Chapter 9: Solutions

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40 Terms

1
Solution
A homogeneous mixture in which the solute formly dispersed in a solvent.
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Water
  • It is one of the most common solvents in nature.

  • It is polar, thus it is a polar solvent.

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3
Hydrogen Bonds
Occur between molecules where partially positive hydrogen atoms are attracted to the partially negative atoms.
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4
Hydration
The process of surrounding dissolved ions by water molecules.
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5
electrolytes
When ____ dissolve in water, the process of dissociation separates them into ions forming solutions that conduct electricity.
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nonelectrolytes
When ____ dissolve in water, they do not separate into ions and their solutions do not conduct electricity.
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Strong electrolyte
There is 100% dissociation of the solute into ions.
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8
Weak Electrolyte
A compound that dissolves in water mostly as molecules.
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Equivalent (Eq)
The amount of that ion equal to 1 mole of positive or negative electrical charge.
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negative ions
In any solution, the charge of the positive ions is always balanced by the charge of the _____.
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11
Solubility
  • It is the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved at a certain temperature.

  • It is used to describe the amount of a solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent

  • It is usually expressed in grams of solute in 100 g of solvent.

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12
Unsaturated solution
The solution does not contain the maximum amount of solute.
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13
Saturated solution
A solution that contains all the solutes that can dissolve.
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14
Recrystallization
A process that occurs when a solution is saturated, the rate at which the solute dissolves becomes equal to the rate at which the solid forms.
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15
supersaturated solution
When a saturated solution is carefully cooled, it becomes a _____ because it contains more solute than the solubility allows.
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16
Henry’s Law
It states that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly related to the pressure of that gas above the liquid.
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17
Soluble Salts
Ionic compounds that dissolve in water.
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Insoluble Salts
Ionic compounds that do not dissociate into ions in water.
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19
Concentration
The amount of solute dissolved in a certain amount of solution.
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20
Mass percent (m/m)
The mass of the solute in grams for exactly 100 g of solution.
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21
Volume Percent (v/v)
The concentration of the volume of liquids or gases.
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Mass/volume percent
The mass of the solute in grams for exactly 100 mL of solution.
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23
Molarity (M)
A concentration that states the number of moles of solute in exactly 1 L of solution.
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24
Dilution
A solvent is added to a solution, which increases the volume.
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25
Solution
  • It appears transparent, although it may have a color.

  • The particles are so small that they go through filters and through semipermeable membranes.

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Colloidal particles
  • These are large molecules, such as proteins, or groups of molecules or ions.

  • These are small enough to pass through filters but too large to pass through semipermeable membranes.

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27
Suspension
  • These are heterogeneous, nonuniform mixtures that are very different from solutions or colloids.

  • The particles of these are so large that they can often be seen with the naked eye.

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Osmosis
The water molecules move through a semipermeable membrane from the solution with the lower concentration of solute into a solution with a higher solute concentration.
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Osmotic Pressure
It prevents the flow of additional water into the more concentrated solution.
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Reverse Osmosis
A pressure greater than the osmotic pressure is applied to a solution so that it is forced through a purification membrane.
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Isotonic Solutions
A solution that has the same particle concentration and osmotic pressure as that of the cells of the body.
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Hypotonic Solutions
A solution that has a lower particle concentration and lower osmotic pressure than the cells of the body.
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Hemolysis
The increase in fluid causes the cell to swell, and possibly burst.
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Hypertonic Solutions
A solution that has a higher particle concentration and higher osmotic pressure than the cells of the body.
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Crenation
A process when the water leaves the cell, it shrinks.
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36
Dialysis
  • A dialyzing membrane, permits small solute molecules and ions as well as solvent water molecules to pass through, but it retains large particles, such as colloids.

  • It is a way to separate solution particles from colloids.

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37
Mass percent Formula
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Volume Percent Formula
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39
Mass/volume percent formula
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40
Molarity Formula
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