4979 exam 2

precocial definition

born self sufficient

altricial definition

need mom’s help, can’t stand up

what is a clutch

the number of days in a row a hen lays an egg in succession

amount of time between laying of each egg

26 hours

what percent of chicks will die in the first week

<1%

two parts of the female repro tract

ovary and oviduct

what side of the ovary usually develops

left side

what is the stigma

lack of vasculature on yolk where it will burst out to become an egg

how long is the repro tract

24-27 inches

what occurs in the infundibulum, how long is it, and how long does the egg spend here

site of fertilization, 3-4 inches, 15-17 minutes

what occurs in the magnum, how long is it, and how long does the egg spend here

largest part, thick albumin deposited around the yolk. 13 inches, 3 hours

what occurs in the isthmus, how long is it, and how long does the egg spend here

inner and outer shell membrane develops, 4 inches, 75 minutes

what occurs in the shell gland/uterus, how long is it, and how long does the egg spend here

makes the shell, uses a lot of calcium. 4 inches, 20 hours

how much of calcium stores is used per egg and where does this calcium come from

8-10%, half from body (medullary bones) and half from diet

what occurs in the vagina, how long is it, and how long does the egg spend here

cutile is applied, 4 inches, idk how long

what occurs in the sperm host glands

store sperm for 1 week

where is the egg developed

down the whole oviduct

where does fertilization occur

infundibulum

what is the cuticle/bloom

covering of the shell, protects the shell from environmental contaminants

how is the egg able to stay shelf stable for so long

the cuticle/bloom protects it from bacteria and moisture loss.

4 parts of the male reproductive tract

testes, vas deferens, cloaca, vent and accessory glands

what does the vas deferens do

carries sperm from testes to outside

what is caponization

essentially castration. bird grows at a slower rate, and has a juicier and softer product.

what helps sperm get up the repro tract

contractions

what kind of breeders are poultry

long day

what does HPG stand for

hypopituitary gonadal axis

what does the HPG axis do

• brain stimulated, pituitary, then gonads

• photoreceptors in the birds brain

• when light is present: GnRH —> FSH + LH —> ovary —> follicle —> ovulation

  • creates a 24 hour estrous cycle

what is special about roosters in the summer

rooster has increased testes size and testosterone

why do we use AI in turkeys

can’t physically do it, breast size is too large, skeletal structure, and mannerisms

when do we AI turkeys

after 3pm

5 factors that affect fertility

mating frequency, age, diet and body weight, environment (temperature), and semen handling & processing

describe semen handling and processing

do not freeze it, keep it fresh. can be good for 30 minutes at room temperature, and 24 hours with a semen extender

describe the mating dance

drops one wing and walks around hen. hen squats and rooster sits on her back. cloaca contact

when is most mating done naturally

during daylight because they want to see predators

how many hens per rooster

10

what is the chalaza

keeps the yolk center in the egg

what occurs in phase 1 of embryonic development

• in the hen

• chalaza holds the blastoderm

• division and growth of cells

  • isthmus - 2 cell stage - then 4 cell 20 minutes later

• uterus —> 16 cell stage

  • after 4 hours is a 256 cell stage

• gastrulation

  • segregation of cells for specialized functions

what is physiological zero

point at which something starts to happen

what temperature and humidity do we store eggs

55-67 degrees and 75-80% humidity

what are the five extraembryonic membranes

amnion, yolk sac, allantois, chorion, and air cell

what occurs on day 1 of chick development

alimentary tract, vertebral column, nervous system, head and eye

what occurs on day 2 of chick development

beginning of heart, ear forming, and heartbeat

what occurs on day 3 of chick development

nose, wings, and legs

what occurs in the second half of week 1 chick development

tongue, repro organs, beak forming

what occurs in the second week of chick development

feathers, hardening of beak, scales and claws, positioning for hatching

what occurs in the third week of chick development

scales, claws, beak hardening; beak turns toward air cell; yolk sac absorption begins; yolk sac absorbed

what does SPIDES stand for

short period incubation during egg storage

what is the purpose of SPIDES

increase hatchability in eggs, increase chick quality, and decrease hatch window

what does SPIDES involve

exposing birds to 90˚ F for 4 hours at a time

what does the amnion prevent

dehydration

what depicts feathering

incubation temperature

what day do we move the eggs from the incubator to the hatcher

day 19

chick development in days of chickens, turkeys, quails, ducks, and ostriches

21, 28, 18, 28, 42

what is the temperature and relative humidity of the incubator

98.6-100 ˚F and 60% RH

difference between single stage or multistage incubation

• single stage: all move together

• multi stage: push eggs forward as they get added. air flow is important. larger birds will produce more heat and can be used to keep the smaller birds warm

