Top Hat Global Issues Unit 8,Unit 9,Unit 10, Unit 11

As noted in the introduction to this lesson, the world's population at the end of 2022 surpassed

8 billion people

What do we call the "study of population change and characteristics"?

Demography

How is a country's population size (P) determined?

P= (+) births (-) deaths (+) in-migration (-) out-migration

What do we mean by the term "replacement fertility"?

It is the rate at which one generation of parents is replacing itself in the next generation

What is replacement fertility (in births per woman)?

Approximately 2.1 births per woman

What do we call the graphical representation of the proportions of persons in different age groups in a population?

A population pyramid

When looking at Niger's population pyramid, which of the following are correct statements (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)? ​[2]

-More than 35% of Niger's population are under 10 years of age

-Less than 5% of Niger's population is over the age of 65

-Niger has a youthful population

When looking at the population pyramid for The Netherlands, which of the following are correct statements (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)? ​[3]

- About 11% of the population is under ten years of age

- More than 50% of the Dutch population is of working age (15-64 years of age)

- Just over 18% of the population is older than 65 years of age

When did the world's population reach 1 billion people?

At the beginning of the nineteenth century

What are some of the reasons why the world's population drastically increased over the past 70 years (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?

- improved food production and distribution

- reduced mortality rates

- Major public health advances

Which of the following is true about population and population growth (select all that apply, there are one to FIVE possible correct answers)?

-The world's population continues to grow but the rate of population growth is decreasing

-More than 85% of the world's population is in countries in Africa¸ Asia¸ and Latin America and the Caribbean

-Fertility rates in the least developed countries are declining but still high

-Nearly 60% of the world's population lives in Asian countries

- European populations make up less than 10% of the world's population

Which of the following are correct statements about fertility rates (select all that apply, there are one to SIX possible correct answers)?

-The total fertility rate measures the average number of births per woman of childbearing age

-The fertility rate is a strong indicator of overall population growth

-The fertility rate for the world as a whole is about 2.47 births per woman

-The fertility rate in high-income countries is below replacement and stands at about 1.67 per woman

-The fertility rate in middle-income countries is estimated at about 2.35 births per woman

-The fertility rate in low-income countries has declined from just under 6.68 for 1970-1975 to 4.52 births per woman in the period from 2015-2020

Which of the following is the most populous country in the world?

India

Which of the following is a way in which small-scale family farmers in India can deal with the challenges brought on by climate change?

They can visit village knowledge centers and find out what diseases are plaguing their crops and how to deal with them

What were consequences of India's Green Revolution (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?

-India became one of the world's leading producers of major crops¸ like wheat and rice

-The widespread use and overuse of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides degraded soil quality

-Farmers were pushed to use ever more chemicals to sustain productivity and fight disease

What is a benefit of diversifying crops?

Improved nutrition and more robust crops

What examples from the video about Indian farming illustrate how food security and climate change are inter-connected issues?

-Areas which were traditionally flood-prone are becoming drought-prone and vice versa

-8 in 10 Indian farmers are living in areas which are going to be climate vulnerable

-Urbanization has reduced the number of available farm workers thus reducing the amount of crops that can be harvested

Why is it important today to think about the relationship between population growth and food supply even though the rate at which the global population is increasing has slowed?

Because of the additional problem of climate change

Which writer first proposed a negative relationship between human population growth and the supply of food and other resources?

Thomas Malthus

In his 1798 publication, Thomas Malthus argued that (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers):

-The human desire to reproduce would lead to starvation¸ poverty¸ and human misery

-The "positive checks" of famine¸ war¸ and epidemics would bring populations back under control

The Cornucopian perspective rests on the following ideas (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers):

Use of natural resources is best managed through market forces

-Technological innovation can overcome problems of population growth

-Population growth is positive as it increases economic productivity and capacity for economic progress

Those pointing out that we need to focus on the structural dimensions of social change, argue that:

Population growth, in particular high fertility, is a consequence rather than a cause of slow economic development

The demographic transition model suggests that as societies industrialize and urbanize:

Death rates will fall, and when values shift from large to small families, fertility rates will decline

Critics of the demographic transition model argue that,

The model applies the record of population change and development in Europe and North America and does not take into account differing cultures and variations

Which of the following are common themes connecting all models of thought on the question of how to address population growth (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?

-Increasing sustainability of food production

-Improvement in water quality

-Improving the status of women

-Poverty reduction

If we all lived as densely as people in Manhattan, every human could fit inside ___________.

Norway

What percentage of crops grown goes into feeding livestock?

33%

What percentage of global agricultural lands do animals raised for food take up?

80%

What percentage of global calories come from animals raised for food?

