Results for "peptide bond"

HOMEOSTASIS Maintaining a stable internal environment respond to stimuli Reacting to changes in the environment reproduce and develop Creating new organisms and growing adapt and evolve Changing over time to better suit the environment INDUCTIVE REASONING Making generalizations based on specific observations DEDUCTIVE REASONING Making specific predictions based on general principles Matter Anything that has mass and takes up space elements Substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances protons Positively charged particles in the nucleus neutrons Neutral particles in the nucleus electrons Negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus Atomic Number Number of protons in an atom Isotopes Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons Octet Rule Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a full outer shell of 8 electrons molecule Two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds compound A substance consisting of two or more different elements IONIC BONDS Bonds formed by the transfer of electrons COVALENT BONDS Bonds formed by the sharing of electrons reactants Starting materials in a chemical reaction products Ending materials in a chemical reaction WATER solvent Dissolves many substances WATER cohesion & adhesion Water molecules stick to each other and other surfaces WATER high surface tension Water's surface resists being broken WATER high heat capacity Water can absorb a lot of heat without changing temperature WATER heat of vaporization Water requires a lot of energy to evaporate WATER varying density Ice is less dense than liquid water acidic solutions Solutions with a pH below 7 basic solutions Solutions with a pH above 7 pH scale Measures the acidity or basicity of a solution buffers Substances that resist changes in pH Organic Molecules Molecules containing carbon carbon The backbone of organic molecules functional groups Chemical groups attached to carbon that give molecules specific properties Macromolecules Large molecules made up of smaller subunits monomers The individual subunits of a polymer polymers Long chains of monomers Dehydration Synthesis Reaction Joins monomers by removing water Hydrolysis Reaction Breaks polymers by adding water Role of Enzymes Speed up chemical reactions Carbohydrates monosaccharides glucose Simple sugars Carbohydrates disaccharides glycosidic bonds Two monosaccharides joined together Carbohydrates polysaccharides starch glycogen cellulose Many monosaccharides joined together LIPIDS Glycerol & Fatty Acids saturated Fatty acids with no double bonds LIPIDS Glycerol & Fatty Acids unsaturated Fatty acids with double bonds PROTEINS Enzymes Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions PROTEINS amino acids peptide bonds The monomers of proteins, joined together PROTEINS protein structure primary The sequence of amino acids PROTEINS protein structure secondary Local folding patterns (e.g., alpha-helices and beta-sheets) PROTEINS protein structure tertiary The overall 3D shape of a single polypeptide PROTEINS protein structure quaternary The arrangement of multiple polypeptides in a protein conformation The 3D shape of a protein denaturation The unfolding of a protein DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid, the genetic material RNA Ribonucleic acid, involved in protein synthesis ATP Adenosine triphosphate, the energy currency of the cell

Proteinogenic amino acids: classification, examples, peptide bond.

CH 3: C. Peptide Bonds, D. Structure, Folding

CHEM 53.10 - Amino Acids 01 & Peptide Bond (Different quizlet deck for the 20 amino acids)

