievement key points * change is inevitable and often necessary for growth and survival * innovation can be disruptive but is essential for long term success * resistance to change is common due to tradition, hierarchy, or fear of the unknown * successful change requires strong leadership, communication, and stake holder involvement Wrap-up & Q & A - organizational effectiveness- how we define success within an organizational context - organizational strategy- roadmap for the organization - organizational culture- “how we do things “ & iceberg analogy - organizational structure and design- layout of roles Classifications of managers - all managers have formal authority for organizing directing and controlling the work activities of others - organization hierarchy based on levels of management Levels of management Professional Baseball Organizations: Investor owned health and fitness club Intercollegiate athletic program: Top level managers presidents, chief executive officer, vice president of business operations, vice president of baseball operations : Owners, Gm, Intercollegiate athletic program: board of trustees,university presidents, V.P, A.D middle level managers director of public relations, director of corporate sales, director of marketing operations, team manager, director of scouting site mangers Director of development director of analytics and business intelligence supervisory level managers Manager of stac im . operation: Manager of broacicasting Manager of community relation Manager of baseball administration coordinations of aerobatics, fitness,golf,pro shop assistants ads, sports information director coordinator of athletic training Conceptual Skills Technical Skills Human Relations Skills • Possesses the ability to see the organization as a whole Can perform a job based on the job requirements • Possesses ability to work with people (interpersonal skills) • Effectively uses analytical, creative, and initiative skills • Effectively uses skills required for a given positions (e.g., computer, IT) • Effectively uses communication and listening skills • Aids in planning and organizing processes of managers • Aids in completing everyday operational tasks • Aids in planning, staffing, organizing, directing, and controlling/evaluating processes of managers; each process requires interaction with people DEVELOPMENT OF A STRATEGIC PLAN • Strategio plan is a course of action or a direction to move an organization from one point to another; development of a plan involves... 1. Identifying the goals, objectives, and mission of the organization Determining strategic objeotives (SWOT) SWOT * strength * weakness * opportunities * Threats identifying the resources required to implement the strategy Establishing a timeline and identifying milestones ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE "Refers to the shared values, beliefs, behaviours, and norms that shaper how people within an organization interact, make decisions, and pursue collective goals" Key Points and Assumptions: * Culture shapes behaviour and performance * Leadership drives culture * Values must be lived, not just stated * Culture is dynamio and evolves over time + Suboultures can exist within larger organizations Cultural fit vs. oultural add * Culture influences reputation and retention 🧠 Leadership Theories (Expanded Summary – KINE 1500 Style) Leadership Theory Core Principles Advantages Disadvantages Trait Theory Leaders are born with innate traits that make them effective; traits predict leadership success. Simple and easy to use; helps identify potential leaders. Over-simplified; ignores how traits are developed; not universal. Skills Theory Leadership can be learned and developed; focuses on technical, human, and conceptual skills. Inclusive and adaptable; useful for developing leadership competencies. Complex to assess; doesn’t consider context. Behavioral Theory Leadership is learned through behavior; focuses on task- and relationship-oriented actions. Provides clear examples of effective behavior; learnable and practical. Ignores situational and personality factors; not universal. Situational Theory Effective leadership depends on context and follower readiness; uses four styles (telling, selling, participating, delegating). Flexible and adaptable; encourages follower development. Requires accurate assessment of followers; may overlook core values. Servant Leadership Leaders prioritize serving others, focusing on followers’ growth, well-being, and empowerment. Builds trust, loyalty, and strong relationships; encourages collaboration. Can slow decision-making; leader may be taken advantage of. Authentic Leadership Leadership based on self-awareness, honesty, integrity, and acting consistently with personal values. Promotes trust and transparency; enhances morale and ethical behavior. Can be difficult to maintain under pressure; may appear inflexible. Ethical Leadership Leadership guided by fairness, respect, and strong moral principles. Builds ethical culture and trust; improves reputation and accountability. Hard to balance ethics with organizational demands; subjective moral standards. Shared (Distributed) Leadership Leadership roles are shared across a team; everyone contributes based on strengths. Encourages teamwork, empowerment, and diverse input. Can lack clear direction; risk of conflict or confusion without coordination. ⸻ ⚙️ Leadership Styles (KINE 1500 Summary) Leadership Style Core Principles Advantages Disadvantages Transactional Leadership Based on structure, rules, rewards, and punishments; focuses on efficiency and short-term goals. Clear expectations; predictable results; good for stability. Limits creativity; can reduce motivation and long-term innovation. Transformational Leadership Inspires followers through vision, passion, and personal growth; promotes innovation and change. Increases motivation and engagement; encourages creativity. Relies heavily on leader charisma; may overlook daily operations; risk of burnout

WEEK 3 Separate legal personality - parent liability

WEEK 2 Separate legal personality (piercing the corporate veil)

ASNB 502 - Lab #4 (separate cards!!)

