all apush terms (unit 1-unit 6)

Alfred T. Mahan

us navy captain who encouraged the us to look outward for military bases, raw materials, markets

horzontal integration

the merging of companies that make similar products into a conglomerate

Populism

support for the concerns of ordinary people

Free Silver

Political issue involving the unlimited coinage of silver, supported by farmers and William Jennings Bryan

Sierra Club

American environmental organization. 1892 Helped promote the protection of the environment and nature. Founded by John Muir

Jane Addams

the founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes, encouraged women to inspect the neighborhood and bring back a list of danger to health and safety

Granger Laws

A set of laws designed to address railroad discrimination against small farmers, covering issues like freight rates and railroad rebates.

Morrill Land Grant Act

Set aside land and provided money for agricultural colleges (1862)

Homestead Act

1862 law that gave 160 acres of land to citizens willing to live on and cultivate it for five years

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 law that barred Chinese laborers from entering the United States

Interstate Commerce Act

1887 law passed to regulate railroad and other interstate businesses, prevented unfair pay and collision

Vertical Integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

Plessy v. Ferguson

"separate but equal" doctrine supreme court upheld the constitutionally of jim crow laws

Nativism

A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

Transcontinental Railroad

Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US,, led to the discovery of gold, silver, copper, etc.

Dawes Act

An act that removed Indian land from tribal possesion, redivided it, and distributed it among individual Indian families. Designed to break tribal mentalities and promote individualism.

Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.

John D. Rockefeller

Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history

Ida Wells-Barnett

an African American journalist and newspaper editor. An early leader in the civil rights movement, she documented the extent of lynching in the United States. She was also active in the women's rights movement and the women's suffrage movement. helped found the NAACP

Social Gospel

goal of renewing religious faith through dedication to justice and social welfare, salvation army

Gospel of Wealth

called on those who accumulated wealth to share their riches for the betterment of society

Booker T. Washington

Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society. wanted to focus on industrial education, Atlantic compromise

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

Jacob Riis

A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890.

intitiative processes

progressive supported process allowed any citizen to propose a law

19th Amendment (1920)

Gave women the right to vote

Fredrick Jackson Turner

author of the 1893 The Significance of the Frontier in American History (America needed a frontier)

Emilio Aguinaldo

Filipino who was lead both the Phillipine revolution against Spain and then the United States, his capturing resulted in the end of the war with america

recall

A procedure for submitting to popular vote the removal of officials from office before the end of their term.

Referendum

A state-level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation or a proposed constitutional amendment.

16th Amendment

Allows the federal government to collect income tax

17th Amendment

Established the direct election of senators (instead of being chosen by state legislatures), 1913

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

Sherman Antitrust Act

an 1890 law that banned the formation of trusts and monopolies in the United States, government interference with economics

Clayton Antitrust Act

amended the Sherman antitrust act, gave power to the justice department to pursue antitrust cases, made not allowing unions in factories and not allowing strikes illegal

Hepburn Act

1906 law that gave the government the authority to set railroad rates and maximum prices for ferries, bridge tolls, oil pipelines, and railroads to place on shipping goods.

Keating-Owen Act

protect against child labor by prohibiting the interstate shipping of goods in which someone under 14 worked to make

Australian ballot

A government printed ballot of uniform size and shape to be cast in secret that was adopted by many states around 1890 in order to reduce the voting fraud associated with party printed ballots cast in public.

Henry Bassemer

invented a cheap way to convert iron into steel which is stronger

Eugene V. Debs

Head of the American Railway Union and director of the Pullman strike; he was imprisoned for ignoring a federal court injunction to stop striking. Socialist leader in America.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

A railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical.

Theodore Roosevelt

26th president Hepburn Act,. Increased size of Navy, "Great White Fleet". Added Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine.

Nathaniel Bacon

a planter who led a rebellion with one thousand other Virginians in 1676; the rebels were mostly frontiersmen forced toward the backcountry in search of fertile land

Roger Williams

A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south

House of Burgesses, 1619

The first elected lawmaking body in North America, established by the Virginia Company to allow representative government in Virginia.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.

Annapolis Convention

A convention held in September 1786 to consider problems of trade and navigation, attended by five states and important because it issued the call to Congress and the states for what became the Constitutional Convention

Albany Plan of Union

Ben Franklin's plan to unite the colonies under one government to defeat France.

Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans

Battle of Saratoga

American victory over British troops in 1777 that was a turning point in the American Revolution.

Consitutional Convention

held in Philadelphia; purpose was to change the articles of confederation; Washington was chairman

Intolerable Acts

A series of laws set up by Parliament to punish Massachusetts for its protests against the British and boston tea party

Battle of Yorktown (October 1781)

Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781.

Pueblo Revolt

Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt

Articles of Confederation

A weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War.