Peptide bonds

biochem ch4 amino acids and peptide bonds

peptide bond and proteins

BIOL 1140 Chapters 15-16 Review Worksheet KEY Define transcription Transcription is the process of creating RNA from DNA. Describe how only one strand of DNA is used as the template in transcription. Only one of the strands (3’-5’ strand) serves as a template; the other strand is unused. Identify the three steps of transcription and briefly what is happening in each step. Initiation - in this step, the enzyme *RNA polymerase attaches to a region of the gene called a promoter, and transcription starts Elongation – In elongation, the enzyme RNA polymerase zips along the DNA strand adding complementary nucleotides to the DN template. The newly made RNA is fed out the back of the enzyme, and the two DNA strands re-anneal (re-zip). Remember that adenine, guanine, and cytosine are used in making RNA, but uracil is used in place of thymine. Termination - in this step, RNA polymerase reaches a sequence of nucleotides on the DNA template called a terminator. RNA polymerase then detaches from the newly synthesized RNA and the DNA. *before RNA polymerase binds, a series of proteins called transcription factors first bind to the promoter. Once they bind, they “recruit” RNA polymerase to the promoter. The binding of RNA polymerase starts the transcription process Which of the following statements regarding transcription is not true? A. The three stages of transcription are initiation, elongation and termination B. The key enzyme responsible for transcription is RNA polymerase C. Transcription is the conversion of information from DNA nucleotides into RNA nucleotides D. Transcription in eukaryotes is regulated (in part) by the binding of transcription factors to the promoter E. All are true statements What is the name of the enzyme used in transcription? Where does this enzyme bind? RNA polymerase…it binds to the gene’s promoter (though it doesn’t bind directly to the DNA strand) Indicate if the following statements about codons, amino acids and the genetic code are true or false: ____True______ A codon is a three nucleotide sequence that codes for a specific amino acid ____ True ______ In the genetic code, a codon will code for only one amino acid; that is there is specificity on the genetic code. ____False______ Some codons consist of only two nucleotides. 🡪 all are three nucleotides _____False_____ Some amino acids are not specified by any codons. 🡪 all amino acids have their own set of codons ____ True ______ Some codons (“stop codons”) do not code for any amino acid. ____ True ______ More than one codon can code for the same amino acid; that is, there is redundancy in the genetic code. Define translation. Translation is the process of creating proteins from RNA. Match the key players in translation with their function Answers B_____ tRNA A) The kind of RNA that makes up a ribosome. D______ mRNA B) Acts as the ‘interpreter’ in translation, by bringing in amino acids. C_______ DNA C) The genetic information in a cell. A_______ rRNA D) The kind of RNA that codes for amino acids. E_______ Ribosome E) Where translation takes place. Identify the three steps of translation and briefly describe what is happening in each step. Initiation – First an mRNA molecule binds to the small ribosomal subunit. A special initiator tRNA binds to a specific codon called the start codon (AUG = methionine). The initiator tRNA which carries the amino acid methionine, binds its anticodon (UAC) to the start codon . Second, a large ribosomal subunit binds to the small one, creating a function ribosome. The initiator tRNA binds to one of two tRNA binding sites on the ribosome. Elongation - In elongation amino acids are added one-by-one to the first amino acid. Each addition occurs in a three-step process: 1st: the anticodon of an incoming tRNA molecule, carrying its amino acid, pairs with the mRNA codon. 2nd: the incoming amino acid attaches by peptide bond to the amino acid already present – the formation of the bond is catalyzed by the ribosome. 3rd : The tRNA already present moves over to the next site (the codon and anticodon remain hydrogen bonded and the mRNA and tRNA move over as a unit), allowing another tRNA to move in. The second amino acid is then added to the growing polypeptide chain. The process is repeated - the first tRNA leaves the ribosome, the second tRNA moves over, allowing room for the next to move in…the process is repeated over and over again Termination - Elongation continues until a stop codon reaches the ribosome (recall that a stop codon does not code for any amino acid). The completed polypeptide is freed from the tRNA and the ribosome splits back into two separate subunits. Which of the following statements regarding translation is not true? A. Translation is the conversion of information from nucleic acids to proteins B. Translation takes place in the nucleus C. During translation, amino acids are linked to one another by peptide bonds D. Polypeptides made during translation must still be modified to become fully-functioning mature proteins E. All are true statements

CHEM 53.10 - Amino Acids 01 & Peptide Bond (Different quizlet deck for the 20 amino acids)

Amino acids and peptide bonds

Peptide Bond, Proteins, & DNA/RNA

pH, CHARGE OF AA AND PEPTIDE BONDS

Peptide Bond, Change on a Peptide

Amino Acids and peptide bonds

1.11 Proteins are formed by connecting amino acids by peptide bonds

Bonds: Ionic, Hydrogen, Covalent Bonding, Hydrophobic Interactions Which Type Of Molecules Use Which Bonds For Structure, Function Or Interaction. Peptide Bonds Glyosidic Bonds Phosphodiester Bonds

Zwitterions, Carboxyl Group Reactions and Peptide Bond Formation

Primary structure, peptide bonds and secondary structure of proteins

peptide bonds

peptide bonds and secondary structure