(c) (i) the importance of photosynthetic pigments in photosynthesis (ii) practical investigations using thin layer chromatography (TLC) to separate photosynthetic pigments

Medications (separated)

Medications (Separated)

How to separate organelles from cells?

herps lab exam (all info but separate)

Generalized ratings associated with soil separates on some properties and behavior of soils

SEPARATED Viral Infections, Vector Borne Illnesses, and Vaccines

SEPARATED Bone & Joint, Body Fluid, Blood and Cardiac Infections

Module 3.1 - Head and Neck (Cranial Nerves Separate)

1.3 Mixtures & How to Separate Them & 1.4 A Framework for Solving Problems

Native Americans Organized by tribe. Geography influences culture for various groups. Northwest Coast Pacific ocean, whales, totem poles, log homes. Southwest Desert and canyons, cliff homes. Great Plains Buffalo, teepee homes made of animal hide. Eastern Woodland Long houses or other wood homes, Iroquois nation, 5 civilized tribes. Farmed the Three Sisters - beans, corn and squash. Animism Religious belief that there are spirits in inanimate objects (mountains, rivers, animals). Columbian Exchange Transfer of biological material (animals, plants and disease) between the New World and Europe during the age of exploration. Jamestown Settled by businessmen from England who sought to make money by growing and selling tobacco. Massachusetts Bay Settled by Puritans from England who were seeking religious freedom for themselves. New England Colonies Influenced by good harbors, abundant forests, rocky soil, and a short growing season. Middle Colonies Culturally diverse, bread-basket because of grain farming. Southern Colonies Provided agricultural products that were processed in the North and in Europe. Triangular Trade Led directly to the increased importation of enslaved Africans to the Western Hemisphere. Middle Passage The journey of slaves from Africa to the new world. British Mercantilism Economic policy used by the British in which the American Colonies served as a source of raw materials and a market to sell goods. French and Indian War Caused by disputed land claims in the Ohio River valley between the French and the British. Virginia House of Burgesses Early colonial efforts in self-government contributing to the development of representative democracy. Mayflower Compact Early colonial efforts in self-government contributing to the development of representative democracy. Town Hall Meetings Early colonial efforts in self-government contributing to the development of representative democracy. Albany Plan of Union Early attempt to unify American colonies but under British rule. Declaration of Independence States the colonial grievances against British rule and was written by Thomas Jefferson. John Locke's theory of natural rights Power to govern belongs to the people ('consent of the governed'). Bill of Rights Both documents support limitations on governmental power and stress the importance of individual liberty. NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION Many colonists believed they could not be taxed by the British because they had no representatives in the British government, which means that the British did not have the consent of the governed. Thomas Paine Published Common Sense which was influential in persuading American colonists to support colonial independence from Britain. Convinced many Americans who had been undecided about declaring independence from Britain. Response to Mercantilist Policies Committees of Correspondence/Non-importation Agreements/Boston Tea Party First Continental Congress. Sugar and Stamp Acts Tax foreign molasses and printed material. Quartering Act Requires colonists to house and feed British soldiers. Townshend Acts Taxes imported goods and tea. Boston Massacre Five people killed by British soldiers. Revolutionary War Begins shortly after the signing of the Declaration of Independence. American Colonies Win the war and independence with the help of familiar land and foreign aid from France. Mississippi River Became the western boundary of the U.S. at the end of the Revolutionary War. Articles of Confederation First form of government used by the U.S. after independence from Britain. The first plan of union for the original 13 states. Decentralized Political System Power is broken up and divided among many groups, not unified. Problems and Weaknesses of Articles Largely unsuccessful at solving many major problems because most powers remained with the state governments. Congress Depended on the states for men and money to support an army. The federal government could not enforce its laws. States' Powers Had the power to collect taxes, coin money, and control trade. Success of the Articles Provided a system for governing the Western territories and a process for admitting new states to the union. Constitutional Convention (1787) Major American delegates meet in Philadelphia to correct the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation. Shays' Rebellion (1786) Significant because it convinced many Americans of the need for a stronger national government. Exposed the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation. Bicameral Legislature Created a legislature with two houses that write and vote on laws. Three-Fifths Compromise Determined that 3/5 of the slave population would be counted for representation in the House. U.S. Constitution A statement of rules and procedures for governing the U.S. Sovereignty Derived from the consent of the governed (only the citizens give the government the power to rule). Democracy A government for the people by the people. A democracy must have citizen participation in government. Democratic Government A government characterized by a free and open election process. Republican Government A government in which representatives are elected by the people. Division of Power The concept included in the Constitution to prevent unlimited government power through federalism, checks & balances, and separation of powers. Federalism The division of powers between the national and state government. Legislative Branch The branch of government that includes