Intelligence & Achievement (Unit 2: Cognition) - AP Psychology

g factor

general intelligence

single form of intelligence (g factor)

general intelligence (g) underlies all mental abilities (typical IQ tests of today); if you are smart in one area you are smart in other areas too

multiple intelligences

intelligence has lots of types, not just math/language; can be high/low in areas

first IQ test

used a formula and is where the traditional value of “IQ” comes from

IQ=(mental age/chronological age) *100

chronological age

actual age

mental age

tested age compared to other of that age

what is the average IQ?

100

what is the standard deviation for IQ?

15

what is the use for IQ scores/tests today?

educational services, diagnostic testing for learning disabilities, gifted and talented identification

psychometrics

field of psychology and education for creating tests

standardization

test is given using consistent procedures and environments, and graded the same

reliability

same results over time (consistent)

split-half reliability

comparing two halves of the test

test-retest reliability

use the same test on two different occasions

validity

test is accurate—measures what it is intended to

construct validity

test measures what you want it to (IQ test actually measures IQ)

predictive validity

test is able to accurately predict a trait

what do standardized tests establish?

normal distribution

what is used to compare scores?

standard deviation

standard deviation

measures how much scores vary from the mean

percentage of one standard deviation

68%

percentage of two standard deviation

95%

aptitude

predicts your abilities to learn a new skill

achievement

tests what you know

genetic affects on IQ

monozygotic twins have similar IQ, adopted kids more similar to biological parents

environmental affects on IQ

early neglect leads to lower IQ, good schooling to higher IQ

what can impact interpretation of results for IQ scores?

personal and sociocultural bias

what can negatively impact IQ scores?

poverty and education inequalities

eugenics

study of how to “improve” the gene by discouraging (sterilizing or otherwise) individuals from reproducing

why are culture fair tests used?

IQ tests have been used to refuse/limit access to jobs, military, education, and immigration

**focuses on non-language skills and minimize cultural specific questions

stereotype threat

feel at risk of conforming to the negative stereotype about your group—influences your behaviors , cognitions

stereotype lift

a situation where individuals perform better on a test or task because they are not part of a negative stereotype about the group

FLYNN effect

IQ has steadily risen over the past 80 years—probably due to education standards, healthcare

fixed mindsight

belief intelligence is fixed from birth—leads to less effort

growth mindset

belief you can develop abilities through work and determination—leads to more effort