Neuro Science

Test 1

telencephelon**

becomes 4 lobes of brain??

cant form cortical things if damages???

forms outer layers?? and limbic system

half of forebrain - forms outer cortex and basal ganglia

MS**

deteriorates mylin - affects white matter

damaging precentral gyrus**

problems with movement - main motor in brain? ask teach

Temporal lobe**

Superior temporal gyrus = wernickes area - understanding speech

herchel gyrus = hearing

parietal lobe**

post central gyrus

Frontal Lobe**

Inferior frontal gyrus (brocas area):
Coordinating movements required for speech

Dermatomes *** ask teach

Mixed - motor and sensory input***

Spinal nerve outside of spine = peripheral nerve***

somatic nervous system primary component

primary component: cranial nerves

anything that recieves sensory input and produces outgoing motor

refer to nerves in head and neck area*** ask teach

Santiago Cajal’s Neuron Doctrine

Brain/Nervous system is composed of independent cells

Info transmitted across gaps called “Synapses”

Provides flexibility and new conections

Axon Hilcock

Makes Action Potential

Action Potential

Electrical signal that travel down the axon

Axon

Information highway

Nodes of Ranvier

Spaces between myelin

Axon terminal

Sends signals to other cells

Function of a neuron?

To communicate

Soma

Cell body - processes info

Multipolar Neuron

Most common type

Many Dendrites - one axon

Cortical processing

Bipolar Neurons

One axon, one dendrite

Sensory processing - vision

Unipolar neurons

Soma off to the side

Sensory processing - other senses

Functional Neurons

Motor neurons

Sensory neurons

Interneurons

Motor Neurons

Long Axons

Stimulate muscle

Brain to Body

Sensory Neruons

various shape for specific environmental stimuli such as light, odor or touch

Resp to sensory stimuli

Body to brain

interneurons

have tiny axons and analyze input from one set of neurons and communicate to other

Bridge between motor and sensory

Spinal nerves

neck down

sensory or motor just like cranial

dermatome in fingers

These are smaller

Segmented distribution

Different dermatomes correspond to different locations on the spine

Somatic is what nerves

Cranial and Spinal nerves

Autonomic nervous system

controls bodys organs (involuntary)

2 divisions: sympathetic vs parasympathetic

Sympathetic

Fight or Flight response

Digestion stops

Pupils dilate

Parasympathetic

Replenishes itself

p = couch potato

rest and digest

autonomic is more

more context dependent

Gyri

pushed out part

physical tissue**

ridged

sulci

lines that divide region

grooves/furrows

gyri and sulci are for

increased surface area

gray matter

contains more cell body/soma and dendrites

white matter

mylen

unmylenated axon = gray

nerves

provide us with sensory and motor

Cortex organized into

Different regions based on functions and sulci

Cortex has how many lobes

It has 4 lobes

4 lobes

Frontal

Parietal

Temporal

Occipital

medial longitudinal

separate right and left hemisphere

central sulcus

seperate frontal from parietal lobe

sylvain fissure**

ask teacher

parieto occpital

seperate parietal and occipital

left side of brain

important for language

brochas area

right side

visual/spatial reasoning

4 sulci

 Medial longitudinal fissure

 Central sulcus

 Sylvain fissure

 Parieto-occipital sulcus

corpus callossum

bundle of axons that connect hemispheres

the only bridge - allows hemispheres to communicate

corpus callosum damaged

see something cant put it in to words

split brain syndrome

Can help with epilepsy - siezures stopped

drawing a picture which hemisphere

right hemisphere

Neurogenesis

making neruons

Differentiation

Cells become specific type of cells

synaptiogenesis

making new synapses

progenitor cells

cell that makes more cells

they produce undifferentiated stem cells

neurogenesis

formation of neural tube (site of neurogenesis)

basic cells ram into each other and form tube

once tube forms it shuts off from everything else (closes from both sides)
all nerves produced here - direct precvursor to braina nd spine

neural migration (step 2)