Congress (House of Representatives and Senate) which proposes, writes, votes on laws, and approves treaties. Executive Branch The branch of government that includes the President of the U.S. and his cabinet. Judicial Branch The branch of government that includes federal courts and the Supreme Court. Marbury v. Madison A landmark case that established judicial review and strengthened the Judiciary branch of the U.S. Checks & Balances A system where each branch of government checks the others to ensure no one branch has too much power. Impeachment The process by which the President can be removed from office by trial conducted by Congress. Veto The power of the President to reject a bill passed by Congress. Override of Veto The process by which Congress can pass a bill despite a presidential veto, requiring a two-thirds vote of both houses. Elastic Clause A clause that allows Congress to pass laws necessary and proper to fulfill its duties, broadening its power. Judicial Review The power of the courts to declare laws unconstitutional. Electoral College The body that elects the President of the U.S. based on electoral votes from each state, not a popular vote. George Washington The first President of the U.S. who set precedents for future presidents and issued the Proclamation of Neutrality. Whiskey Rebellion A rebellion in western Pennsylvania against a new excise tax, which Washington suppressed using state militia. Farewell Address A speech by Washington urging the U.S. to avoid European conflicts and alliances. Louisiana Purchase (1803) The acquisition of the Louisiana Territory by Thomas Jefferson, which contradicted his strict interpretation of the Constitution. Mississippi River Control The goal of the Louisiana Purchase to secure U.S. control of the Mississippi River for trade. Ohio River Valley The region whose farmers gained the greatest economic benefit from the Louisiana Purchase. Westward Expansion The focus of the U.S. following the Louisiana Purchase, promoting settlement and development of western territories. Articles of Confederation The first constitution of the United States, which established a weak federal government. Washington's Precedents The traditions and practices established by George Washington during his presidency. Constitutional Convention The 1787 meeting in Philadelphia where the U.S. Constitution was created. Shays Rebellion An armed uprising in 1786-1787 by farmers in Massachusetts protesting economic injustices. US Constitution The supreme law of the United States, establishing the framework of government. Great Compromise The agreement that established a bicameral legislature in the U.S. Congress; Settled a dispute over state representation in national Congress. ⅗ compromise The agreement that slaves would count as three-fifths of a person for representation purposes. Commerce Compromise The agreement that allowed Congress to regulate commerce but prohibited export taxes. Bill of Rights The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution that guarantee individual liberties. Federalists/Antifederalists Federalists supported the Constitution; Antifederalists opposed it, fearing too much central power. 3 branches of government The division of government into the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Checks and Balances A system that ensures no one branch of government becomes too powerful. Louisiana Purchase The 1803 acquisition of territory from France that doubled the size of the United States. Loose/strict constructionists Loose constructionists interpret the Constitution broadly; strict constructionists interpret it narrowly. Indian Removal The policy of relocating Native American tribes to lands west of the Mississippi River. Civilization The process of assimilating Native Americans into American culture. Trail of Tears The forced relocation of Native Americans from their homelands, resulting in thousands of deaths. Worcester v. Georgia A Supreme Court case that ruled in favor of Native Americans but was not enforced by Jackson. Andrew Jackson The seventh President of the United States known for his populist policies and Indian removal. Manifest Destiny The belief that the U.S. was destined to expand across the North American continent. Cotton Gin A machine that quickly and efficiently removes seeds from cotton fibers. Missouri Compromise An agreement passed in 1820 that allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state. Compromise of 1850 A package of five separate bills passed by the United States Congress to defuse a political confrontation between slave and free states. Abolitionists Individuals who advocated for the immediate end of slavery in the United States. Kansas Nebraska Act A law that allowed voters in Kansas and Nebraska to choose whether to allow slavery, effectively repealing the Missouri Compromise. Dred Scott v Sanford An 1857 Supreme Court case that ruled that African Americans could not be American citizens and that Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in federal territories. Bleeding Kansas A series of violent political confrontations in the United States involving anti-slavery and pro-slavery elements in Kansas. Uncle Tom's Cabin An anti-slavery novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe published in 1852 that depicted the harsh realities of slavery. Underground Railroad A network of secret routes and safe houses used by enslaved African Americans to escape to free states and Canada. Horace Mann An American educational reformer who promoted public education and is known as the 'Father of the American Public School System.' Seneca Falls Convention The first women's rights convention held in 1848, which launched the women's suffrage movement in the United States. 