Voting Rights Act of 1965: encouraged states to increase minority representation in Congress
Congress primarily writes laws
Oversight: reviews federal agencies’ work (checks executive branch), investigates charges of corruption, holds hearings (experts and citizens discuss government issues and propose solutions)
Public education: floor debates and committee hearings increase awareness of government/social issues and help to focus national attention
Representing constituents within the government: politicos (representatives of electorates, Congress members) help constituents with the government and vote on laws; can act on complaints about federal services/agencies, sponsor those who seek contracts, and seek suggestions on improvement
Constitutional amendments: can propose amendments by 2/3 vote in both houses or by a convention called by 2/3 of state legislatures
Electoral duties: House can elect next president if neither candidate gets 270 votes, Senate picks VP
Impeachment: House has power over impeachment; if majority votes to impeach an official, the Senate runs the impeachment trial and convicts/removes the official from office with 2/3 of Senate votes
Confirmation duties: Senate can approve both presidential appointments and federal officials
Ratification: only Senate can ratify treaties if 2/3 votes
Investigation: can be conducted by either a standing or committee and may last months while members gather evidence and witnesses
Slow and complicated
Bills
Ensures that policies and programs created by Congress and executive branch are carried out
Considered part of the executive branch
Supposed to function above partisan politics
Bureaucrats operate under merit system - hires and promotes people based on skills and experience
15 cabinet secretaries and heads of independent agencies appointed by president and approved by Senate
Most people who work for the government work for one of the executive departments or other “cabinet level” agencies
Department of Defense: largest department, administered by Secretary of Defense
Each military service is led by a uniformed chief of staff
Policy implementation: primary role of the bureaucracy, determines the process for implementing policy once passed
Secretary of department at head of each “pyramid”
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