Differentiated cells travel to proper place

guided by radial glia cells (traffic cops)

neural maturation/ synaptogenesis (step 3)

making as many connections to last forever

driven by chemo attractiveness/signals

infants have more synapses and connections than adults

fail at 1 of every 2 connections

pruning gets rid of all bad connections (driven by microglia cells)

age 2 - lose 50% of synapses

during neural development bumps form

3 bumps become brain regions

Forebrain

Midbrain

Hindbrain

neural tube develops - bumps form - develop into regions

know cephalons and what they become**

Diencephalon**

other half of forebrain

sensory/movement processing center

Thalamus: bunch of nuclei that relay info

mesencephalon**

midbrain

superior colliculi - smth jumps at u and u turn to see it (s = site)

Inferior colliculi - auditory reflex

reticular formation**

concsiousness

R = rest

hindbrain in back furthest down***

metencephelon - cerebellum is involved in movment

pons and reituclar formation both involved in sleep but in dif locations

medulla oblongata - life support system

postcentral gyrus***

main sensory part of brain

***************step 2 migration - get cells to where they need to get (cells are already the type they are supposed to be )

structural neural development - forebrain midbrain hindbrain - cell development is different than this

learn steps of everything ayaan

what is basal ganglia made of??

1’’

‘‘1

Synthesis of NT Part 1

1. Nutrition - amino acid - enzyme = building blocks for NT

   1. Transport: enzymes transported down axon using ATP
      anterograde and retrograde transport

Why soma good for synthesis

contains

Nucleus: regulates protein synthesis

ribosomes: make proteins

mitochondria: gives atp for power

Anterograde Transport

Soma to Terminal

kinesis = ATP Motor

Retrograde Transport

Terminal to Soma

Dynein = ATP motor

Carries back empty vesicles

Synthesis Part 2

Enzymes arrive at axon terminal and NTs are assembled

NTs are loaded into vesicles via transporters

Glial cells 4 types

Schwan

Oligodenrocytes, microglia, astrocytes

What do Glial cells provide?

they provide raw materials, chemical signals. and structure

‘glue’

CNS

brain and spine

PNS

Body

oligodendrocytes

Form myelin sheaths in brain and spinal cord (CNS)

Schwann cells

Provide myelin to neurons outside brain and spinal cord (PNS)

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Damaged myelin of axon in brain + spine

Major symptom = impaired coordination

Astrocytes

Universal Glial cell

Clean out cell

Make up blood brain barrier - makes brain clean environment

Respond to injury by swelling (all glial cells do but esp this one)

Edema***

Swelling of glial cells*** only astrocytes?

Microglial cells

clean up cells

immune cell of brain

What are vesicles

Storage containers

MS Only affects oligodedrites, schwann, and microglial because ms = autoimmune condition***

Axon in CNS = axon

Nerve in PNS = Axon***

PNS consist of

Nerves - bundles of axons

Afferent and Efferent *** ask teach if this is for pns or cns

Sensory nerves - convey info from body to CNS - Afferent

Motor nerves - transmit info from spine and brain to muscles and glands - efferent

nerves of body/PNS divided intp

Somatic nervous system

Autonomic nervous system

Somatic nervous system

Voluntary control

Sensory and motor nerves

2 groups: cranial and spinal nerves

Cranial nerves

Innervate the head, neck, and visceral organs directly from brain

Just outside the brain

Spinal Nerves

Connect to spinal cord

cranial nerves

 1.Olfactory (I)—smell

 2. Optic (II)—vision

 3. Oculomotor (III)—eye movement

 4. Trochlear (IV)—eye movement

 5. Trigeminal (V)—facial sensation, chewing muscles

 6. Abducens (VI)—eye movement

 7. Facial (VII)—taste sensation, facial muscles

 8. Vestibulocochlear (VIII)—hearing and balance

 9. Glossopharyngeal (IX)—throat sensation, throat muscles

 10. Vagus (X)—innervates the heart, liver, and intestines

 11. Spinal Accessory (XI)—neck muscles

 12. Hypoglossal (XII)—tongue

cranial nerve 1

Olfactory - smell

Cranial nerve 2

Optic - vision

Cranial nerve 3

oculomotor - eye movement

Cranial nerve 4

Trochlear - eye movement

Cranial nerve 5

Trigeminal - facial sensation, chewing muscles

Cranial nerve 6

Abducens - eye movement

Cranial nerve 7

Facial - Taste sensation, facial muscles

Cranial nerve 8

Vestibulocochlear - hearing and balance