eeg

hd-eeg = high density eeg

seeg = stereo eeg

• created by hansberger

tms (transcranial magnetic stimulation)

• magnetic field stimulate nerve cells in brain

• influence electrical activity of brain

the pulse artifact

• transient flow of current in the coil with a current peak of several kA

tms-eeg results

unconsciousness - no dreams, asleep

• NREM

• midazolam

• xenon

• propofol

  • anesthetic, but totally unconscious

consciousness- dreams, asleep

• awake

• REM

• locked-in syndrome

  • no longer able to move, trauma causing disruption in neurons, but conscious

• ketamine

  • anesthetic, conscious, but feel nothing

reaction time = how fast you respond to something

memory

hippocampus - part of brain required for episodic memory and emotion

• holds short term memories and transfer to long term memories

• emotional processing, including anxiety, avoidance behaviors

to stop his seizures after cracking his skull

• lost memory, couldnt form new memories

• but still retained memory to form sentences (15 minutes after repeating to himself)

patient known as HM had his hippocampus surgically removed

• couldnt form new episodes

declarative memory

• hippocampal structure is conserved across species

• hippocampus is relatively large in the mouse brain

• performs similar functions in all species

forming a declarative (episodic) memory

1. encode memory

2. consolidation (can take multiple sleep cycles)

3. retrieval to long term

memory is continually reconsolidated

elizabeth loftus car accident experiment

• people watched a car crash

• asked specific question “About how fast were the cars going when they (smashed / collided / bumped / hit / contacted) each other?

• people who were asked smashed said the fastest speed

• contacted people said slowest speed

how much energy does the human brain use?

electromagnetic induction law

1. time varying current in coil

2. time varying magnetic field

3. induced current in conductor

transcranial magnetic stimulation (influence brain activity, treats depression ocd, etc.)

circuit from brain to muscles

• with each tms pulse

  • apply a large transcient (not permanent) current to a coil of wire

  • electrical current induces a magnetic field

  • magnetic field passes through skull with little force

  • transcient magnetic field induces a transient electric field in the brain

  • induced electric field can be sufficient to stimulate cortical neurons

• repeat many pulses in sequence for repetitive tms to produce longer lasting changes in excitability (stimulus)

macroscopic response (visible to naked eye)

• evoked neural activity (eeg)

• changes in blood flow and metabolism

  • pet = evaluate cerebral metabolism and blood flow

  • fmri = shows activity in specific parts of brain (mri is different and only for organs)

  • spect = a type of imaging test that uses a radioactive substance and a special camera to create 3D pictures

• muscle twitch

  • emg = asses health of muscles and nerve cells that control them

• gamma <25 Hz = awareness

• beta 13-25 Hz = alertness

• alpha 8-12 Hz = relaxed

• theta 4-7 Hz = tired

• delta 1-3 Hz = sleep

cycle repeats 4-5 times per night

rem = rapid eye movement

• dreaming in rem with eye movement

hemispatial neglect

= completely neglect half of their world

• usually from strokes

• cant do anything on neglected side

music and the brain

auditory motor synchronization = predictive brain process that uses movement networks

• auditory noise increase stability (when standing)

music triggers emotional responses by activating the limbic system , controlling motivation and pleasure

quantitative research vs qualitative

quantitative = numerical/measurable data

qualitative = personal accounts that illustrate how people respond within society

nurture vs nature

= nature refers to how genetics influence an individual's personality, whereas nurture refers to how their environment (including relationships and experiences) impacts their development.

narcissistic personality disorder

• sense of self + lack of empathy

• affect a person’s very nature + distort understanding of themselves

• decreased ability to connect and form healthy bonds with others

hunger, satiation and obesity

developmental psychology

social development theories

= social interaction is fundamental to cognitive devlopment. these theories emphasize the role of culture, language, and social interactions in shaping the learning process. they suggest that learning occurs through social processes before it becomes an individual, internalized process

• attachment theory (bowlby and ainsworth)

• psychosocial theory (erikson)

• stages of moral development (kohlberg)

• social development theory (bandura)

• ecological systems theory (bronfenbrenner

child development

toddlers, 24-35 months

cognitive

• language explosion (girls typically ahead of boys)

• curiosity

• colors

• concept of print

• sense of world extends to family and neighborhood

physical

• potty training

• self feeding

• handedness preference

• motor skills

• daily routines

• increased balanced and coordination

social emotional

• concept of self

• parallel play (not cooperative)

• increased independence

• bond with family

• big emotions, limited vocab

play patterns + toys

• synbolic play (items that represent smth else)

• roleplay

preschool/prek, 3+4 years

cognitive

• recognizing letters + numbers

• shapes

• life science (matching baby animals to parents, observing plants)

• write names

• sense of world extends to immediate community (library, school, park, grocery store)

• sequencing (order, steps)

• curious and not afraid to ask questions

physical

• potty trained night + day

• self feeding using utensils

• fairly established handedness preference

• improved fine motor skills (ability to pick up small items)

• dressing self including zippers, buttons

social emotional

• beginning of cooperative play (playing beside and with others)

• taking turns + sharing

• increased empathy

• big emotions associated with friends + changing routines

• emerging gender preference in terms of friends

• interested in how their actions affect others

play patterns + toys

• peak of deep conceptual interests

• symbolic play with gender specific roles

• rough and tumble play

• simple crafts

• toys with favorite characters

• gross motor and outdoor toys

early elementary, 5-7 years

cognitive

• reading: sightwords, dhapter books (rapid development)

• writing letters, words, sentences

• operations (add+subtract)

• geometry

• patterns

• forming hypotheses

• sense of world broadens to include town and that there’s a big connected world

• sequential thinking

physical

• improved gross skills, throwing, kicking

• increase coordination for running and balance

• improved motor skills (cutting along curved lines)

• ability to carry out most daily routines including hygiene

• understands safety practices

social emotional

• cooperative play

• increased empathy

• more gender preference in terms of friends

• capable of understanding/ creating rule based games

• evidence of social constructs, including gender based beliefs

• increase in gender intensified roles

play patterns + toys

• more play time spent in organized sports

• significant drop in unstructured play time

• rough and tumble play (play fighting, chase)

• construction play

• collectibles

• cards (trading, comparing)

• sensory toys (smelly, sticky, shiny, stretchy)

big kids, 8-10 years

cognitive

• multuplication, division

• measurement data

• follow directions

• working memory improvements

• avoiding distractions

physical

• throwing with speed, running

• concept of healthy and less healthy foods

social emotional

• solidified friends based on common interests

• ability to negotiate common friendship issues (sharing, taking turns)

• feels empathy for others and can name emotions

• developing sense of self (who they are, what they enjoy)

• shifting some attachment from family to friends