2nd Great Awakening A Protestant religious revival during the early 19th century in the United States that emphasized individual piety and a personal relationship with God. Temperance A social movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages. Civil War A conflict from 1861 to 1865 between the Northern states (Union) and Southern states (Confederate States) over issues including states' rights and slavery. Abraham Lincoln The 16th President of the United States who led the country during the Civil War and worked to end slavery. Emancipation Proclamation An executive order issued by Abraham Lincoln in 1862 that declared the freedom of all slaves in Confederate-held territory. Reasons for North (Union) Victory The North was better prepared economically, had more human resources, and superior war material. Reconstruction Era The period following the Civil War during which the Southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union. Lincoln's Plan for Reconstruction Aimed to restore Southern representation in Congress and offered amnesty to Confederates who swore allegiance to the U.S. Radical Republicans A faction of the Republican Party that sought to impose harsh penalties on the Southern states and promote civil rights for freed slaves. Andrew Johnson The 17th President of the United States who succeeded Abraham Lincoln and oversaw the early years of Reconstruction. Reconstruction A policy supported by Lincoln to allow Southern States to reenter the nation as quickly as possible. Radical Republicans Members of Congress who disagreed with Johnson about how to handle Reconstruction, leading to Johnson's impeachment. Impeachment of Johnson Johnson was impeached for firing Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton without Senate approval, but the impeachment failed. 13th Amendment Law that formally abolished slavery in the U.S. in 1865. 14th Amendment Law that officially gave citizenship to African Americans and legally protected them under the Bill of Rights and U.S. Constitution. 15th Amendment Law that granted African Americans voting rights. Poll Taxes Fees collected by Southern States to restrict African Americans from exercising their voting rights. Literacy Tests Requirements imposed by Southern States to limit African Americans' voting rights. Jim Crow Laws Laws enacted in the 1870s and 1880s to restrict the freedoms of African Americans after the Civil War. Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court case in 1896 that upheld Jim Crow Laws based on 'separate but equal' public facilities for African Americans. Black Codes Laws aimed at restricting the rights of former slaves and limiting the effectiveness of the 14th and 15th amendments. Ku Klux Klan Group that attempted to restrict the rights of former slaves. Sharecropping System of farming in Southern States after the Civil War that kept former slaves economically dependent on farms. New South Term describing changes in the Southern economy, including industrial development and agricultural diversification. Sectionalism The division between the North and South that contributed to tensions leading up to the Civil War. Gilded Age Period marked by economic growth and industrialization in the U.S. Industrial Revolution Causes Factors such as capital, labor supply, Erie Canal, and transcontinental railroads that contributed to industrial growth. Mechanization of Agriculture The use of machines in farming that led to an increase in production. Effects of Industrial Revolution Challenges for smaller industries, development of monopolies, widening economic gap, and increased immigration. Social Darwinism Theory which believed that the growth of large business at the expense of others was merely survival of the fittest (the stronger businesses will succeed and the weaker one will fail). Laissez-faire Capitalism Economic policy which argues that government should limit any interference in the economy (the government should leave the economy alone). Rise of Big Business (1865-1900) Federal Government followed laissez-faire economic policy. Trusts and monopolies were created by entrepreneurs to maintain control of the market. Robber Baron Term used during the Gilded Age to characterize leaders of big business who used ruthless tactics when dealing with competitors. Gilded Age Mark Twain labeled the late 1800's ________ to describe the extremes of wealth and poverty (big differences between the rich and the poor). Urbanization Rural (countryside) residents move to urban (inner city) areas in search of jobs. Size of cities increase. How the Other Half Lives Book by Jacob Riis that exposed the living conditions of urban slums (working-class, inner-city neighborhoods). Working Conditions Rapid industrial growth leads to shift from rural to urban lifestyle, widespread use of child labor, and growth of tenements & slums. Immigration Many immigrants traveling to the U.S. settled in urban areas in the North because rapid industrialization created many job opportunities. New Immigrants Came primarily from southern and eastern Europe (Ex: Italy & Russia) between 1890-1915. Were culturally different from the earlier immigrants. Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) Limited the number of Chinese immigrants entering the U.S. An example of Nativism. Nativists Group of Americans who were angry about Immigrants taking jobs from Americans and working for cheaper wages. Trust Titans Business leaders who controlled large monopolies and trusts. Philanthropy The desire to promote the welfare of others, expressed especially by the donation of money to good causes. Gospel of Wealth Philosophy that wealthy individuals have a responsibility to use their wealth for the greater good of society. Industrial Revolution Period of major industrialization that took place during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Monopolies/trusts Entities that dominate a market and restrict competition. Gentlemen's Agreement Informal agreement between the U.S. and Japan that restricted Japanese immigration. America Expands Between the 1890's and the start of World War I (1914), the U.S. expanded its access to overseas markets and raw materials through the policy of imperialism. Reasons for Imperialism Due to the expansion of American industry during the 1800's, the U.S. needed to obtain raw materials and new markets. Dollar Diplomacy Attempted to increase the U.S. power in Latin America, indicating a U.S. desire to interact with foreign countries in ways that were profitable to U.S. corporations. Economic Nationalism U.S. practices economic nationalism by implementing protective tariffs to help American industry. Protective Tariff A tax on foreign products making them more expensive so people will buy American products instead. Open Door Policy (1899-1900) Issued in order to secure equal trade opportunities in China and guarantee access to its markets. Annexation of Hawaii U.S. annexes (takes over) Hawaii and the Philippines. Spanish American War A conflict in 1898 that resulted in the U.S. obtaining overseas colonies and being recognized as a world power. Yellow Journalism Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst used yellow journalism to generate public support for the Spanish American War. Panama Canal Built as a result of the Spanish American War to allow quicker movement between oceans for trade and military security. Progressive Movement A movement to correct the economic and social abuses of industrial society, supporting consumer protection, women's suffrage, and other reforms. Progressives Believed the government needs to regulate big business to protect consumers and workers, opposing the Laissez-faire attitude. Jane Adams A prominent social reformer and activist during progressive era, who established settlement houses that provided assistance to the poor. W.E.B. Du Bois Formed the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) to end segregation and win equal rights. Booker T. Washington Believed that African Americans should pursue education as the key to improving social status and founded a vocational training institution. Labor Union An organization of employees formed to bargain with the employer for better working conditions, benefits, and pay. Clayton Antitrust Act Made unions legal, allowing them to organize and improve conditions. Collective Bargaining Discussions between labor union leaders and management to agree on a contract for workers. Wagner Act (1935) Legalized collective bargaining. Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire A tragedy where many women workers were killed in a factory fire, drawing national attention to worker safety. Samuel Gompers The person who founded the AFL; Organized workers into unions to strive for better conditions and pay. American Federation of Labor The first long-lasting, successful labor union in the U.S., focusing on the rights of skilled workers. Pure Food & Drug Act (1906) Law that provided federal inspection of meat products and forbade unsafe food products and poisonous medicines. Meat Inspection Act Created sanitary standards established for slaughterhouses and meat processing plants. Muckraker Writers during the progressive era that exposed social ills of inner cities, factory conditions, and political corruption. The Jungle A publication by Upton Sinclair that led Congress to pass the Meat Inspection Act. Upton Sinclair An author known for his muckraking work, particularly The Jungle. Ida M Tarbell A muckraker who focused on issues including the monopoly of Standard Oil. Lincoln Steffens A muckraker who exposed political corruption in cities. Jacob Riis A muckraker known for his work How the Other Half Lives. Booker T Washington An African American educator and leader who advocated for vocational training. WEB Dubois An African American sociologist and civil rights activist who co-founded the NAACP. Nativism A political policy favoring the interests of established inhabitants over those of immigrants. Labor Unions Organizations formed by workers to advocate for better working conditions and wages. Collective bargaining The negotiation process between employers and a group of employees aimed at reaching agreements. Triangle Shirtwaist Fire A tragic industrial disaster that highlighted the need for better workplace safety regulations. AFL The American Federation of Labor, a national federation of labor unions in the United States. Plessy v Fergusun A landmark Supreme Court case that upheld racial segregation under the 'separate but equal' doctrine. Woodrow Wilson The 28th President of the United States who led the nation during World War I. Neutrality A policy of not taking sides in a conflict, adopted by Wilson at the beginning of World War I. Unrestricted submarine warfare A type of naval warfare in which submarines sink vessels without warning. Espionage Act A law enacted in 1917 to prohibit interference with military operations or support for U.S. enemies. Sedition Act A law that made it a crime to criticize the government during World War I. Schenck v. U.S. A Supreme Court case that ruled that freedom of speech could be limited during wartime. Fourteen Points A statement of principles proposed by President Wilson to govern the postwar world. League of Nations An international organization established after World War I to promote peace and cooperation. Isolationism A foreign policy of avoiding involvement in international conflicts, followed by the U.S. in the 1920s and 30s. Treaty of Versailles Congress refuses to sign the Treaty of Versailles because many Senators objected to the U.S. membership in the League of Nations, fearing that it would pull the U.S. into another major war. Washington Naval Conferences Attempts by the U.S. to achieve peace and arms control in the decade after WWI. Kellog-Briand Pact Attempts by the U.S. to achieve peace and arms control in the decade after WWI. Bolshevik Revolution Communist takeover of Russia in 1917 increased nativism leading to the Red Scare (fear of Communism in the U.S. following WWI). Immigration quota acts of 1921 & 1924 Restricted the number of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe due to a recurrence of nativist attitudes following WWI. 19th Amendment Women were granted the right to vote during the Progressive Era (1917). Women's suffrage The national effort to ratify women's suffrage was strengthened by the economic opportunities created by World War I. Major female leaders of the women's rights movement Susan B. Anthony, Carrie Chapman Catt, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Lucretia Mott. Roaring Twenties The 1920's are called the 'Roaring Twenties' because of widespread social and economic change and