Amino Acids and peptide bonds

if pH<pKa, then what predominates?

protonated
HA
weak acid

if pH>pKa, then what predominates?

deprotonated
A-
Conjugate base

if pH=pKa, then...

HA=A-

true or false
lower pKa means stronger acid

true

what do peptide bonds form through?

condensation reactions (aka dehydration)

what does n-terminus of one amino acid react with?

the c-terminus of another amino acid

condensation/dehydration reaction

bond formation releases water

hydrolysis reaction

bond lysis consumes water

are covalent bonds within or between biological polymers?

within

are non-covalent interactions within or between biological polymers?

between

what is the stability of peptide bonds?

peptide bonds are thermodynamically unstable, but kinetically stable

what must non-spontaneous (delta G>0) reactions in cells be coupled with?

must be coupled to spontaneous reaction like hydrolysis of ATP

true or false
proteins are polymers

true

are peptide bonds planar?

yes

why do peptide bonds have partial double bond character?

resonance

what does partial double bond character mean?

it means that there is no free rotation around the double bond

why are most peptide bonds in the trans configuration?

to minimize steric clashes between neighboring R groups

what forms hydrogen bonds?

the peptide backbone