20%

Which of the following statements is correct?

It took the United Kingdom 95 years to halve birth-rates while Brazil did it in 26 and Iran in 10

What are the most effective ways to lower birthrates?

Empowering women and increasing women's access to education

What was the main reason why China's population has started to drop for the first time since 1961?

China's one-child policy

What are some consequences of China's one-child policy, even though it ended in 2015?

It has led to a bad mix of fewer people, consisting of more males than females and a large elderly population

What are the implications of China's population decline for the country's economic development, as discussed in the PBS video (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?

-Economic growth will be impeded by public health expenditures due to an aging population

-25% of the Chinese population will be retirees by 2050 leading to an unfavorable worker to retiree ratio and pension shortfalls

According to the UN Population Division's 2020 analyses, what is the medium variant projection for the world's population by 2100?

10.9 billion people by 2100

Which of the following are correct statements about the world's population (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?

-Projections of the world's population in 2050 vary between 7.3 billion and 15.6 billion people¸ depending on the fertility rate.

-By 2050¸ India's population is projected to reach 1.6 billion people

Population projections are not predictions but rather represent a calculation of future population size based on a set of assumptions or variants, including expected fertility rate. Which of the following variants project that the world's total population will surpass 9 billion people by 2100 (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?

-Constant Fertility Variant

-Instant Replacement Variant

-Medium Fertility Variant

-High Fertility Variant

Which countries will continue to hold the largest share of the world's population?

Countries in Asia

Europe, North America, and Oceania combined hold _________________ of the world's population, whereas Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean hold ______________ of the world's population.

Less than 20% / more than 80%

By the end of the st century, which region will see its share decrease, while still holding the largest share of the world's population?

Asia

What are some of the uneven effects felt by people of color in London tied to the COVID-19 pandemic (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?

-A significant gap in health outcomes between White¸ Asian¸ and Black communities admitted to hospital with complications from COVID-19

-Those of Asian and Black ethnicity were younger and fitter and were dying from COVID-19

-When looking at survival at 30 days¸ patients of Black and Asian ethnicity had an increased risk of death

What has the Human Genome Project found that tells us that variations in health outcomes based on race and ethnicity are linked to something other than DNA (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?

-DNA shows that all humans are 99.9% the same

-There's more variation within a like group than between single individuals of different groups

According to the World Bank, how many people could be pushed into poverty by climate disasters over the next decade?

130 million people

Which of the following illustrate the relationship between poverty, population growth, and climate change (select all that apply, there are one to FIVE possible correct answers)?

-Children born in high-income countries will see twice as many extreme weather events as their grandparents did¸ but children in low-income countries will see three times as many

-Extreme heat events due to lack of tree coverage affects poor people whether they live in New York¸ USA¸ or in Freetown¸ Sierra Leone

-Poorer communities are exposed to much more extreme heat due to lack of tree coverage

-Poorer communities are already more affected by the climate change

-The richest half of the world is responsible for 86% of greenhouse gas emissions and the poorest half just 14%

The longitudinal chart above shows that "Population Growth" patterns have been quite challenging in Lebanon and Syria because of the devastating civil war in Syria, with well over a million refugees being driven into tiny Lebanon, and some eventually returning home to Syria. More broadly, this variable helps us understand where a country stands in its "demographic transition." Countries with the highest population growth generally are in the earlier stages of the demographic transition, whereas countries with the lowest population growth or declining populations generally are in the latter stages. Using the RCII, match each country below to its population growth rate.

-.39 = Japan

-.22 =Russia

- .11 = Germany

.69 = United States

.67 = India

.19 = China

2.53 = Nigeria

While having high fertility rates and significant population growth can be a challenge, especially for poorer developing countries, having large numbers of elderly citizens can also pose problems, such as not having enough working age people to support social security systems. Twenty-four countries have more than 20% of their populations over 65 years of age, all but three in Europe. Match the letter in the histogram to the countries to find the world's four oldest populations.

C = Italy

B = Japan

D = Finland

A = Monaco

As can be seen in the bar chart below, Syria leads the world with more than 6.5 million refugees. Four other countries after Syria had more than one million refugees in 2022 (the data in the 2023 RCII). Place these four in order from most refugees to least refugees (note, that #2 and #3 are very close, check the numbers carefully). Do you know why these countries have so many refugees?

-Ukraine

-Afghanistan

-South Sudan

-Myanmar

Africa has 26 of the top 27 countries with the highest birth rate. What is the one country in the top 27 that is NOT from Africa?

Afghanistan

"Urbanization," a key dynamic in the movement of people worldwide, has been sparked by such factors as technological change, industrialization, and rural environmental decline. As can be seen in the bar chart above, South Asia and Africa are the least urbanized world regions, and North America and Latin America are the most urbanized.Order the countries in the chart below from least urbanized (26.62%) to the most urbanized (91.95%).

