Results for "separate"

AQA GCSE Chemistry Paper 1

SOC 100 Exam 3 (separate blank answers by comma)

Unit 4 Independent states are theprimary building blocks of the world political map. State~ A geographic area with a permanent population defined borders, sovereign government and is recognized by other states Defined territory with borders Permanent population Government Sovereignty~The Authority of a state to govern itself including domestic and international affairs Recognition from other states Nation~ a group of people with a shared culture, language,history,homeland and self-determination Nation-state~ is when the borders of the nation match the borders of the state- a state with (ideally) only one nation within it. Stateless nations~are nations of people without a state to occupy. multi state nation~ consists of a nation of people that live in more than one state. Multinational state~is a country with various ethnicities and cultures within its borders. Autonomous or semi autonomous~region is a location within a state that is given authority to given authority to govern independently from the national government. Nation-State~ A sovereign state with a relatively homogeneous population that has a shared language, culture and history. Multinational state~ A state that has more than one nation within it borders Multi State Nation~ A nation that spreads across multiple sovereign states Stateless nation~A nation that has history of self-determination but does not have a recognized state Autonomous regions~ A geographic area that is located within a state and has a high degree of autonomy from the state Semi-autonomous regions~ A geographic area that is controlled by another state but only has a moderate degree of self governance Stateless Nation Lack Control over their political boundaries A government with sovereign authority Control over internal and external affairs Recognition from other states Colonialism~ The practice of acquiring territories and settling there to exert political, economic and social control over the area Imperialism~ The idea of growing a state or empire by exerting force over other nations to gain economic and political power without establishing settlements Decolonization~ The process by which a colony becomes independent of the colonizing country Devolution ~ The transfer of power from a national government to regional governments Territoriality~How people use space to communicate ownership territory that connects to their culture,economic system or political interests Political Power~ defined as control over people, land and resources. Neocolonialism~The use of political, cultural or economic power to influence or control other countries Shatterbelts~ Areas where countries or people are subjected to political,cultural and economic pressure from, external power that are in conflict with each other Demilitarized Zone~ An area between two states which cannot be occupied or used for military purposes Choke points ~A strategic narrow route providing passage through or to another region Defining Boundaries Defined~ A boundary is agreed upon fixed and set Demarcated~ The process of marking a boundary Antecedent~ Borders that are established before there has been major settlement by people in a territory. Subsequent boundary- Borders that develop along with the development of the cultural landscape Consequent: Type of subsequent boundary- A boundary that was established to settle conflict between opposing cultural ethnic or political groups Geometric Boundary- Borders that follows lines of latitude and longitude Superimposed Boundary~ a boundary that was created by a foreign state or group Relic- Border that no longer exists, but has left some imprint on the local cultural or environmental geography. Frontier ~ A geographic area where no state has direct power or control over ____________________________________________________________________________ Boundaries~are defined, delimited, demarcated and administered. On land and in the water. An expression of political power and territoriality. Used to establish sovereignty. Subject to change and conflict. Sometimes correspond with cultural or economic divisions. International Boundaries~ Boundaries that separate one sovereign state from another and are established through treaties and agreements between neighboring states Definitional Boundary Dispute ~ A boundary dispute that takes place over the interpretations of the original documents that defined the boundary Locational Boundary Dispute~ A boundary dispute over the location of the boundary and the ownership of the land Operational boundary Dispute~ A boundary dispute on how to manage the boundary and handle Diferent issues/ situations that occur on the boundary Voting Districts ~ A geographical area organized together for the purpose of administering elections Redistricting~ The process for redrawing districts after the census has occurred Gerrymandering~ The process of redistricting a voting district to favor one political party over another (IMPACTS OF GERRYMANDERING) Representatives do not reflect the beliefs of the people Decreasing the competition in political races Weakens the democratic process Creates safe districts Cracking~The process of spreading like minded voters out across multiple districts packing ~ The process of stacking like minded voters into just a few districts to reduce the impact of their vote in other districts Unitary State~ Power is located in the central or national government Federal State~ power is shared between the central/National government and regional governments Devolution ~ The transfer of power from a national government to regional governments Devolutionary Factors Physical geography of a state Divisions between different cultural groups Political instability Economic and social divisions Governments abusing their power Irredentism Self-determination~ The right or desire for a nation or group of people to govern themselves Ethnic Separatism~ when a person or group starts to identify more as their own ethnic group than as a citizen of the state Ethnic cleansing~ When a government organization or group of people attack an ethnic group in a state with the goal of pushing the group of people out of the state Irredentism~ A movement by a nation to unite other parts of its nation that are located in another state Disintegrate~ When a state breaks up into smaller parts Democratization~ A process through which a political regime becomes more democratic Supranational Organization~ An alliance which consists of multiple countries traditionally three or more that work together to achieve a common goal or address specific issues/ challenges that impact the states. Supranational Organization Member countries agree to abide by the rules and regulation set by the organization Member countries surrendered some of their autonomy and sovereignty ____________________________________________________________________________ Centripetal forces~ Aspects of a society that unite people and bring them together Centrifugal Forces~Aspects of a society that divide a group of people and push them apart Failed State~ A state that no longer has a functioning government Ethnic Nationalist Movement~ When a cultural group wants to separate or wants to control themselves based on a specific ethnicity or nationality Maritime Boundaries Why do they matter? Trade & shipping routes Fishing rights Oil reserves Defense Landlocked countries are at significant disadvantage! Highly disputed, just like land boundaries

AQA GCSE Biology Paper 1

ST234 Weeks 9 and 10 Notes (Paradoxes separate)

How are chemicals separated and tested for purity?

To separate a mixture of indicators/colours using paper chromatography

Vocabulary from A Separate Peace

chemistry - separate chemistry 2: polymers (9.17 - 9.25)

chemistry - separate chemistry 2: hydrocarbons (9.10 - 9.16)

chemistry - separate chemistry 2: qualitative analysis: test for ions (9.1 - 9.9)

Brain + separated organs

ZOO331 - Separated Bones for Final Practical

Separate Chemistry II - GCSE Edexcel

Separate Components of Ink using Paper Chromatography

Biology Paper 1 (separate higher)

OCR Gateway Chemistry (separate, higher)

System Interactions in Animals Tools Finish System Interactions in Animals The human body is made of many different organ systems. Each system performs unique functions for the body, but the systems also interact with each other to perform more complex functions. Major Organ Systems Body Systems In humans, cells, tissues, and organs group together to form organ systems. These systems each perform different functions for the human body. The major organ systems and their functions in humans include: The Nervous System — The nervous systems consists of two parts. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system consists of nerves that connect the central nervous system to other parts of the body. The brain plays an important role in interpreting the information picked up by the sensory system. It helps in producing a precise response to the stimuli. It also controls bodily functions such as movements, thoughts, speech, and memory. The brain also controls many processes related to homeostasis in the body. The spinal cord connects to the brain through the brainstem. From the brainstem, the spinal cord extends to all the major nerves in the body. The spinal cord is the origin of spinal nerves that branch out to various body parts. These nerves help in receiving and transmitting signals from various body parts. The spinal cord helps in reflex actions of the body The smallest unit of the nervous system is the nerve cell, or neuron. Neurons communicate with each other and with other cells by producing and releasing electrochemical signals known as nerve impulses. Neurons consist of the cell body, the dendrites, and the axon. The cell body consists of a nucleus and cytoplasm. Dendrites are specialized branch-like structures that help in conducting impulses to and from the various body parts. Axons are long, slender extensions of the neuron. Each neuron possesses just a single axon. Its function is to carry the impulses away from the cell body to other neurons. The Circulatory System — The circulatory (or cardiovascular) system is composed of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries. The circulatory system is responsible for transporting blood to and from the lungs so that gas exchange can take place. As the circulatory system pumps blood throughout the body, dissolved nutrients and wastes are also delivered to their destinations. The heart is a muscular organ roughly the size of an adult human's closed fist. It is present behind the breastbone, slightly to the left. It consists of four chambers: right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, and left ventricle. The heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps this blood to the lugs, where it is oxygenated. The oxygen-rich blood reenters the heart and is then pumped back through the body. The circulatory system is responsible for transporting blood to and from the lungs so that gas exchange can take place. As the circulatory system pumps blood throughout the body, dissolved nutrients and wastes are also delivered to their destinations. Blood circulation takes place through blood vessels. Blood vessels are tubular structures that form a network within the body and transport blood to each tissue. There are three major types of blood vessels: veins, arteries, and capillaries. Veins carry deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart, except for pulmonary veins, which carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. Arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart to different organs, except for the pulmonary artery, which carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. The arteries branch out to form capillaries. These capillaries are thin-walled vessels through which nutrients and wastes are exchanged with cells. The Respiratory System — The main structures of the respiratory system are the trachea (windpipe), the lungs, and the diaphragm. When the diaphragm contracts, it creates a vacuum in the lungs that causes them to fill with air. During this inhalation, oxygen diffuses into the circulatory system while carbon dioxide diffuses out into the air that will be exhaled. The trachea branches out into two primary bronchi. Each bronchus is further divided into numerous secondary bronchi. These secondary bronchi further branch into tertiary bronchi. Finally, each tertiary bronchus branches into numerous bronchioles. Each bronchiole terminates into a tiny, sac-like structure known as an alveolus. The walls of each alveolus are thin and contain numerous blood capillaries. The process of gaseous exchange occurs in these alveoli. The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle situated at the lower end of the rib cage. It separates the abdominal cavity from the chest cavity. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts, and the chest cavity enlarges, creating a vacuum that allows air to be drawn in. This causes the alveoli in the lungs to expand with air. During this process, oxygen diffuses into the circulatory system while carbon dioxide diffuses out into the air that will be exhaled. On the other hand, expansion of the diaphragm causes exhalation of air containing carbon dioxide. The Digestive System — The digestive system consists of the mouth, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. It is responsible for taking in food, digesting it to extract energy and nutrients that cells can use to function, and expelling the remaining waste material. Mechanical and chemical digestion takes place in the mouth and stomach, while absorption of nutrients and water takes place in the intestines. The digestive system begins at the mouth, where food is taken in, and ends at the anus, where waste is expelled. The food taken into the mouth breaks into pieces by the grinding action of the teeth. Carbohydrate digestion starts in the mouth with the breakdown of carbohydrates into simple sugars with the help of salivary enzymes. The chewed food, known as a bolus, enters the stomach through the esophagus. The bolus mixes with acids and enzymes released by the stomach. Protein digestion starts in the stomach as proteins are broken down into peptides. This partially digested food is known as chyme. Chyme enters the small intestine and mixes with bile, a substance secreted by the liver, along with enzymes secreted by the pancreas. The digestion of fats starts in the small intestine as bile and pancreatic enzymes break down fats into fatty acids. The surface of the small intestine consists of hair-like projections known as villi. These villi help in absorbing nutrients from the digested food. The digested food enters the large intestine, or colon, where water and salts are reabsorbed. Any undigested food is expelled out of the body as waste. The Skeletal System — The skeletal system is made up of over 200 bones. It protects the body's internal organs, provides support for the body and gives it shape, and works with the muscular system to move the body. In addition, bones can store calcium and produce red and white blood cells. The Muscular System — The muscular system includes more than 650 tough, elastic pieces of tissue. The primary function of any muscle tissue is movement. This includes the movement of blood through the arteries, the movement of food through the digestive tract, and the movement of arms and legs through space. Skeletal muscles relax and contract to move the bones of the skeletal system. The Excretory System — The excretory system removes excess water, dangerous substances, and wastes from the body. The excretory system also plays an important role in maintaining body equilibrium, or homeostasis. The human excretory system includes the lungs, sweat glands in the skin, and the urinary system (such as the kidneys and the bladder). The body uses oxygen for metabolic processes. Oxygen metabolism results in the production of carbon dioxide, which is a waste matter. The lungs expel carbon dioxide through the mouth and nose. The liver converts toxic metabolic wastes, such as ammonia, into less harmful susbtances. Ammonia is converted to urea, which is then excreted in the urine. The skin also expels urea and small amounts of ammonia through sweat. The skin is embedded with sweat glands. These glands secrete sweat, a solution of water, salt, and wastes. The sweat rises to the skin's surface, where it evaporates. The skin maintains homeostasis by producing sweat in hot environments. Sweat production cools and prevents excessive heating of the body. Each kidney contains about a million tiny structures called nephrons, which filter the blood and collect waste products, such as urea, salts, and excess water that go on to become urine. The Endocrine System — The endocrine system is involved with the control of body processes such as fluid balance, growth, and sexual development. The endocrine system controls these processes through hormones, which are produced by endocrine glands. Some endocrine glands include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, thymus gland, ovaries in females, and testes in males. The Immune System — The immune system is a network of cells, tissues, and organs that defends the body against foreign invaders. The immune system uses antibodies and specialized cells, such as T-cells, to defend the body from microorganisms that cause disease. The Reproductive System — The reproductive system includes structures, such as the uterus and fallopian tubes in females and the penis and testes in males, that allow humans to produce new offspring. The reproductive system also controls certain hormones in the human body that regulate the development of sexual characteristics and determine when the body is able to reproduce. The Integumentary System — The integumentary system is made up of a person's skin, hair, and nails. The skin acts as a barrier to the outside world by keeping moisture in the body and foreign substances out of the body. Nerves in the skin act as an interface with the outside world, helping to regulate important aspects of homeostasis, such as body temperature. Interacting Organ Systems The organ systems work together to perform complex bodily functions. The functions of regulation, nutrient absorption, defense, and reproduction are only possible because of the interaction of multiple body systems. Regulation All living organisms