AP Psychology Unit 3 Review: Sensation and Perception 

Sensory pathways carry information from the sense organs to the :: brain

is responsible for the conversion of physical energy to neural impulses :: transduction

Sensory receptors play a key role in detecting in the external world :: changes

Loudness is determined by sound _ :: amplitude

_ is heavily influenced by a person’s expectations :: perception

The intensity of light is our perception of _ :: brightness

Specialized cells that detect specific stimuli such as length, color and boundaries :: feature detectors

Physical properties of sound include :: amplitude and frequency

The smallest change in physical energy between 2 stimuli that is recognized as different :: difference threshold

Starbucks is careful not to change its packaging too much to keep it beneath :: just noticeable difference

Number of vibrations a sound wave completes in a given time :: frequency

What is not one of the 5 taste qualities? :: spicy

You can tell who is singing “I’ll Be There” (Mariah Carey or the Jackson 5) because of _ :: timbre

Top-down processing emphasizes all of the following except :: stimulus features

A bus moves towards you; you don’t perceive it as growing larger because of :: perceptual constancy

“The whole is other than the sum of its parts” reflects :: Gestalt psychology

The visual cliff tests infants on :: depth perception

A green apple looks green in dim light and bright in sunshine because of :: color constancy

If you see the old lady first and then see her in the ambiguous picture it demonstrates :: perceptual set

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Sam added a bit more clove to a new perfume, enough to just tell the difference. This is :: just noticeable difference

You saw a picture of a saxophone, then see the saxophone instead of a woman in an ambiguous image. This is :: perceptual set

Hermann von Helmholtz was a proponent of which perceptual theory? :: learning based inference

Caroline’s _ provides her with information regarding her body position when she is driving :: kinesthetic sense

The perception of _ is related to the intensity of light :: brightness

refers to the fact we don’t know how the brain combines features into a single percept :: the binding problem

The fish market doesn’t smell as bad when I leave because of :: sensory adaptation

Strumming a guitar causes the surrounding air to :: vibrate

Whether a sound has a high or low _ refers to its frequency :: pitch

Sensory DATA is analyzed in processing :: bottom up

Rods are photoreceptors that allow us to perceive while cones allow us to see :: the moon at night; a yellow jeep

The concept of explains why a red dress looks red in dim light and bright sunshine :: color constancy

Auditory signals are processed in the :: auditory cortex of the temporal lobes

Perception is not an exact internal copy of the world, but based on our experiences as shown by :: optical illusions like the Ponzo illusion

The blind spot refers to the region of the eye at which the _ leaves the eye :: optic nerve

As a pterodactyl flies towards you, you don’t perceive it as growing larger because of :: perceptual constancy

Wavelength translates into while intensity will affect the _ of what we see :: color; brightness

We don’t see a black hole where our blind spot is because :: what is missed with one eye is caught with the other

The visual cortex is located within the :: occipital lobe

Tasting pizza is , remembering that you hate the taste of pizza is _ :: sensation; perception

We see color better when we look :: straight ahead

We see in dim light better when we look :: to the sides

When we see a line take a 90 degree turn we still perceive it as the same line due to :: law of continuity

Fluid movement in the semicircular canals in the inner ear :: help you with balance and body position

Wavelength gives us :: color and pitch

Transduction for hearing takes place in the ; for vision in the _ :: cochlea; retina

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In the dark, an object is more clearly seen when viewed in peripheral vision than when viewed directly. This is phenomenon occurs because the rods located in the retina are :: more sensitive in the dark than cones and are not found in the fovea

A reason that one typically does not notice a blind spot in the visual field is that :: the brain fills in missing information so there is no awareness that the visual field is incomplete

Damage to which of the following best explains conduction deafness :: hammer, anvil, and stirrup

Ernst Weber and Gustave Fechner’s psychophysical laws concern the relation between which of the following :: the intensity of a stimulus and its corresponding psychological sensation

Negative afterimages are explained by :: the opponent process theory

The pitch of a sound is analogous to which of the following features of light :: hue

The Gestalt principle that refers to an individual’s tendency to perceive an incomplete figure as a whole is called :: figure-ground

Feature detectors are neurons that are turned on or off by specific features of visual stimuli like edges and movement. Where in the visual system are these feature detectors located :: occipital cortex

Balance is influenced by the :: cochlea

Visual acuity is best in the :: fovea

Keisha recently lost the sight in her left eye. In which of the following situations would Keisha NOT be able to judge depth :: throwing a ball to a friend

Which of the following is the correct path a neural impulse will follow through the different layers of the retina :: rods and cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve

Which of the following theories most accurately explains pitch perception :: frequency and place

Scott lost his vision at a young age. When he was much older, he received a corneal transplant that allowed him to see again. After so many years of not being able to see, he had a difficult time interpreting visual information such as faces and expressions. His visual problems most likely came from processing difficulties in the :: visual cortex

FRQ

Explain how a football player would make use of each of the following during a game. Be sure to define the terms first.

1. Visual acuity - measure of the ability of the eye to distinguish shapes and the details of objects at a given distance

   • with this, the player is able to distinguish between the football being thrown in the air and a bird flying by
   • uses this to determine precise location of where the football will land and what direction/spin it goes in to catch it

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2. Gate control theory - theory of pain sensitivity; explains pain impulses sent to the brain are controlled by the spinal cord

   • can affect the player if he gets hurt because the impulses will begin to go through the small nerve fibers in the spinal cord causing pain which “opens the gate” and can hinder the player from doing well

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3. Kinesthesia - awareness of the position and movement of the parts of the body by means of sensory organs in muscles and joints

   • used in hand-eye coordination; the player uses this to catch the ball flying at him

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4. Location of sound - sound localization is our ability to identify the location or origin of a detected sound in direction and distance

   • the player uses this to know where to look when his teammates yell at him to catch the ball or tackle another player (verbal communication)
   • sound of running from opposing team can urge or alarm players to run faster or dodge

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5. Convergence - ability for the eyes to team together to focus on a target at an up-close range

   • used in catching the ball because the ball is a small object which requires lots of focus to catch it in midair

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6. Selective attention - the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

   • the player focusing on his teammates talking to him and telling him the plays rather than paying attention to the fans yelling in the bleachers
   • different players would be listening to different things

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