changing cultural values. Prohibition Law authorized by the 18th Amendment that banned the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages. Sacco and Vanzetti Two immigrant anarchists who were convicted of murder and executed with very little evidence during the height of the Red Scare. Scopes Trial John Scopes was convicted in 1925 for teaching about evolution, illustrating a conflict concerning religious beliefs and scientific theories. Harlem Renaissance African American authors and artists used literature and art to celebrate the richness of their heritage. Flappers Women during the 1920's that rejected traditional feminine roles and refused to conform to society's expectations. Henry Ford Use of the assembly line in the production of automobiles led directly to a decrease in the cost of automobiles. Economic growth during the 1920's Development of many new consumer goods led to rapid economic growth. Automobiles, radio, and motion pictures Standardized American culture and influenced what people considered to be 'American culture'. Red Scare A period of intense fear of Communism in the U.S. following WWI. Cultural conflict in the 1920s Illustrated by the Scopes Trial and the Harlem Renaissance, reflecting tensions between traditional values and modern ideas. Consumer Culture Emergence of a culture where buying is encouraged by advertising and installment payments. Installment Buying Paying for something a little at a time rather than all at once. Stock Speculation Heavy increases in stock investments driven by a belief in never-ending prosperity. Government's Role in the Economy (1920s) Prevailing view that the government should interfere as little as possible. Warren G. Harding President who called for 'a return to normalcy' and advocated for reduced international involvement and less government regulation of business. Calvin Coolidge President who believed the economy functions best if government allows business to operate freely. Overproduction of Farm Crops Demand for American farm goods dropped dramatically during the 1920s due to decreased European need for imports. Dust Bowl Environmental disaster caused by over-farming and severe drought, leading to increased westward migration. Stock Market Crash of 1929 Considered the start of the Great Depression, largely caused by speculators buying stocks on margin. Decline in Farm Prosperity A significant decrease in the economic well-being of farmers during the Great Depression. Overproduction and Underconsumption Situation where U.S. businesses produced more products than the population could buy, leading to low consumer demand. Global Financial Interdependence Evidence that economies worldwide are interconnected; if one falls, they all fall. Herbert Hoover President of the U.S. at the start of the Great Depression, whose policies favored big business. Hoovervilles Nickname for poor communities due to Hoover's refusal to provide direct federal aid to the homeless. Bonus Army WWI veterans who marched on Washington demanding payment for their services. Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) President who won an easy victory over Hoover in 1932, advocating for government intervention in economic problems. Court Packing FDR's proposal to increase the size of the Supreme Court to make it favorable to New Deal laws. Deficit Spending Used by FDR to stimulate economic growth. FDR Reelected to 3rd Term Controversial event in 1940 as it challenged the tradition of presidents stepping down after two terms. FDR's reelection to 3rd term Eventually led to the establishment of presidential term limits. New Deal Most immediate goal was to provide work for the unemployed. Public works jobs Tried to stimulate economic recovery by creating public works jobs. Social welfare programs Were expanded during the New Deal. Government involvement Increased government involvement with both business and labor. Agricultural Adjustment Acts Designed to increase prices of farm products by reducing farm output. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Created in 1933 to improve economic conditions in a poor rural region. Social Security Act 1935 Considered an important program because it extended support to elderly/retired citizens. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) Tried to restore public confidence in banks by safeguarding savings. Bank holiday (1933) Declared to restore confidence in the nation's banks. WPA Intended to help unemployed workers. Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) Intended to help unemployed workers. National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act) Strengthened labor unions by legalizing collective bargaining. Opposition to New Deal The strongest opposition came from business leaders. Laissez-Faire The tradition that government shouldn't interfere with the economy. Critics of the New Deal Claimed the TVA and Social Security System threatened the U.S. economy by applying socialist principles. Impact of New Deal Raised national debt and expanded the power of the Federal Government. Political thinking change Supported the idea that the government should become more involved in the social and economic life of the people. WWII start Started when Germany invaded Poland in 1939. U.S. Neutrality In the 1930's, the primary objective was to avoid involvement in Asian and European conflicts. Neutrality Acts Passed in mid 1930's to avoid mistakes that led to WWI. Lend-Lease Act Efforts to help the Allies without formally declaring war. Bombing of Pearl Harbor Brought the U.S. directly into World War II. Totalitarian aggression The U.S. became involved to fight totalitarian aggression from Germany, Italy, and Japan. D-Day Invasion June 1944- Important to the outcome of WWII because it opened a new Allied front in Europe (Germany had to fight enemies from the East and West instead of just the East). Key challenge faced by the U.S. during WWII Fighting the war on several fronts (Europe and Asia). U.S. and Soviet Union cooperation during WWII Supports the idea that alliances are built upon mutual self-interest (the U.S. and Soviet Union were enemies but formed an alliance because they were both enemies with Germany). 