must maintain homeostasis, a stable internal environment. Organisms maintain homeostasis by monitoring internal conditions and making adjustments to the body systems as necessary. For example, as body temperature increases, skin receptors and receptors in a region of the brain called the hypothalamus sense the change. The change triggers the nervous system to send signals to the integumentary and circulatory systems. These signals cause the skin to sweat and blood vessels close to the surface of the skin to dilate, actions which dispel heat to decrease body temperature. Both the nervous system and the endocrine system are typically involved in the maintenance of homeostasis. The nervous system receives and processes stimuli, and then it sends signals to body structures to coordinate a response. The endocrine system helps regulate the response through the release of hormones, which travel through the circulatory system to their site of action. For example, the endocrine system regulates the level of sugar in the blood by the release of the hormones insulin, which stimulates uptake of glucose by cells, and glucagon, which stimulates the release of glucose by the liver. The nervous and endocrine systems interact with the excretory system in the process of osmoregulation, the homeostatic regulation of water and fluid balance in the body. The excretory system expels excess water, salts, and waste products. The excretion of excessive amounts of water can be harmful to the body because it reduces blood pressure. If the nervous system detects a decrease in blood pressure, it stimulates the endocrine system to release antidiuretic hormone. This hormone decreases the amount of water released by the kidneys to ensure appropriate blood pressure. Appropriate levels of carbon dioxide in the blood are also maintained by homeostatic mechanisms that involve several organ systems. Excess carbon dioxide, a byproduct of cellular respiration, can be harmful to an organism. As blood circulates throughout the body, it picks up carbon dioxide waste from cells and transports it to the lungs, where it is exhaled while fresh oxygen is inhaled. If the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood increases above a certain threshold, the nervous system directs the lungs to increase their respiration rate to remove the excess carbon dioxide, which ensures that the levels of carbon dioxide in the blood are maintained at appropriate levels. In this way, the circulatory, respiratory, and nervous systems work together to limit the level of carbon dioxide in the blood. Nutrient Absorption To absorb nutrients from food, the nervous, digestive, muscular, excretory, and circulatory systems all interact. The nervous system controls the intake of food and regulates the muscular action of chewing, which mechanically breaks down food. As food travels through the stomach and intestines, the digestive system structures release enzymes to stimulate its chemical breakdown. At the same time, the muscular action, called peristalsis, of the muscles in the wall of the stomach help churn the food and push it through the digestive tract. In the intestines, nutrients from food travel across the surfaces of the villi. The nutrients are then picked up by the blood, and the circulatory system transports the nutrients throughout the cells of the body. The endocrine system releases hormones, such as insulin, that control the rate at which certain body cells use nutrients. Any excess minerals, such as calcium, in the blood are deposited in and stored by the skeletal system. Waste products produced by the use of nutrients, as well as the leftover solid waste from the digestion of food, exit the body through the excretory system. Throughout the process of nutrient absorption, the nervous system controls the muscles involved in digestion, circulation, and excretion. Defense Several body systems interact to defend the body from external threats. The body's first line of defense is the integumentary system, which provide a physical barrier that prevents pathogens from entering the body. The skin of the integumentary system also contains receptors for pain, temperature, and pressure. If an unpleasant stimulus is encountered, these receptors send signals to the central nervous system. In response, the central nervous system sends commands to the muscles to move the body part away from the stimulus. In this way, the integumentary, nervous, and muscular systems interact to prevent damage to the body. In the event of a break in the skin, the nervous, immune, lymphatic, and circulatory systems work together to repair the wound and protect the body from pathogens. When the skin is broken, specialized blood cells called platelets form a clot to stop the bleeding. These platelets also release chemicals that travel through the circulatory system and recruit cells, like immune system cells, to repair the wound. These immune cells, or white blood cells, are transported by the circulatory and lymphatic systems to the site of the wound, where they identify and destroy potentially pathogenic cells to prevent an infection. Some lymphocytes, white blood cells produced by the lymphatic system, also produce antibodies to neutralize specific pathogens. All of the white blood cells involved in the body's response were originally produced in the bone marrow of the skeletal system. If an infection does occur

AQA biology separate science higher tier paper 1

Ego, Polyphemus Cap I + II Vocab (1st PP separate)