AP Psych - Unit 5

health psychology

study of how psychological factors affect health and illness

psychoneuroimmunology

examines how the mind influences the immune system

stress

process of perceiving and responding to threats or challenges

approach and avoidance motives

drive to move toward rewards or away from threats

Kurt Lewin

social psychologist known for field theory and behavior as a function of person and environment

Hans Syle

endocrinologist who developed the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

tend-and-befriend response

stress response where people seek social support and care for others

coronary heart disease

heart condition linked to stress and negative emotions

Type A

personality type marked by competitiveness and aggression, higher stress risk

Type B

personality type marked by calmness and low stress risk

catharsis

emotional release that may relieve aggressive urges

coping

alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods

problem-focused coping

attempting to reduce stress by changing the stressor

emotion-focused coping

reducing stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor

personal control

sense of controlling one's environment vs feeling helpless

learned helplessness

hopelessness from repeated uncontrollable events

external locus of control

belief that outside forces determine your fate

internal locus of control

belief that you control your own destiny

self-control

ability to delay gratification and regulate impulses

Martin Seligman

pioneer of positive psychology; known for learned helplessness

positive psychology

scientific study of human strengths and happiness

subjective well-being

self-reported measure of happiness and life satisfaction

feel-good

do-good phenomenon, happiness increases helpful behavior

adaptation-level phenomenon

forming judgments based on past experience

relative deprivation

feeling worse by comparing yourself to others

broaden-and-build theory

positive emotions expand cognition and build skills

character strengths and virtues

core values and traits essential for well-being

resilience

ability to recover after stress or trauma

aerobic exercise

sustained activity that increases heart and lung fitness

mindfulness meditation

mental training to focus awareness and reduce stress

gratitude

recognizing and appreciating the good in life

psychological disorder

abnormal thoughts, feelings, or behaviors causing distress

medical model

treating psychological disorders as diseases with causes and cures

diathesis-stress model

mental illness results from genetic risk + life stress

epigenetics

study of how environment affects gene activity without changing DNA

DSM-5-TR

diagnostic manual for psychological disorders

anxiety disorders

group of disorders marked by excessive fear and anxiety

social anxiety disorder

intense fear of social situations and being judged

generalized anxiety disorder

chronic, excessive worry about various things

panic disorder

sudden episodes of intense dread and physical symptoms

agoraphobia

fear of situations where escape may be difficult

specific phobia

irrational fear of a specific object or situation

obsessive-compulsive disorder

(OCD), repetitive unwanted thoughts and behaviors

hoarding disorder

persistent difficulty discarding possessions

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

haunting memories and anxiety after trauma

trauma- and stressor-related disorders

mental health issues after extreme stress or trauma

depressive disorders

disorders marked by sad, empty, or irritable mood

bipolar disorders

mood disorders with alternating depression and mania

major depressive disorder

persistent sadness and loss of interest

persistent depressive disorder

chronic low-level depression

bipolar I disorder

severe mood swings including full mania

mania

period of extremely elevated mood and energy

bipolar II disorder

milder mania (hypomania) with major depression

rumination

repetitive, negative thinking about problems

schizophrenia spectrum disorders

disorders with delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking

psychotic disorders

loss of contact with reality

delusion

false belief held despite evidence

chronic schizophrenia

long-lasting symptoms of schizophrenia

acute schizophrenia

sudden onset of schizophrenia, often responsive to treatment

dissociative disorders

disruptions in consciousness, memory, or identity

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

two or more distinct identities in one person

dissociative amnesia

inability to recall important personal information

personality disorders

enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

antisocial personality disorder

lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward others

feeding and eating disorders

abnormal eating behaviors affecting health

anorexia nervosa

extreme restriction of food intake due to fear of weight gain

bulimia nervosa

binge eating followed by purging

neurodevelopmental disorders

disorders that appear early in development

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

impairments in communication, social interaction, and behavior

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

Dorothea Dix

advocate for humane treatment of the mentally ill

deinstitutionalization

moving patients out of mental hospitals into community care

psychotherapy

treatment involving psychological techniques

biomedical therapy

medications or procedures that act on the nervous system

eclectic approach

using techniques from various forms of therapy

Sigmund Freud

founder of psychoanalysis

psychoanalysis

Freud's therapy to uncover unconscious conflicts

resistance

blocking anxiety-provoking thoughts in therapy

interpretation

therapist's insight into patient's thoughts and dreams

transference

transferring feelings for others onto therapist

psychodynamic therapy

modern version of psychoanalysis focusing on relationships

insight therapies

aim to improve functioning by increasing self-awareness

person-centered therapy

Carl Rogers' therapy focused on self-growth

Carl Rogers

humanistic psychologist who developed person-centered therapy

active listening

echoing and clarifying what a person expresses

unconditional positive regard

acceptance and support regardless of what a person says or does

behavior therapy

uses learning principles to change behavior

counterconditioning

conditioning new responses to replace old fears

Mary Cover Jones

pioneer of behavior therapy and desensitization

Joseph Wolpe

developed systematic desensitization

exposure therapies

expose people to fears in a controlled way

systematic desensitization

gradual exposure to fear paired with relaxation

virtual reality exposure therapy

uses VR to expose clients to fear stimuli

aversive conditioning

associates unpleasant state with unwanted behavior

B. F. Skinner

behaviorist who studied reinforcement

token economy

rewarding behavior with tokens for privileges

cognitive therapy

changes negative thought patterns

Albert Ellis

created rational-emotive behavior therapy

rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

challenges irrational thoughts to change emotions

Aaron Beck

developed cognitive therapy for depression