Ap human geography unit 7 f

Agglomeration

The clustering of businesses, especially in the same industry, in a single area to share infrastructure and resources.

Ancillary activities

Support services for large industries, like shipping and food service.

Backwash effects

Negative impacts on one region due to economic growth in another.

Break-bulk point

A location where large shipments are divided into smaller containers for local distribution.

Bulk-gaining industries

Industries where the final product weighs more than the raw materials.

Bulk-reducing industries

Industries where the final product weighs less than the raw materials, often located near raw material sources.

Commodity dependence

When a peripheral economy heavily relies on exporting raw materials, often to more developed countries.

Economic base

The primary economic activities in a region, including both basic (export-oriented) and non-basic (local) sectors.

Technopole

An area dedicated to high-tech industries and research.

Technological change

Innovation and advancements in technology that impact production and economic activity.

Stages of economic development

The process of economic growth, often described in stages from pre-industrial to post-industrial.

Central Business District (CBD)

The core area of a city with high concentrations of commercial and business activities.

Edge city

A large node of office and retail activity on the outskirts of a metropolitan area.

Gentrification

The revitalization of older urban neighborhoods, often leading to displacement of long-time residents.

Megacities

Very large cities with populations of 10 million or more.

Megalopolis

A continuous urbanized area with multiple large cities.

Primate city

The largest and most important city in a country, often disproportionately larger than other cities.

Squatter settlements

Informal housing built on land that is not legally owned by the residents.

Suburbanization

The growth of suburbs surrounding a central city.

Urban morphology

The physical structure and arrangement of a city.

Urban hierarchy

The ranking of cities based on size and importance.

Barrio / Favela

Informal settlements or slums that often surround large cities in Latin America and other developing regions.

Bid-rent theory

A theory that explains why land values decrease as distance from the CBD increases.

Commuter zone

The outermost zone in some urban models, where people live and commute to work.

Counter-urbanization

The movement of people from urban areas to rural areas.

Decentralization

The process of dispersing economic activities and populations away from central locations.

Global city

A city that plays a key role in global economic, political, and cultural networks.

Informal sector

Unregulated and often under-reported economic activities.

Infrastructure

The basic physical and organizational structures needed for the operation of a society or organization.

Microfinance

Small loans and financial services offered to individuals and small businesses in developing countries to help them become self-sufficient.

Human Development Index (HDI)

A composite index measuring average achievement in three basic aspects of human development: health, education, and standard of living.

Formal Economy

The part of the economy that is regulated, follows government regulations, and is taxable, including businesses and workers.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The total monetary value of all goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period.

Infant Mortality Rate

The number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births in a given year, used as an indicator of overall health and quality of life.

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

A measure of gender discrimination in various aspects of development, including reproductive health, empowerment, and labor market participation.

Literacy Rate

The percentage of people who can read and write within a specific age group, typically over 15 years old.

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

An economic theory that compares different countries' currencies through a market 'basket of goods' approach.

Gross National Income (GNI)

The total income earned by residents of a country, including wages, salaries, profits, rents, and taxes, minus subsidies.

Sustainable Development

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Dependency Ratio

A measure showing the ratio of dependents (people younger than 15 or older than 64) to the working-age population (ages 15-64).

Informal Economy

Economic activities that are not regulated by the government and do not provide formal employment.