Chemistry P1

What is matter?

Anything that occupies space and has mass

What is an atom?

Smallest unit of matter

What is physical properties?

Can be observed without changing the substance into something new; not changing its chemical formula

What are some examples of physical properties of matter

Colour, hardness, density, malleability, melting point

What are the 3 phases of matter?

Solid, liquid, gas

What is a phase change?

When matter changes from one state to another

Describe solids

Fixed shape and volume

Describe liquids

No definite shape

Describe gases

No designed shape or colume

What is chemical propeties?

How a substance behaves when it reacts to form a new substance; changing its chemical formula

What are some examples of the chemical properties of matter?

Burning, toxicity, oxidation, etc

What is a pure substance?

Matter that is only made up of one substance and cannot be physically separated into any other matter; elements and compounds

What are the 2 types of pure substances and describe them

Elements - Can be found on the periodic table

ex)Helium, Hydrogen

Compounds - Found naturally, mix of elements together

Ex) H2O, NaCl

What is a mixture?

The physical mixing of 2 or more components; Homogenous and heterogenous

What are the 2 types of mixtures and describe them

Homogenous - Looks like one substance

Ex) Soda, Orange juice

Heterogenous - You can see the physical components it is made of

Ex) Salad, trail mix

What is the Dalton’s Billiard Ball Model?

• The foundation of Atomic theory

• Atoms are spherical like billiard balls

• Each atom has its own unique properties

• Atoms are indivisible; they are the building blocks of life

• Atoms can combine in many ways to create a wide variety of elements/compounds

What is the Thomson’s Raisin Bun Model?

• Thomson discovers the electron

• The electron is 2000X smaller than the smallest atom and has a negative charge

• Atoms must contain electrons

• Electrons must be spread-out evenly throughout a positively charged atom like raisins in a bun

What is Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment?

• Alpha particles from radioactive polonium were fired at a thin piece of gold foil

• Most alpha particles pass through the gold undeflected

• Atoms have a very small nucleus where almost all of the mass is located. Since the nucleus is so small, the alpha particles had a small chance of actually hitting it

• Rutherford discovered the nucleus was made up of protons and neutrons

• Electrons orbit the outside of the nucleus, like planets around the son. Most volume of an atom is empty space

What is the Bohr model of the atom?

• Electrons exist at certain distances from the nucleus(called orbits, shells, or energy levels)

• Max number for the 1st energy level = 2e-

• Max number for the 2nd and 3rd energy level = 8e-

What is the Electrons cloud model of an atom(Schrodinger&Heisenberg)?

• We can’t exactly know where an electron is at any given time, but electrons are more likely to be in specific areas

• E- are in a cloud

Define elements

Made of atoms, atoms are made from subatomic particles

What is the charge, mass, symbol, and location of a Electron?

Charge - Negative

Mass - No mass

Symbol - e-

Location - Cloud, around the nucleus

What is the charge, mass, symbol, and location of a Proton?

Charge - positive

Mass - 1

Symbol - p/p+/H+

Location - In the nucleus

What is the charge, mass, symbol, and location of a Neutron?

Charge - No charge, neutral

Mass - 1

Symbol - n

Location - In the nucleus

What subatomic particle makes up most of the volume of an atom?

Electrons

What subatomic particles makes up most of the mass of an atom?

Neutrons and protons

What is the atomic number?

The # of protons and electrons in an element

What is the atomic mass?

The average weight of one element = protons and neutrons

What is an Ion?

When an electron is being added or taken away; an atom that has a positive or negative charge

Why is Hydrogen so special?

• Because it doesn’t belong to a specific group

• It’s a non-metal that acts like a metal

Describe metal and where is it located on the periodic table?

Located to the left of the “staircase” and typically gives electrons

• Conductors of energy and heat

• Malleable

• Ductile

• Luster

Describe Non-Metals and where is it located on the periodic table?

Located to the right of the “staircase” and typically accepts electrons

• Poor conductors

• Brittle

• Not ductile

• Lack luster

Describe metalloids and where is it located on the periodic table?

Is considered the “staircase” which separates metals and non-metals and typically gives electrons

What are periods in the periodic table?

• The rows of elements from left to right.

• Total of 7 periods

• The row number is equivalent to the energy levels

What is groups/family in the periodic table?

• The rows of elements from up to down

• Total of 18 groups/families

• Groups is numerical while family is names

• The # of e- in the last energy level or valence e-, only works for g1-3, g13-18

What is group1 in the periodic table?

It’s called the Alkali Metals and are very reactive with H2O(water)

What is group2 in the periodic table?

It’s called the Alkaline Earth Metals and are less reactive with H2O(water)

What is group17 in the periodic table?

It’s called the Halogens and are very reactive non-metals

What is group18 in the periodic table?

It’s called the Noble Gases and are non-reactive

What are naturally diatomic elements?

Elements that are paired when alone'

H O N Cl Br I F

What are examples of polyatomic elements?

Sulfur has 8 and phosphorus has 4

What are valence e-

The electrons in the outermost shell of an atom

What can we learn about atoms from the Bohr energy level diagrams?

• How many valence e- are in the last energy level

• Tells us the reaction behavior of the atom; whether an atom is going to give or take e-

How are ions formed?

By gaining or losing e-

Describe and explain Ionic compounds

• Bond between non-metal and metal

• Transfer electrons

• Solid at room temp

• Can conduct in solutions as long as they can dissolve in water

Describe and explain molecular compounds

• Bond between non-metal and non-metal

• Share electrons

• Solid, liquid, and gas at room temp

• Low to no conductivity in solutions

What are compound subscripts?

They indicate the number of particular type of atom in the chemical formula for a molecule or a compound

What are compound coefficients?

Coefficients appear in front of a compound formula to indicate how many compounds of that type are

What are properties of ionic compounds?

• High melting point

• Retain their crystal shape

• Vary in solubility

• Are conductors when they dissolve in solutions. Ionic compounds that do dissolve and conduct electricity are called electrolytes

• Form 3D grids called lattices

What does IUPAC stand for?

International committee of pure and applied chemist