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lemon-shaped flukes resembling small coffee beans occurring in lungs of carnivores and man
Family Paragonimidae
densely-covered w/ scale-like spines
teguments
cirrus and cirrus sac
absent
lung flukes
Family Paragonimidae
1st IH
FW snails (Brotia asperata)
2nd IH
Crustaceans (Sundathelphusa philippina)
only genus of Family Paragonimidae
Paragonimus
In Asia and Oceania:
P. westermani (most widely distributed), P. skjrabini, P. miyazaki, P. heterotremus
In Western, Sub-Saharan Africa:
P. africanus, P. uterobilateralis
In South and Central America:
P. mexicanus
In North America:
P. kellicotti
usually live in pairs in cysts in lungs; either triploid or diploid
P. westermani
snail IH of P. westermani
Family Thieridae
P. westermani stages
sporocysts, rediae, cercariae (microcercous)
what facilitates excystation in the duodenum of the DH?
cysteine protease produced by juveniles
route of excystation of Paragonimus:
duodenum > abdominal wall > coelom > diaphragm and pleura > mate or wait > lungs (where they form a cyst together)
source of infective eggs:
completely raw crab or shellfish, contamination during food prep
occurence of flukes in the brain causes:
cerebral cysticercosis
occurence of flukes in the spinal cord causes:
partial or total paralysis
center of pseudotubercles:
eggs
diagnosis:
examination of sputum, aspirated pleural fluid, feces, surgical findings
differential diagnosis may be:
TB, pneumonia, spirochaetosis
treatment and control:
praziquantel, fenbendazole, albendazole, good hygiene
occurs in a variety of mammals in North America with a month-long prepatent period, IH of this species - Pomatiopsis lapidaria
Paragonimus kellicotti
flattened lanceolate flukes w/ transparent teguments
Family Dicrocoeliidae
1st IH of D. dendriticum
land snails (ex. Zebrina detrita)
2nd IH D. dendriticum
arthropods (ex. ants)
lancet fluke, occuring in bile ducts of sheep, cattle, goats, pigs, cervids, and man, DOES NOT occur in Australia
Dicrocoelium dendriticum
egg description of D. dendriticum:
very small, oval, dark brown, and operculate
infective stage of D. dendriticum
metacercariae
typical effects of D. dendriticum infection
general biliary dysfunction, bile duct inflamation and fibrosis, hepatocyte degeneration
treatment for D. dendriticum infection
flukecides, praziquantel for humans
pancreas flukes
Eurytrema spp.
1st IH of Eurytrema spp.
land snails (ex. Cathaica ravida sieboldtiana)
2nd IH of Eurytrema spp.
orthopteran insects (ex. grasshoppers)
Eurytrema species in pancreatic and bile ducts, occassionally duodenum of ruminants, camel, and man
E. pancreaticum
No redial stage
E. pancreaticum
Associated w/ adenocarcinoma in humans
E. pancreaticum
Treatment for E. pancreaticum
praziquantel
lanceolate fluke in bile and pancreatic ducts of CATS
Platynosomum fastosum
1st IH of P. fastosum
Sublima octona
2nd IH of P. fastosum
isopod crustaceans, lizard (Anolis cristatellus), toad
Prepatent period of P. fastosum DH
8-12 weeks
Treatment for P. fastosum
praziquantel, surgical removal of flukes
"carcinogenic flukes" infecting approx. 30 million humans, with "shoulders" and abopercular knob
Family Opisthorchiidae
Chinese or oriental liver flukes in bile ducts of man, dog, cat, pig, rat, and camel
Opisthorchis sinensis
O. sinensis egg production
up to 4000 eggs/ day for 6 months
1st IH of O. sinensis
Parafossalurus manchouricus, Bulinus, Bythinia, Melania, Vivipara
2nd IH of O. sinensis
cyprinoid fishes (cercaria attach to the skin and encyst under scales or in muscles)
O. sinensis stages in snail:
miracidium, sporocyst, redia, cercaria (5-50 per redia)
route of excystation in O. sinensis:
duodenum > common bile duct > liver
prepatent period of O. sinensis
~ 1 month
life cycle of O. sinensis
completed in 3 months, longevity in humans lasts for at least 8 years
disease caused by family opisthorchiidae
Opisthorchiosis, jaundice, hepatic insufficiency due to obstruction
associated with advanced opisthorchiosis:
cholangiocarcinoma (cancer of bile ducts)
Treatment for Opistorchis infection
praziquantel