1:Afghanistan

2:India

3:China

4:Ireland

5:United States

6:Japan

The role of women has been seen as central to population control because women's empowerment tends to lead to smaller but healthier families. Clearly, the map below shows that women in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia face the most disparities and/or persecution. Match the country below to the main subdimension under "Gender Equity and Integrity" where that country ranks as the worst in the world for that subdimension. (Note, one country is the worst on two of the subdimensions).

-Female Physical Integrity and Female Political Empowerment

Afghanistan = Afghanistan

-Female Educational Attainment = Somalia

-Female Health and Survival = Nigeria

-Female Economic Participation and Access =Yemen

One need only consider the COVID-19 crisis that began in 2020 to recognize that health factors, such as the quality of health care systems and the prevalence of disease, can have a significant impact on demographics. Clearly, from the map above, Africa as well as South and Southeast Asia face major health challenges. Match the country below to the subdimension under "Health" where that country ranks as the worst in the world for that subdimension. Does anything surprise you? Do you know the location of each of these countries?

-Health Outcomes = Somalia

-Health Systems = South Sudan

-Infectious diseases = Lethoso

-Non-infectious diseases = Nauru

-Substance Abuse = United States

Which of the following statements is true concerning urbanization?

More developed countries (MDCs) are more urbanized than less developed countries (LDCs)

In which region are the world's three largest cities found?

Asia

Across the globe, urbanization has been caused by (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers):

-Environmental decline¸ such as the overgrazing of land

-Industrialization¸ "pulling" people into cities

-Technological developments¸ "pushing" people off the farm

Key "general tendencies" of international population movements in an age of globalization include (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers):

-The involvement of an increasing number of countries¸ both as sending and receiving states

-The "feminization" of migration¸ as women are an increasing part of workforces

-Ongoing changes in where people go and where they come from

-The increasing politicization of migration

In 2014, the number of people living as refugees or internally displaced people worldwide was estimated by the UNHRC at:

79.5 million

The majority of the world's refugees and internally displaced people are:

Women and children

How many refugees AND internally displaced people does Syria have?

13.2 million

As noted in the introduction to this lesson, how many refugees AND internally displaced people does Ukraine have, given the war that began in 2022?

More than 14 million

Match the term to its function:

-Immigration = Internal Migration into a Country

-Emigration = International Migration out of a Country

-Internally Displaced Persons = people displaced in their own Countries

-Refugee = A person who is outside their country of origin because of well-founded fears of being persecuted

Where do migrants going through the Darian Gap come from?

Asia, the Middle East, Africa, Cuba, Haiti, and other places around the world

What are some things that can be seen on the passage through the Darien Gap (select all that apply, there are one to SIX possible correct answers)?

-Young men carrying backpacks filled with bricks of cocaina

-Smugglers hired to get people into Panama demanding payment

-Skeletons of people who got injured while making the treacherous journey

-Rivers overflowing¸ making it impossible to pass (the area has some of the highest rainfall totals in the world)

-Children crying of hunger because there is no food

-Bandits who steal money and food and sexually assault women

As noted in the PBS video, once they have crossed the Darien Gap, what do migrants find (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?

-For some¸ long waits because they come from countries where the United States is concerned about terrorism

-Minimal food and other assistance

-Panamanian border security personnel and procedures¸ often supported by U.S. personnel because Panama lacks capacity

In general:

Many LDCs have enacted policies to reduce population growth, while many MDCs have enacted policies to increase population growth

U.S. support for international family planning programs:

Has shifted with changing administrations, with Republicans barring fertility control programs that include legal access to abortion, and Democrats supporting such programs

Which country has been known for its "one child policy"?

China

Which country accepts the largest total number of immigrants worldwide?

The United States

"Brain drain" (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers):

-Is sometimes not entirely negative¸ as those who emigrate can sometimes return home with new skills or capital

-Is the loss of highly skilled persons¸ mostly from developing countries¸ as they migrate to¸ most often¸ developed countries

The Global Compact for Safe, Orderly, and Regular Migration (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers):

Seeks to promote national and international policies with respect to migration that follow the rule of law and promote sustainable development and human rights

What is a key challenge of aging populations?

Smaller cohorts of young people coming into the labor force to support elderly populations

What policies were undertaken by the former Trump administration with respect to migration (select all that apply, there are one to FIVE possible correct answers)?