1944 election of FDR Can be attributed to the unwillingness of voters to change leadership during a major crisis. FDR's personal diplomacy during WWII Strengthened the President's role in shaping U.S. foreign policy. Women in wartime industries Women replaced men in essential wartime industries. Economic opportunities for women during WWII Expanded for women. Post-war job situation for women Many working women left their factory jobs because they were forced to give up their jobs to returning war veterans. Migration of African Americans during WWII More African Americans migrated to large cities because industry was expanding. GI Bill (1944) Extended educational and housing opportunities to war veterans. Provided federal funds for veterans to attend college. Rationing during WWII Ordered by the U.S. government to conserve raw materials for the war effort. Funding WWII The U.S. government relied heavily on the sale of war bonds (lends from citizens to help fund the war. Also contributed to the national debt). Economic impact of WWII on the U.S. Accelerated its recovery from the Great Depression. Korematsu v. U.S. The U.S. government considered Japanese Americans a threat to national security during WWII, causing them to place Japanese Americans in confinement in internment camps. Supreme Court ruling on Japanese internment Said that the removal of Japanese Americans from their homes was constitutional because this type of action was necessary during a national emergency. Wartime conditions and civil liberties Supreme Court ruled that wartime conditions justified limitations being placed on civil liberties. Impact of WWII on Japanese Americans Many Japanese lost their homes and businesses. President Harry Truman's decision on atomic bombs Decided to drop atomic bombs on Japan (Hiroshima & Nagasaki). Truman's use of atomic weapons Decided to use atomic weapons against Japan in order to end the war while limiting the loss of American lives. Truman's impact on civil rights Advanced the cause of civil rights for African Americans by ordering the desegregation of the Armed Forces (Black and White troops fight together and are no longer separated). Truman Doctrine Originally designed to contain communism by giving aid to Greece and Turkey (later expanded by Eisenhower). Truman and General MacArthur Relieved General Douglas MacArthur of his command in the Korean conflict because General MacArthur challenged the concept of civilian control over the military. Loyalty checks during Truman's presidency Required loyalty checks due to the fear of communist influence in government. Nuremberg Trials Held to make German leaders accountable for the Holocaust (mass genocide against Jews and other minorities). Established the principle that leaders of a nation may be held accountable (put on trial) for crimes against humanity/ war crimes. United Nations Replaced the League of Nations in order to prevent international disputes from escalating into major wars. Marshall Plan (1948-1952) U.S. provided economic aid in order to help Europe's economic recovery after WWII. U.S. foreign policy after WWII Changed as the U.S. became more involved in world affairs. Eleanor Roosevelt's contribution Helped create the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Post-WWII economic growth In the decade after WWII, rapid growth in personal income contributed to the expansion of the middle class. Appeasement A diplomatic policy aimed at avoiding conflict by making concessions to an aggressor. African Americans in WW2 Refers to the contributions and experiences of African Americans during World War II. Rosie the Riveter A cultural icon representing women who worked in factories and shipyards during World War II; used as a poster in order to recruit women Japanese Internment The forced relocation and incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II. Rationing The controlled distribution of scarce resources, goods, or services during wartime. Pearl Harbor The site of the surprise military attack by the Japanese on December 7, 1941, leading the U.S. to enter WWII. War Bonds Debt securities issued by a government to finance military operations during times of war. Manhattan Project A secret U.S. project during World War II that developed the first nuclear weapons. Desegregation of the Military The process of eliminating racial segregation within the United States Armed Forces. United Nations (UN) An international organization founded in 1945 to promote peace, security, and cooperation among countries. Selective Service The system by which men are registered for military conscription in the United States. Lend Lease A U.S. program during WWII that supplied Allied nations with vast amounts of war material. NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a military alliance formed in 1949 for mutual defense against aggression. Cold War An era of political tension and military rivalry between the U.S. and Soviet Union from 1946 to 1989. Baby Boom A significant increase in the birth rate following WWII, particularly in the 1950s and 1960s. Iron Curtain The boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas of political influence during the Cold War. Sputnik Launch The 1957 launch of the first artificial satellite by the Soviet Union, marking the start of the space race. Containment A U.S. policy aimed at preventing the spread of communism during the Cold War. Berlin Airlift The U.S. operation to supply West Berlin after the Soviet blockade in 1948-1949. McCarthy Era A period of intense anti-communist suspicion in the U.S. during the early 1950s. Senator Joseph McCarthy A U.S. senator known for leading the anti-communist witch hunts during the McCarthy Era. McCarthyism The practice of making accusations of subversion or treason without proper evidence. Korean War A conflict from 1950 to 1953 between Communist North Korea and South Korea, supported by the U.S. and UN. United Nations military force First time the United Nations used military force to oppose aggression. General Douglas MacArthur Relieved of command in the Korean War for threatening civilian control of the military. Presidential wartime powers Expanded during the Korean War. Outcome of the Korean War Korea continued to be a divided nation. Vietnam War Civil war between Communist North Vietnam and U.S.