UNIT 2 AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

Agricultural density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land. It shows how intensive agriculture is in a region.

Asylum seekers

People who flee their home country due to fear of persecution and seek international protection.

Antinatalist

A policy or attitude that discourages people from having children, often due to concerns over population growth or resource use.

Arithmetic density

The total number of people per unit of land area. It's a simple measure of population density.

Carrying capacity

The maximum population size that an environment can sustain indefinitely without depleting its resources.

Climate

The long-term weather patterns in a particular area, which can influence migration and settlement patterns.

Contraception

Methods or devices used to prevent pregnancy, which can impact fertility rates and population growth.

Culture

The shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts of a group of people.

Death rates

The number of deaths in a given population over a set period, usually expressed per 1,000 people.

Demographic

Relating to the structure of populations, including aspects like age, gender, income, and migration patterns.

Dependency ratio

The ratio of people who are dependent on others (usually children and elderly) to the working-age population (ages 15-64).

Distribution

The arrangement of something across Earth's surface, such as population distribution.

Fertility

The ability to produce offspring, often measured by the total fertility rate (TFR), which is the number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime.

Forced migration

The movement of people who are compelled to leave their home country due to factors such as war, natural disaster, or political instability.

History

A record of past events, often important to understanding migration patterns and trends.

Internally displaced persons (IDPs)

People who have been forced to migrate within their own country due to conflict or natural disasters but have not crossed international borders.

Internal migration

The movement of people within a country, either from rural to urban areas or between regions.

Intervening obstacles

Factors that hinder or prevent migration, such as physical barriers, legal restrictions, or lack of transportation.

Intervening opportunities

Opportunities that arise in the midst of migration, which may cause migrants to stop or settle in a place before reaching their intended destination.

Landforms

The physical features of the Earth's surface, such as mountains, valleys, and rivers, which can influence migration and settlement patterns.

Life expectancy

The average number of years a person is expected to live based on current mortality rates.

Malthus

Thomas Malthus, an economist who theorized that population growth would outpace food production, leading to widespread famine and hardship unless controlled.

Politics

The activities associated with governance, policies, and power relations, which often influence migration and population patterns.

Population-doubling time

The time it takes for a population to double in size at a given rate of natural increase.

Population pyramid

A graphical representation of a population's age and sex distribution, which can reveal trends such as population growth, aging, and dependency.

Pronatalist

A policy or attitude that encourages people to have more children, often to combat low birth rates or support future labor forces.

Pull factors

The positive aspects or opportunities of a destination that attract migrants, such as better job opportunities, improved living conditions, or political stability.

Push factors

The negative aspects or challenges that drive people to leave their home country or region, such as war, poverty, or lack of opportunity.

Rate of natural increase (RNI)

The rate at which a population grows or declines, calculated by subtracting the death rate from the birth rate.

Ravenstein's laws of migration

A set of principles by Ernst Ravenstein that describe migration patterns, such as the tendency for people to move short distances, with larger movements typically occurring in stages.

Transnational migration

Migration across national boundaries, often involving the establishment of connections between a person’s home country and the destination country.

Voluntary migration

The movement of people based on their own choice, usually in search of better opportunities or living conditions.

Water bodies

Bodies of water such as rivers, lakes, and oceans that can act as barriers or influences on migration patterns.

Refugees

People who are forced to leave their home country due to fear of persecution, violence, or conflict, and seek protection in another country.

Rural-to-urban migration

The movement of people from rural areas to urban areas, often in search of better job opportunities, education, and living standards.

Slavery

The forced movement of people, usually through violent means, and their subjugation for labor without freedom or rights.

Social values

The beliefs and principles held by a society or group, which can influence social behaviors, including migration patterns and settlement choices.

Step migration

The process of migration where people move in stages, often starting from rural areas to nearby towns, then to cities, and finally to larger urban areas.

Transhumance

The seasonal movement of livestock and pastoralists between different grazing grounds, often between mountains and lowlands.

Stage 1 DTM

High CBR, High CDR, Low/stable NIR; need kids for farming; poor sanitation, famine

Stage 2 DTM

High CBR, Rapidly falling CDR, High NIR; improved health, sanitation, and food

Stage 3 DTM

Falling CBR, Falling CDR, Slowing NIR; urbanization, fewer kids needed

Stage 4 DTM

Low CBR, Low CDR, Stable/slow NIR; women educated, access to contraception

Stage 5 DTM

(optional) Very low CBR, Low CDR, Negative NIR; aging population, workforce decline

Stage 1 ETM

Pestilence and famine; infectious diseases, high death rate

Stage 2 ETM

Receding pandemics; improved sanitation, lower death rate

Stage 3 ETM

Degenerative diseases; rise in chronic diseases (e.g. heart disease, cancer)

Stage 4 ETM

Delayed degenerative diseases; medical advances prolong life

Stage 5 ETM

(proposed) Reemergence of infectious diseases; antibiotic resistance, globalization spreads diseases

Ravenstein Law of Migration

The majority of people who migrate only travel a short distance. This can be classified as Friction of Distance.

Ravenstein Law of Migration

Migration proceeds in steps.

Ravenstein Law of Migration

Migrants who travel long distances, are more likely to prefer areas that are great centers of commerce or industry.

Ravenstein Law of Migration

Each current of migration produces a compensating counter-current.

Ravenstein Law of Migration

People in rural areas are more likely to migrate than people in cities.

Ravenstein Law of Migration

Men migrate over longer distances than women.

Ravenstein Law of Migration

Most migrants are young adult males; families rarely migrate out of their country of birth

Ravenstein Law of Migration

Large towns grow more by migration then by natural increase

Ravenstein Law of Migration

Migration increases in volume as industries and commerce develop and transport improves

Ravenstein Law of Migration

Migration is mostly due to economic causes.

Ravenstein Law of Migration

Women are more likely to migrate within the local area.