what happens when eggs are moved to the hatcher

• candle to remove infertile eggs

• vaccinate eggs

• pull basket when most of the chicks hatch to avoid dehydration

what factors influence the hatching time of the egg

• parent flock age

• storage time

• egg size

• hatching conditions

• stress signals chick to start pipping

what does it mean when a egg has a straight crack vs is badly pipped

straight crack = chick had enough energy to continually pip

badly pipped = chick had to work a lot harder, has no energy left, could be dead

what factors influence hatchability

age of breeders, egg size, fertility, eggshell

hatchability calculation

hatched/total eggs

what is chick yield and what is the ideal number

chick weight as the percentage of initial egg weight; 66-68%

what occurs in the separator room

• separate chicks from eggshells via vacuum

• shells rendered

• unhatched eggs and cull chicks euthanized via mincing

• hatching trays cleaned

• inspected by hand

• cull

• counted into groups of 100

• spray vaccines

• chick processing

what are reasons for culling chicks

• unhealed navels

• poor down

• nutritional disorders

• malformations

what occurs at the chick processing table

• beak trimming

• toe trimming

• vaccines - spray and in ovo in the USA

• split sex

how are spray vaccines effective

the chicks will ingest the vaccines via preening

how long does it take consumers to see genetic improvements

4-5 years

what are things done in R&D

diet selection, feeding studies, sibling testing, lifetime FCR

how do they look at genetic traits

CT, ultrasound, lithography to look at bone density, genomics, and gut health checks

what are the 3 classes

mediterranean, english, and american

what is nicking

poultry term for hybrid vigor. measure of how much better the offspring do than the average of the parents

number of chromosomes in chickens and turkeys

39 pairs, 40 pairs

chromosome letters for females

ZW

chromosome letters for males

ZZ

what are white leghorns used for

eggs

what are rhode island reds used for

eggs + meat

what are white plymouth rocks used for

eggs + meat

what are barred plymouth rocks used for

eggs + meat

what are new hampshires used for

eggs + meat

what are cornishs used for

meat

who is credited with starting the broiler industry

cecile steele

describe the cornish x white plymouth rock cross

• cornish = english class, known for fat growth and muscular style

• plymouth = american class, larger, good egg production

• by crossing the two, we have birds that are larger, grow faster, have food muscling, and can also lay eggs well

describe the single comb white leghorn

mediterranean class, very light, petite, low maintenance, high egg production

describe the single comb rhode island red

american breed. dual purpose, does well in cage-free aviary-type systems

describe the broad breasted bronze

heritage breed, grow slower, larger lifespan, ability to mate naturally

what are examples of simple inheritance

• colors - one gene

• patterns and feather types - multiple genes

• comb types

• skin color

what are examples of sex-linked inheritance

• patterns/coloring

• feather growth rate

• dwarfism

what are polygenic traits

Traits influenced by multiple genes, resulting in a continuous range of phenotypes

what are the four major things focused on in terms of genetics

1. welfare - how well developed its immune system is, support of skeletal system, cardiac fitness

2. breeder qualities - egg production + fertility

3. broiler qualities - F:G, growth, overall weight

4. processing qualities - quality grade, yield of product

what is heritability

the likelihood a trait is passed down from parent to offspring

what traits are lowly heritable (KNOW THIS)

breast fleshing, fertility, and blood spots

what traits are moderately heritable (KNOW THIS)

none of them hehe

what traits are highly heritable traits in BROILERS (KNOW THIS)

8-week broiler weight, total feed consumption, and fat deposition

what traits are highly heritable traits in LAYERS (KNOW THIS)

adult body weight, egg weight, and egg shape

what belongs in the pyramid from bottom to top

production farms; parent; grandparent; great grandparent; pedigree/elite

what is the goal of the health of a bird

promote wealth, health, and productivity

what are some ways to maintain/improve health

sanitation, biosecuriy, vaccination, medication, vector control, and management

two types of immunity and describe them

innate - immediate, non-specific

adaptive - slower, targeted, memory-based

what do macrophages do

find pathogens, attack them, produce cytokines, and inflammation

what are examples of the immune organs

bursa, spleen, thymus, bone marrow, cecal tonsils, and peyer’s patches

3 types of vaccinations

live, live attenuated, and killed