Chapter 9: Solutions

9.1: Solutions

• Solution: A homogeneous mixture in which the solute formly dispersed in a solvent.
• Water (H20): It is one of the most common solvents in nature.
  • It is polar, thus it is a polar solvent.
• Solutes and solvents may be solids, liquids, or gases.
  • The solution that forms has the same physical state as the solvent.
• Hydrogen Bonds: Occur between molecules where partially positive hydrogen atoms are attracted to the partially negative atoms.
• Hydration: The process of surrounding dissolved ions by water molecules.

9.2: Electrolytes and Non-electrolytes

• When electrolytes dissolve in water, the process of dissociation separates them into ions forming solutions that conduct electricity.
• When nonelectrolytes dissolve in water, they do not separate into ions and their solutions do not conduct electricity.
• Strong electrolyte: There is 100% dissociation of the solute into ions.
• Weak Electrolyte: A compound that dissolves in water mostly as molecules.
• Equivalent (Eq): The amount of that ion equal to 1 mole of positive or negative electrical charge.
• In any solution, the charge of the positive ions is always balanced by the charge of the negative ions.

9.3: Solubility

• It is the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved at a certain temperature.
• It is used to describe the amount of a solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent
• It is usually expressed in grams of solute in 100 g of solvent.
• Unsaturated solution: The solution does not contain the maximum amount of solute.
• Saturated solution: A solution that contains all the solutes that can dissolve.
• Recrystallization: A process that occurs when a solution is saturated, the rate at which the solute dissolves becomes equal to the rate at which the solid forms.
• When a saturated solution is carefully cooled, it becomes a supersaturated solution because it contains more solute than the solubility allows.
• Henry’s Law: It states that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly related to the pressure of that gas above the liquid.
• Soluble Salts: Ionic compounds that dissolve in water.
• Insoluble Salts: Ionic compounds that do not dissociate into ions in water.

9.4: Concentrations of Solutions

• Concentration: The amount of solute dissolved in a certain amount of solution.

• Mass percent (m/m): The mass of the solute in grams for exactly 100 g of solution.

  

  

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• Volume Percent (v/v): The concentration of the volume of liquids or gases.

  

  

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• Mass/volume percent: The mass of the solute in grams for exactly 100 mL of solution.

  

  

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• Molarity (M): A concentration that states the number of moles of solute in exactly 1 L of solution.

  

  

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9.5: Properties of Solutions

• Dilution: A solvent is added to a solution, which increases the volume.
• Solution
  • It appears transparent, although it may have a color.
  • The particles are so small that they go through filters and through semipermeable membranes.
  • A semipermeable membrane allows solvent molecules such as water and very small solute particles to pass through but does allow the passage of large solute molecules.
• Colloidal particles
  • These are large molecules, such as proteins, or groups of molecules or ions.
  • These are small enough to pass through filters but too large to pass through semipermeable membranes.
• Suspension
  • These are heterogeneous, nonuniform mixtures that are very different from solutions or colloids.
  • The particles of these are so large that they can often be seen with the naked eye.
• Osmosis
  • The water molecules move through a semipermeable membrane from the solution with the lower concentration of solute into a solution with a higher solute concentration.
  • Osmotic Pressure: It prevents the flow of additional water into the more concentrated solution.
  • Reverse Osmosis: A pressure greater than the osmotic pressure is applied to a solution so that it is forced through a purification membrane.
• Isotonic Solutions: A solution that has the same particle concentration and osmotic pressure as that of the cells of the body.
• Hypotonic Solutions: A solution that has a lower particle concentration and lower osmotic pressure than the cells of the body.
  • Hemolysis: The increase in fluid causes the cell to swell, and possibly burst.
• Hypertonic Solutions: A solution that has a higher particle concentration and higher osmotic pressure than the cells of the body.
  • Crenation: A process when the water leaves the cell, it shrinks.
• Dialysis
  • A dialyzing membrane, permits small solute molecules and ions as well as solvent water molecules to pass through, but it retains large particles, such as colloids.
  • It is a way to separate solution particles from colloids.

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