-Instituting a travel ban on select Muslim-majority countries

-Trying to rescind the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program (DACA¸ which grants legal protection to nearly 800¸000 immigrants brought to the United States as children)

-Drastically reducing the number of refugees accepted for resettlement in the United States

-Ending the protected status of more than 200¸000 Salvadoran immigrants¸ many of whom had been here well over a decade

-Instituting a "zero tolerance" policy at the U.S.-Mexico border¸ which included separating children from their parents after they crossed into the United States.

As discussed in the video, many of the immigrants coming into the United States are from:

The Northern Triangle of Central America (Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador), among the world's deadliest countries outside war zones

The moderator interviews an 11-year-old boy who fled to the United States by himself because of the extreme drug-gang violence in his country. What country was this boy from?

Honduras

The moderator interviews an economic immigrant from Mexico who builds homes. How much more can he make in the United States than in Mexico?

He can make in a day what he would in a week in Mexico

The video points to which country as having the highest homicide rates in the world?

El Salvador

As discussed in the video, why is there so much violence in the Central American states? (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)

-Legacies of the 1980s civil wars and the lack of full reconciliation

-The prevalence of power drug gangs¸ with many members trained in the United States

-The prevalence of significant amounts of guns

How many unaccompanied minors entered the United States during the 2014 crisis?

60,000-80,000

The analyst points to a 15-year, $10 billion U.S. effort in which country as a model for what's needed in Central America?

Colombia

In late June 2022, the worst case of migrant deaths due to smuggling into the United States occurred when more than 50 migrants were abandoned in the back of a sweltering tractor-trailer in which U.S. state?

Texas

Which U.S. immigration policy tied to COVID-era restrictions ended in May 2023?

Title 42, which allowed the border patrol to expel almost all undocumented migrants seeking entry on public health grounds

What app are migrants supposed to use if they would like to set an appointment to make their case for asylum, and what are the biggest complaints about the app?

CPB One, where appointments are very limited, and supply does not nearly meet demand

What diseases, as discussed in the May 2023 PBS video, are found in "appalling" migrant encampments just a few hundred yards from the U.S. border (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?

-COVID

-Tuberculosis

-Dengue

-Waterborne illnesses

When was the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted?

1948

What was the immediate context for why the UDHR was drafted (select all that apply; there may be one to four possible correct answers)?

-The horror of over 50 million dead in WWII

-The terrible atrocities committed during WWII¸ such as the Holocaust

What is the difference between a treaty and a declaration?

A treaty is a legally binding instrument whereas a declaration is a statement of principles

Prior to the creation of the UDHR, what document first mentions human rights?

The Preamble to the UN Charter

What is the name of the key human rights document of the post-WWII era?

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights

How many countries voted against the UDHR in 1948?

0

How many countries abstained from voting on the UDHR in 1948?

8

What role did Eleanor Roosevelt play after her husband, President Franklin Roosevelt, had died? (select all that apply; there may be one to four possible correct answers)

-She became a member of the committee charged with drafting the UDHR

-She was invited to be part of the U.S. delegation to the United Nations

Who was instrumental in ensuring that the phrase "all men are created equal" was replaced with "all human beings are born free and equal"?

Hansa Mehta, India

When is international Human Rights Day and why?

December 10, because that is when, in 1948, the UDHR was adopted

Which generation of human rights includes freedom of speech and assembly?

First

Which of the following is a first-generation right?

Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is typically divided into ___________ generations, or categories:

Three

First-generation rights are also known as negative rights because:

They prohibit certain government action and are therefore based on the absence of government interference

U.S. President Jimmy Carter signed the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) in 1977. When did the United States ratify the treaty?

1992

Why didn't the United States ratify the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) until well after the treaty had gone into effect (select all that apply, there may be one to four possible correct answers)?

-The United States was reluctant to expose itself to international criticism

-The United States had concerns that ratifying the treaty could erode its national sovereignty

As discussed in the context of Uruguay, what is the role of a human rights rapporteur (select all that apply, there may be one to four possible correct answers)?

-To ensure justice and compensation for survivors of human rights abuses

-To assess progress in discovering the truth about past atrocities committed in a country

Match the following examples to their types of rights:

-life¸ liberty¸ and security of person = Civil and Political (AKA First-Generation

to be free from torture = Civil and Political (AKA First-Generation

right to leisure = Economic and Social Rights (AKA Second-Generation)

freedom of thought = Civil and Political (AKA First-Generation

participate freely in cultural life = Solidarity Right (AKA Third-Generation Rights)

right to education = Economic and Social Rights (AKA Second-Generation)

enjoy the arts and share in scientific advancements = Solidarity Right (AKA Third-Generation Rights)

access to health = Economic and Social Rights (AKA Second-Generation)

right to a just social and international order = Solidarity Right (AKA Third-Generation Rights)