-backed South Vietnam. Domino Theory Idea that if one country falls to communism, others around it will as well. Vietnam War protests Significant protests in the U.S. including Berkeley demonstrations and Kent State protest. 26th Amendment Lowered the voting age to 18 as a result of U.S. participation in the Vietnam War. War Powers Act 1973 Limited the president's ability to send troops into combat abroad. Public opinion on foreign policy Showed that foreign policy can be altered by public opinion. Trust in government Greater public distrust of governmental policies post-Vietnam War. Military technology and victory U.S. experience in the Vietnam War showed that superior military technology does not guarantee victory. Peace Corps Established by President John F. Kennedy to support developing nations. Bay of Pigs Invasion 1961 Kennedy's effort to remove Fidel Castro from power in Cuba, considered his most significant foreign policy failure. Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 Soviet Union placed nuclear weapons in Cuba; Kennedy imposed a naval blockade. Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Negotiated by Kennedy to limit nuclear testing following the Cuban Missile Crisis. New Frontier Kennedy's program that expanded the U.S. space program. Détente Policy to ease tensions between the U.S. and Soviet Union. Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (SALT) Part of the presidential policy of détente aimed at reducing world tensions. Nixon's visit to China 1972 Attempt to reduce tensions between the U.S. and Communist China. Watergate Scandal Break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters leading to Nixon's resignation. Trust in elected officials Undermined as a lasting effect of the Watergate scandal. Executive privilege Weakened as a result of the Watergate scandal. Nixon (1974) Supreme Court case that directly limited the president's power of executive. Civil Rights Movement Movement to end segregation based on race during the 1960's. Civil Disobedience Nonviolent attempts to oppose segregation, such as lunch counter sit-ins and freedom riders. Jackie Robinson Broke color barrier in Major League Baseball. President Truman's Executive Order Desegregated armed forces. NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, focused on higher education, full political participation, and continued support for civil rights. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Required the integration (desegregation) of all public schools in the U.S. and overturned Plessy v. Ferguson ruling. Eisenhower's Federal Troops Sent into Little Rock, Arkansas in 1957 to enforce a Supreme Court decision to desegregate public schools. Martin Luther King Jr. Leader of the civil rights movement during the 1960's, advocated for nonviolent protest. Malcolm X Civil rights leader during 1950's and 60's that advocated black separatism. Rosa Parks Practiced civil disobedience by refusing to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery, Alabama. Civil Rights Act 1964 Passed to correct racial and gender discrimination and ended Jim Crow laws. Voting Rights Act 1965 Removed the literacy test as a voting qualification to eliminate racial barriers within voting. Affirmative Action Programs Main goal is to promote economic gains for minorities and women. Fair Housing Act Government efforts to end discrimination against various groups. Americans with Disabilities Act Government efforts to end discrimination against individuals with disabilities. Chief Justice Earl Warren Followed a policy of judicial activism and expanded individual rights in criminal cases. Supply-Side Economics Lowered tax rates on personal and business income and supported economic changes favoring big business. Trickle Down Economics Believed that economic growth depends on making increased amounts of capital available to business. National Debt in the 1980s Increased greatly due to the Federal Government's reliance on deficit spending. Reagan's Federal Budget Proposals Came under criticism for including very large deficits. Involvement in World Affairs in the 1980s Based on a concern for advancing the nation's self-interest. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Increased commerce and eliminated tariffs. Encouraged countries to participate in the global economy. Reflected the U.S. commitment to globalization. Persian Gulf War A direct result was that the U.S. liberated Kuwait from Iraqi control. Election of 2000 George Bush won even though Al Gore received more popular votes, because of the way the Electoral College votes came out. USA Patriot Act Increased government surveillance of citizens, increased cooperation between law enforcement and intelligence. War on Terror War in Afghanistan against Taliban and Al Qaeda. War in Iraq Saddam Hussein accused of having WMD's and wouldn't allow inspection. Barrack Obama First African-American elected to the Presidency. Obamacare Passed major health insurance reform package. September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks Attacks on World Trade Center and the Pentagon. Rise of the Tea Party Extreme right wing conservatives opposed to most government spending. Supply-side economics Economic theory that advocates reducing taxes and decreasing regulation to stimulate economic growth. George Bush Committed U.S. troops to the Persian Gulf War to assure the flow of Middle East oil to the U.S. and its allies. Bill Clinton Supported NAFTA because it would stimulate economic growth in the U.S. U.S. troops in Haiti and Bosnia Sent during the 1990's to stop conflicts within those nations. Bombing of Kosovo Participated in 1999 because of human rights violations. Economic stimulus package Passed by Barrack Obama to prop up the economy. Withdrawal of American troops Began from Iraq and Afghanistan under Barrack Obama. Mission to find Osama bin Laden Ordered by Barrack Obama that resulted in the killing of Al Qaeda leader.