particle model of matter, topic 3

sep-november

solids

distance between particles

bond between particles

motion of particles

particle diagram

very close

very strong

vivrate

liquids

distance between particles

bond between particles

motion of particles

particke diagram

very close

strong

slide past slowly

gases

distance between particles

bond between particles

motion of particles

particle diagram

far apart

none

very fast, random directions

movement of partciles

what particles have the same and which one js different

simmilar

liquid and gases- can move from place to place

different

soldi- only vibrate

closeness of particles

what particles have the same and which one is diff

simmilar

solids+liquids-as particles are very close

differnet

gasses-particles are very far apart

bonds between particles

what particles have the same and which one is diff

simmilar

solids+liquids-particles are very strong

different

gasses-particles have no bonds holding them together

explain why can gasses be compressed but liquids and solids can’t (5)

-solids liquid particles are close together

-when compressing a solid or a liquid there is no space

-gas particles are far apart

-when compressing a gas there is space to be compressed together

-you cannot compress liquids or solids

explain why gases fill their containers but their liquids and solids cannot have a fixed volume (5)

-a gas bond between particles is none

-so a gas spreads out to fill the container

-a solid or a liquid’s bond between particles is strong

-so when a solid or liquid is in a container the particles stay together

-liquids and solids don’t fill their container/ change their volume

whats a solid turning into a liquid called

whats a liquid turning into a gas called

whats a solid turning into a gas called

melting

boiling

sublimation

whats a gas turning into a liquid called

whats a liquid turning into a solid called

whats a gas turning into a solid called

condensing

freezing

deposition

true or false

temperature describes the average kinetic energy movement of the particles in a substance

True

why will the particles move slower in a cup of tea left on a table in a cold room

particles average temp will decrease

so the average kinetic energy decrease

so the particles move slower

why will the particles vibrate faster in an ice cube left out in the sun on a hot summers day

temp of the ice cube will increase

so the kinetic energy will increase

therefore the particles will move faster

true or false

when bonds between particles are broken the particles loose potential energy

false

bonds between particles are broken the particles potential energy

so

bonds between are made the particles loose potential energy

what state of matter do particles have

thw most potential energy

the least potential energy

gas

solid

does the substance gain or loose potential energy when

a substance melts/boils

a substance freezes/condenses

bonds are broken so substance gains potential energy

bonds are made so the substance looses potential energy

internal energy equation

internal energy= kinetic energy of particles + potential energy of particles

whats A-D

A-solid
B-melting
C-liquid
D-boiling

when the change of state occurs, does the temp change

no it stays the same

when a change of state occurs do the particles loose/gain potential energy

gain

what is specific heat capacity

the amount of energy needed to change the temp by 1C of 1kg of the material

lead will have the biggest change in the movement of particles becaus…

it has the smallest specific heat capacity, biggest temp change so biggest change in kinetic energy

specific heat capacity equation

amount i=of energy=mass of material x specific heat capacity (J/Kg/C)x temp change

what is density

amount of mass a substance has per unit of its volume

measured in (k)g/m³

why are solids more dense than gases

-particles in a solid are closer together

-particles in a gas are far apart

-so solids have a higher density

density equation

density((k)g/m³)= mass((k)g)/volume(m³)

how to measure the density of a regular shape

mass= measure with a balance

volume= measure with ruler→volume= area of cross section x height of shape

how to measure the density of an irregular shape (2 ways)

use a measuring cylinder or displacement can

cylinder

1. fill a measuring cylinder with 100ml of water and place the object in it, however much the ml went up is the volume

2. measure object with balance to find the mass

3. use the density equation to find out density

displacement can

1. place object on a balance and measure the mass

2. fill up displacement can with water until level with bottom of the pipe

3. place a measuring cylinder under the pipe and place the object in the displacement can and wait until no more water comes out the displacent can

4. measure volume of displaced can

5. use the density equatoin to work out density

how to find density of a liquid

place empty measuring cylinder on balance, 0 the balance, pour liquid into measuring cylinder

record the mass

divide mass by volume to find density

why is a larger volume more accurate when finding the density

minimises the effects of uncertainty when measuring the measurments

why do gases have the lowest density

In gas state, the particles are spread out, with lots of empty space between them, this gives gases a low density. 

what is pressure

an affect of a force on a surface

does a small surface area have a high pressure or low pressure

does a large surface area have a high pressure or low pressure

small surface area-force is more focused/ concentrated- high pressure

large surface area-force is less focused/concentrated (more spread out)-low pressure

what is temperature

the average kinetic energy of the particles

why do gasses cause pressure

when gas particles collide with the surface they exert a force on the surface

so the gases cause on the surface

why would pressure increase if i increase the temperature of the gas

the particles move faster- so there are more collisions so there is more force and pressurw

what happens if you increase the volume of the container

particles collide less often with the internal surface so the force decreases and so does the pressure

why can you squash a gas but not a solid

particles in a gas are far apart, whilst the particles in a solid or liquid are close together . when compressing a solid or liquid there isnt space when compressing a liquid there is space

internal energy

kinetic energy of particles and potential energy of particles

latent heat

amount of energy needed to to COMPLETELY change the state per 1kg of a material

measured in J/kg

latent heat equation

amount of energy (J)= mass of material x latent heat (kg)

what happens to a solid turning into a liquid

In solids, strong attractive forces hold the particles in place, so that they can only vibrate in position.

As the substance is heated the particles gain energy and vibrate faster and faster. Eventually, the particles have so much energy that they can overcome the forces holding them together and the substance melts into a liquid.

when a solid is heated the energy is transfered to the particles _____ energy stores, this casues the particles to vibrate faster

kinetic

melting point

boiling point

melting point - The temperature at which a solid converts into a liquid  

boiling point - The temperature at which a liquid converts into a gas

in a fixed container where gas is being heated, what will happen to the volume and pressure

expandable container

fixed container- volume of gas is fixed, pressure inside the container inc

expandable container volume will inc, pressure is fixed

specific latent heat of fusion

specific latent heat of vaporisation

when a substance changes from a solid to a liquid (or vice versa)

when a substance changes from a liquid to a gas (or vice versa)

formular for pressure

pressure= force/area

which 2 factors can increease the pressure of gas

faster moving particles

more collisions with the walls of the container

how does volume affect pressure in a gas

Decreasing the volume of the container, whilst keeping the number of gas particles the same, will increase the concentration.

In this smaller volume, collisions between particles of gas and the walls of the container will be more frequent.

A greater number of collisions per unit area of wall means the pressure increases.

How does temperature and concentration affect a flexible container

An increase in force on the walls of the container would just cause the container to expand.

Therefore, changing temperature or concentration will change the volume of the container, rather than the pressure of the gases inside.

When kept at a constant temperature, the pressure and volume of a gas are

inversely proportional

so when volume inc, pressure decs

so when volume dec, pressure inc

What equation should be used to calculate the energy supplied to the system during the specific heat capacity rp

Q=mcΔT

q=heat(J)

m=mass(g)

c=specific heat capacity(J/kg°C)

ΔT= change in temp (°C)