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the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors—one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue—which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color.
the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance.
a binocular cue for perceiving depth: By comparingimages from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance— the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object.
depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone.
an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession.
perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent shapes, size, brightness, and color) even as illumination and retinal images change.
perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object.
the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window.
a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear; sound waves traveling through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve
the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs
hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; also called nerve deafness.
hearing loss caused by damage to the echanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea.
a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea.
in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch.
the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain.
the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance.