Peptide Bond, Proteins, & DNA/RNA

peptide bond

bond between carboxyl & amino group

denature

protein’s hydrogen bonds breaking, making it lose its functionality

what are the 4 levels of protein organization?

primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure

basic structure

N-C-C-N-C-C-N-C-C

primary (I) structure

amino acid sequence to make the protein

secondary (II) structure

local folding of the polypeptide chain into helices or sheets (alpha helix or pleated sheath)

tertiary (III) structure

3-D shape caused by H-bonding

quaternary (IV) structure

multiple polypeptides chains fitting together

what are the functions of proteins?

antibodies, hormones, enzymes (catalyzing chemical reactions)

what are the functions of nucleic acids?

stores genetic code, nucleotides (building blocks)

what are examples of nucleic acids?

DNA & RNA

what is both DNA & RNA

pentose (5 sugar), phosphate group, nitrogen containing base

Which is DNA and which is RNA

DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid and RNA is ribonucleic acid

how are the DNA chains?

double-stranded, antiparallel: chains run in opposite directions; (2) chains are held together with H-bonding between nitrogen-containing bases

what are the 2 kinds of bases?

purine and pyrimidine

what are the pyrimidine bases for DNA?

cytosine (C) & thymine (T)

what are the purine bases for DNA & RNA?

adenine (A) & guanine (G)

what are the pyrimidine bases for RNA?

cytosine (C) & uracil (U)

what replaces thymine (T) in RNA?

uracil (U)

what is the complementary base pairing for DNA?

A → T
C → G

what is the complementary base pairing for RNA?

A → U
C → G

who discovered the structure of DNA?

James Watson & Francis Crick

is the C-G bond or A-T bond in DNA stronger, and why?

C-G bond is stronger b/c there’s an extra hydrogen bond (3)