Germs Exam 2

Koches’s Postulates

1. Find in all cases of disease

2. Isolate and culture in lab

3. Cause disease in new host

4. Re-isolate from new host

Stomach Ulcers

Helicobacter pylori; an ulcer is an open wound that fails to heal

Common Cold

Rhinoviruses

Gingivitus

S. mutans and P. gingivalis; bacteria infest gingival crevice; biofilms cause plaque

Strep Throat

Streptococcus pyogenes

Tinea

contact with mycelium or specialized spores; Athlete’s foot

Black Mold

Stachybotrys chartarum; damp waterlogged habitats

Serratia Marcescens (bacteria)

Bacteria that consume phosphorus-based substances, feed on soaps in the bathroom

Cryptosporidium parvum

causes “Crypto”, impacts small intestine, extreme watery diarrhea

Giardia lamblia

causes “Giardiasis” parasitic infection, water contamination from aquatic wildlife

Food molds

make us sick via irritation/allergies to spores, mycotoxins released from hyphae

Food poisoning

Listeria monocytogenes

Escherichia coli (Ecoli)

over 700 strands, spread via human feces

Salmonella

most common cause of food poisoning and related deaths

S. typhimurium

zoonotic feces, reported in eggs

S. typhi

generally spread via oral- fecal contamination between humans

Cholera

blue death, rapid death by diarrheal dehydration within hours

Antibiotic resistance

when bacteria are no longer effected by a previously effective antibiotic

MRSA

resists methicillin, numerous strains also resist other antibiotics

VRE

Vancomycin antibiotic a strong response to methicillin and related resistances

Smallpox

caused by variola virus, one of the most deadly human pathogens, 30% fatality rate

Polio

caused by poliovirus, extremely contagious historically, almost all US children were infected

Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR)

infects immune system cells, airborne, one of the most contagious viruses, fatalities rare but complications for some

Influenza

highly diverse group of viruses that mutate rapidly

Chlamydia trachomatics (chlaymdia)

one of the most common bacterial STIs

4 curable STI/Ds

chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, trichomoniasis

4 incurable STI/Ds (viruses)

hepatitis B, Herpes Simplex Virus, HIV, HPV (most common)

HPV

most common STI in US, most unvaccinated are infected at some point. Cancer causing HPV (36,000 cases per year)

Herpes

easily spread STI, extremely common worldwide

Herpes Simplex 1

primarily non-sexual contamination via saliva, cold-sores

Herpes simplex 2

primarily sexual activities, most contagious when outbreak is active

HIV

causes the disease AIDS, HIV does not kill you but complications caused by the elimination of the third level of defense will

West Nile Virus

zoonotic disease from infected birds and mosquitoes as the vector, 80% no symptoms, 20% fever, mild symptoms that can last for months

Lyme disease

deer ticks, caused by Borrelia burgdorferi bacteria

Rabies

world’s deadliest virus, 99-100% fatality rate, bats #1 vector in US, dogs #1 vector outside of US, weeks to months before it reaches the brain, will kill you once it does

Plague (black death)

infamous as the pandemic that decimated medieval Europe, caused Yersinia pestis, killed approximately 25% of all Europeans, vector is fleas that are infected

Spontaneous generation

life comes from nonliving matter

Life from Life

life comes from other life, Pasteur’s experiment demonstrated how bacterial growth required exposure to bacteria

Miasma Theory

diseased are caused by “bad air”, plague doctor

Germ Theory

microbe life can cause disease and act as pathogens

Louis Pasteur

life from life, pasteurization, disapproving spontaneous generation and promoting germ theory instead

Robert Koch

developed 4 postulates to link a microbe to disease, germ theory

John Snow

germ theory, cholera, epedimiology

Epidemilogy

the tracking and analysis of pathogenic disease distribution patterns

Sporadic

pathogen reported at irregular intervals at random locations

Endemic

pathogen has steady frequency over a long period of time in a specific location

Epidemic

prevalence of pathogen increase over sporadic or endemic rates

Pandemic

multiple epidemics across multiple continents (global epidemic)

Alexander Flemming

discovered penicillin which is an antibiotic

Antibiotics

“anti-life” toxin that only kills bacteria

Edward Jenner

pioneered the first vaccination attempt, infected someone with cowpox, could not be infected by smallpox

Live attenuated vaccine

uses active but weakened pathogen as antigen, may give lifetime resistance, but more health risks

Inactivated vaccine

uses viral fragments or dead microbe as antigen, safer, but weaker immunity

Subunit / Recombinant vaccine

made using a virus’s spike proteins as the antigen

mRNA vaccine

mRNA translated to proteins for antingens, easiest to mass produce

Vaccination goal #1

prime 2nd response for reduced illness

Vaccination goal #2

increase herd immunity

Herd immunity

when pathogen spread is severely reduced due to high levels of secondary immunity

Andrew Wakefield

Him and 12 others published a paper in The Lancet linking MMR vaccine to autism, later redacted due to ethical conflicts and data misrepresentations

STI

sexually transmitted (pathogens) infection, via bodily fluid

STD

sexually transmitted disease, caused by the STI

Reservoir

an animal that hosts pathogens, either by serving a role in their life cycle or simply by transporting them

Vector

an animal that hosts pathogens and directly transfers them to new hosts (directly infect others with pathogens)

Surveillance

collecting, analyzing, and reporting data

Common STD symptoms

itching, burning, rash, discharge, sores, etc.

Means of STD transmission

Sexual intercourse, oral sex, mother to child during childbirth (chlamydia)