A&P

What is the plasma membrane?

Flexible outer surface that acts as a gatekeeper

Facilitated diffusion is...

Similar to diffusion, but substances move through a protein channel.

ATP stands for

adenosine triphosphate

Active transport uses energy to move substances against

Gradients

An increase in salt retention increases

water retention

What is apoptosis

genetically programmed cell death

What is atrophy?

decrease in cell size

A biopsy is

removal of living tissue

Dysplasia is

an alteration in size, shape and organisation of cells due to chronic irritation

Hyperplasia is

Increase in number of cells

Hypertrophy is

increase in cell size

Necrosis is

Cell death

What are the 4 types of tissue?

Connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous

Single squamous is

single layer of flat cells

Where can you find single squamous cells?

Heart, blood vessels, alveoli, lymph vessels

What can happen to single squamous cells if covered in gunk?

diffusion decreases

The cuboidal epithelium

cube shaped cells

What do cuboidal epithelium form?

Tubes of kidneys

What do cuboidal epithelium do?

Secrete, absorb, excrete

columnar epithelium

Cells shaped like bricks standing on end.

Columnar epithelium line

organs of alimentary tract

What do Columnar epithelium do?

Absorb products from digestion

transitional cells

Pear shaped, line urinary bladder and allow for stretching

Stratified cells

layers of flattened cells
protect underlying structures
Found on dry surfaces (Skin, Hair, Nails)

Connective tissue

Protect/Support body
Tranpsort substances
eg lymph, bone, tendons, cartilage

Nervous tissue

forms nerves, spinal cord, brain
consist of an axon that carries impulses
receive stimuli inside and outside the body
relays stimuli in brain

Muscle tissue

Skeletal - attached to skeleton
Smooth - digestive and blood vessels
Cardiac muscle

What forms the integumentary system?

Skin, Hair, Nails, Sweat glands

What are the integumentary system functions?

Protection against environmental hazards
Regulate body temp
Provide sensory info

What are the skeletal system components?

bones, cartilage, ligaments, marrow

Functions of skeletal system

Provides support and protection for other tissues
Stores calcium and other minerals
Forms blood cells

What forms the muscular system

Skeletal muscles and associated tendons

Functions of muscular system?

movement, posture, joint stability, heat production

Components of the Nervous System

brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors

Functions of NS

sensory input, integration, motor output

Organs of endocrine system

pituitary, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands; ovaries, testes, and pancreas

functions of endocrine system

Directs long-term changes in activities of other organ system
Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use in body
Controls many structural and functional changes during development

Components of the cardiovascular system

Heart
Blood
Blood vessels

Functions of cardiovascular system

Distribute blood cells, water and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, O2 and CO2
Distributes heat and assists in control of body temp

Components of lymphatic system

Spleen
Thymus
Lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes
Tonsils

Functions of Lymphatic system

Defend against infection and disease
Returns tissue fluid to bloodstream

Components of respiratory system

Nasal cavities
Sinuses
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
Alveoli

Functions of resp. system

Delivers air to alveoli
Provides oxygen to blood stream
Removes carbon dioxide from the bloodstream
Produces sound for communication

Components of digestive system

Teeth
Tongue
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small/Large Intestine
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

Functions of digestive system

Processes and digests food
Absorbs and conserves water
Absorbs nutrients
Stores energy reserves

Components of urinary system

Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra

Function of urinary system

Excretes waste products from the blood
Controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produces
Regulates blood ion concentration and pH
Stores urine prior to volume elimination

Components of the male reproductive system

Testes
Epididymites
Ductus differentia
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Penis
Scrotum

function of male reproductive system

Produces male sex cells (sperm)
Suspending fluids
Hormones

Female reproductive system components

Ovaries
Uterine (fallopian) tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Mammary glands

Functions of the female reproductive system

Produces female cells (oocytes) and hormones
Supports embryo from conception to delivery
Provides milk to nourish the newborn infant