Thomas Hooker

A Puritan minister who led about 100 settlers out of Massachusetts Bay to Connecticut because he believed that the governor and other officials had too much power. He wanted to set up a colony in Connecticut with strict limits on government.

Writs of Assistance

search warrants used to enter homes or businesses to search for smuggled goods, part of the townshed acts

proclamation of 1793

George Washington issued a proclamation of neutrality in the wake of war breaking out between France and a group of European allies that included Great Britain.

Land Ordinance of 1785

A major success of the Articles of Confederation. Provided for the orderly surveying and distribution of land belonging to the U.S.

Stamp Act

an act passed by the British parliment in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents

Jonathan Edwards

Preacher during the First Great Awakening; "Sinners in the hands of angry god"

Stono Rebellion (1739)

South Carolina slave revolt that prompted the colonies to pass stricter laws regulating the movement of slaves and the capture of runaways.

Federalist Papers

A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail.

Judith Sargent Murray

Argued for equal educational opportunities for women, A writer and early feminist thinker prominent in the years following the American Revolution.

Battle of Bunker Hill (1775)

First major battle of the American Revolution; ended in colonial defeat.
*Historical Significance:*
The British suffered heavy casualties, including a notably large number of officers.

Indentured Servants

Immigrants who received passage to America in exchange for a fixed term of labor (usually 7 years) with no pay

George Grenville

Became prime minister of Britain in 1763 he persuaded the Parliament to pass a law allowing smugglers to be sent to vice-admiralty courts which were run by British officers and had no jury. He did this to end smuggling.

Shay's Rebellion (1786)

Armed uprising of western Massachusetts debtors seeking lower taxes and an end to property foreclosures. Though quickly put down, the insurrection inspired fears of "mob rule" among leading Revolutionaries.

Tea Act of 1773

Law passed by parliament allowing the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies - undermining colonial tea merchants; led to the Boston Tea Party

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

outlined the process for admitting a new state to the Union, and guaranteed that newly created states would be equal to the original thirteen states.

Mercantilism

the economic idea that a country's wealth is measured by the amount of gold it owns. The goal is to export more goods than you import, so that you bring more money into the country than you send out to other nations

Roger B. Taney

As chief justice, he wrote the important decision in the Dred Scott case, upholding police power of states and asserting the principle of social responsibility of private property. He was Southern and upheld the fugitive slave laws.

Barbary Pirates

North Africans who attacked American ships and tried to ransom American sailors

Cotton Gin

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793

Embargo Act

(1807) a law that prohibited American merchants from trading with other countries

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

Louisiana Purchase

1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US.

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review ; "midnight judges;" John Marshall; power of the Supreme Court.

Market Revolution

the major change in the US economy produced by people's beginning to buy and sell goods rather than make them for themselves

2nd Great Awakening

Series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on methodism and baptism, stressed philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for protestants. Attracted women, African Americans,and Native Americans

Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)

Battle between Americans and Native Americans. Tecumseh and the Prophet attempted to oppress white settlement in the West, but defeated by William Henry Harrison. Led to talk of Canadian invasion and served as a cause to the War of 1812.

Deism

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.

John Marshall

American jurist and politician who served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review.

Lewis and Clark

Two explorers sent by Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Purchase and gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. to explore the Louisiana Purchase

McCulloch v. Maryland

Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law

Battle of New Orleans, 1815

Last major battle of the War of 1812; fought on January 8, 1815 between British troops led by General Edward Pakenham and American forces led by General Andrew Jackson making him a national hero and propelling him later to the presidency

Hartford Convention

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence

Henry Clay

United States politician responsible for the Missouri Compromise between free and slave states

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

Ended the War of 1812. Did not address grievances that led to the war (stalemate for both sides).

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Affirmed federal control of interstate commerce under commerce clause of the Constitution.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

Written by John Q. Adams, this doctrine stated that Europeans could not intervene in the Western Hemisphere in exchange, the U.S. would not interfere with existing European colonies and wars. If Europe intervened, the U.S. would interpret this as dangerous to U.S. national security and take appropriate action.

Wildcat/Pet Banks

the banking industry in parts of the United States from 1837 to 1865, when banks were established in remote and inaccessible locations. During this period, banks were chartered by state law without any federal oversight ; pro-Jackson

Tariff of Abominations

1828 - Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights.

John C. Calhoun

South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification

Spoils System

the practice of a successful political party giving public office to its supporters.

Nullifcation Crisis

The South Carolina legislature declared the 1832 tariff null and void in the state and threatened secession if the federal government tried to collect duties.

Indian Removal Act

(1830) a congressional act in 1830 that authorized and forced many Native American nations to move west of the Mississippi River

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

Supreme Court ruled that only the federal government, not the states, could make laws governing the Cherokees. Though the Cherokees won the case Jackson refused to honor the ruling saying "John Marshall has made hisdecision...Now let him enforce it."

Fredrick Douglass (1817-1895)

American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. Wrote "The Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass"