PAS 2301 Midterm

there is a lot of spelling errors

ACPE

Accerdation Concil For Pharmacy Education

Purpose of ACPE

Define circulum for pharmacy school

How ACPE is broken down

PharmD Accerdilation (A)

Continuing Education Provider Accerlation (C)

International Service Program (P)

Pharmacy Tech Education Accerdation Collabration (E)

NAPLEX

North America Pharmacist Lincinse Exam

NAPLEX format

scarnio based and case study questions

How much money spent on drugs?

$400 billion

How much pharmacies dispense

How much precrisptions (Rx) value/ spent RETAIL

1,000 pharmacies dispinse 5 billion perscerptions

What is Pharmacy?

. Pharmacy is the science and technique of preparing and dispensing drugs.

. It is a health profession that links health sciences with chemical sciences and aims to ensure the safe and effective uses of pharmaceutical drugs

Service focused profession

What is the purpose of Pharmacy?

practice of administering, preparing, compounding,

preserving, or the dispensing of drugs, medicines and therapeutic

Dispensing

Pharmacy Responsibility:Medications, assuring the safety and appropriateness of the prescribed therapy

Communcation and Relationship Building

process by which participants create and share information with each other to reach a mutual relationship

includes: active listening, using clear and culturally appropriate language, demonstrating empathy, and building trust through consistent, respectful interactions.

Cultural Competency and Health Equity

Must understand how cultural beliefs, language barriers, and socioeconomic factors influence medication adherence and health outcomes.

Recognize cultural differences in health practices, working with interpreters when needed, and addressing health disparities that affect medication access and use.

Social Determinants of Health

Understanding how factors like housing stability, food security, transportation, employment, and education level impact a patient's ability to manage their medications effectively.

Pharmacists increasingly consider these broader social circumstances when developing care plans and making recommendations.

can be negeative or postive

Health Literacy and Patient Education

Assessing patients' ability to understand and use health information, then tailoring education approaches accordingly.

Includes using teach-back methods, visual aids, and simplified materials to ensure patients can safely manage their medications (basically help the patients become more aware)

Collaborative Care and Care Coordination

Working effectively with patients, families, caregivers, and other healthcare providers to ensure seamless care transitions and comprehensive medication management.

Ex: understanding family dynamics and support systems that influence patient outcomes.

Accessibility and Medication Adherence Support

Addressing barriers to medication access, including cost concerns, insurance issues, and logistical challenges.

Ex: connecting patients with assistance programs, coordinating with prescribers for alternative therapies, or developing adherence strategies that fit patients' lifestyles

Patient Advocacy and Empowerment

Supporting patients in navigating the healthcare system,advocating for their needs, and empowering them to take active roles in their care decisions while respecting their autonomy and preferences.

Patient Counseling

Talk to the patient about their medication and treatment aspects. Giving patient proper medical advice and instructions

Sociology

. the study of human SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS and institutions.

. the study of the development, structure, and functioning of human society.

. the study of social problems

ASA Definition of Sociology

. the study of society

. a social science involving the study of the social lives of people, groups, and societies

. the study of our behavior as social beings, covering everything from the analysis of short contacts between anonymous individuals on the street to the study of global social processes

. the scientific study of social aggregations, the entities through which humans move throughout their lives'

. AN OVERARCHING UNIFICATION OF ALL STUDIES OF HUMANKIND, INCLUDING HISTORY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND ECONOMICS

What is Health?

state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

PHARMACEUTICAL CARE IS FOCUSED ON HEALTH

population health (group based)

speacializing in public health opertional epidemiology

person to a group

refering to millions

Insitutions 

place of care (ex:hosptial) or for organzations involved in healthcare (like for health insurance)

make desions for patient care

Congiative Aspects of Care

understanding and addressing the mental processes of both patients and healthcare providers

Well-being

part of healthcare

person is functioning 

Wellness

Defined as an integrated method of functioning that is oriented toward maximizing the potential of which the individual is capable, within the environment where he or she is functioning

it is considered intergal

Illness

. Defined by laymen as a reaction to perceived biological alteration.
. Highly individual (subjective)
. Depends on state of mind and cultural beliefs, as well as psyciological and psychological stimuli.

do not know what the problem is

formally diagonised when it becomes a dieases

person can be ill and NOT have a diease

self defined

7 Social Dimensions Of Pharmacy

Communication and Relationship Building

• Cultural Competency and Health Equity

• Social Determinants of Health

• Health Literacy and Patient Education

• Collaborative Care and Care Coordination

• Accessibility and Medication Adherence Support

• Patient Advocacy and Empowerment

CCASP

old one

product foucsed and dispensing drugs

MTM

. Medication Therapy Management

. Purpose is to optimize drug therapy

. Retail

CDTM

. Collaborative Drug Therapy Management

. Formal partnership between pharmacist and physician to work to manage drug therapy

. Institutional

. Select, modify, order reports, interpret

NEW

Who writes laws for pharmacy?

State (ex: state board of pharmacy)

Statutory Defintion

states something about who u are, what ur role is as a professional and what ur expectations are

legal defention for pharmacy practice and comes from law

Why was the recognition of healthcare providers important?

it was important because it helped engage in preventive measures

- prevention is better than cure
- providers are able to advocate for their patients

-preventation and mitigetion

Acute

- rapid symptoms onsets
- brief duration
- usually curable

short term

easy to manage and cure

Chronic

- irreversible alteration in normal anatomy and physiology
- requires long periods of care

dont have a cure but can be managed

longer than 3 months without a cure

life long and long term

Diease

. Professionally defined
. A person may have a disease and not be ill
. A person may be ill and not have a disease
. Both disease and illness may be present

can be a pathological change in structure/function

either internal or external

subjective illness

what you feel

depends on state of mind and cultural beliefs

silenet dieases

you may not know you have the diease

conditions that progress without noticeable symptoms, making them difficult to detect until they reach an advanced stage

most are killer dieases

Gallup Organzation

does polls

around since 1990s

ask which professions to rate in top 3 for trustworthy and accessablity

Health Care Inequity

affects different groups of people

from many complex factors (Social Determinants of Health)

unjust and aviodable in health status

Pharmacy Desssertssss 🧁

recent occuring problem

pharmacies are going out of bussiness

5% of population lives 5 miles or MORE from pharmacies

type of inequity

Shrinking of pharmacy effect?

the pharmacies go out of busssiness

What is the $300B profit?

It is a drug problem

• ex: substance abuse like opiod crisis

• percripstion drug abuse and related problem

Medication Nonadherence

When a patient fails to follow medical advisors instructions for taking prescribed medication

• not taking the correct dosage

• stop taking the meds

• many reasons for patients to not follow instructions. Ex: side effects, expensive and more

• reconginzed as a behavioral problem

When is Medication Nonadherence a big problem?

When a patient suffers from chronic diease

How many days is a acute illness?

2 weeks max or couple days

How many days is chronic illness?

Longer than 2 weeks

life long and ongoing

diffcult to manage (like they have to take multiple medications. 5-6 pills or more)

Medication Nonadherence effects

-people can be hosptialized

-higher healthcare (apart of the $300B problem)

-uncontrolled conditions

Why is pharmacy dessert a serious problem?

Limits patient care

-health care disparity

-health care inequatity and equity

-people recive less than optimal care

- some people can get more care than others

-some people can get less care than others

AACP

American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy

Why is American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) important?

Responsible for shaping the circumlium for pharmacy in the USA

Maintains top 10 list to become a pharmacist

Pharmacy Poll Thing (why pharmacist are regarded so highly)

Pharmacist demonstrate honesty,ethics and intergerity

Pharmacist used to be 1 now it’s 3-5

Why did the ranking for pharmacy went down in the poll?

-more professions were added to the poll

-9/11 played a role (ex: police officers were added)

-negeative view (ex:pharmacist making mistakes regarding medication)

Treating Illness Consequences

-expected 

-unexpected

-intended

-uninteded

Who is responsible for behavioral problem?

The patient

How do the patients fail us?

Do not follow proper medical advice or instructions

(they are not a bad patient)

they are not as skilled or knoweldege. ex: old etc

What two concepts have a link?

Medication Nonadherence and Pharmacy Desserts

b/c lack of pharmacies patients are reporting more health problems and their cases worsening

Where are these issues emerging?

Low income neighborhoods

How many pharmacies are out there?

89,000

How many pharmacies closed since 2010?

Almost 1/3 closed since 2010

Med Sync

the process of aligning a patient's medication fills so that they can all be conveniently picked up on the same day

Sickness

A condition that is socially defined

When does illness become a diease?

Illness can become a diease when you seek professional help. It gets labels

Further Diagnosis

doing physical exams and lab reports to detect with the diease or problem is

silent disease

remain illness until it becomes dieases

pre diabtes to diabetes

people don’t know they have this

Does a person being ill mean they have a diease?

A person can be ill and NOT have a diease

Exemption

-must have a valid reason

ex: doctor note or some type of legitmized authority proof

employeer and you as a work have a right

FMLA

Family Medical Leave Act

What was the law suit about 7 years ago?

Had to do with the opioid crisis

What was the effect of the opioid crisis?

½ a million people died due to uncontrolled distribution of it

Perscription Drug Abuse

pharmacist were dispensing this for pain

many people died due to being addicted (millions got addicted)

A1C

Hemoglobin A1C

Measure average blood sugar level over past 2-3 months

What does more glucose mean?

More A1C

A1C below 5.7%

normal

5.8% - 6.4%

pre-diabetes

6.5% and above

type 2 diabetes

Can pharmacist order an A1C for the patient?

NO

only physican and doctor can do this

Can pharmacist diganoise?

NO

they can only point out symthoms and call the doctor

Disorder

. Describes "the disruption of the disease to the normal or regular functions in the body or a part of the body."

Generally labeled

. Classified into:

Mental

Physical

Genetic

Emotional

Behavioral

Structural

MORE SPECFIC

HAS A KNOWN CAUSE

Syndrome

Refers to a disease or a disorder that has more than one identifying feature or symptom.

. "A collection or set of signs and symptoms that characterize a particular condition"

. Sometimes it can be caused by a number of diseases or can be a medical condition

MAY NOT HAVE A KNOWN CAUSE

Condition

"An abnormal state of health that interferes with the usual activities or feeling of well being"

Asymptomatic

No sympthoms shown

Health Behavior

Any activity undertaken by a person who behaves himself to be healthy, for the purpose of preventing disease or detecting disease in an asymptomatic stage

regluar health maintaince like brushing teeth etc

Illness Behavior

Any activity undertaken by a person who feels ill, for the purpose of defining the state of his health and of discovering suitable remedy

Sick role behavior

Activity undertaken by those who consider themselves ill for the purpose of getting well

When are you labeled a patient?

When you are formly diagonised as a patient

What are the newer social dimensions?

social and collaborative

How can health be different?

Can be based on social,geography, demographics and economic status

National association of boards of pharmacy

give licensure exams for pharmacists in the United States.

CLASP

counting licking adding, sticking, and pouring

NABP

National Association of Boards of Pharmacy: the organization that supports state boards of pharmacy and runs some licensure programs.

Sick role

Used in medical sociology regarding sickness and the rights and obligations of the affected.

It is a concept created by American sociologist Talcott Parsons in 1951