Introduction to Molecular and Cellular Biology

This set of flashcards covers key vocabulary terms and definitions related to molecular and cellular biology.

Cell

The fundamental unit of life.

Prokaryotic Cell

A simple, single-celled organism lacking a defined nucleus and organelles.

Eukaryotic Cell

More complex cells that contain a defined nucleus and organelles.

DNA

The hereditary material that carries genetic information.

RNA

A molecule that plays a crucial role in encoding, transmitting, and expressing genetic information.

Mitochondria

The powerhouse of the cell, responsible for ATP (energy) production.

Plasma Membrane

The flexible boundary that surrounds the cell and controls what enters and leaves.

Nucleus

The organelle that contains the cell's genetic material and controls its activities.

Lysosome

An organelle containing enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

An organelle involved in the synthesis of proteins and lipids.

Golgi Apparatus

An organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

Cytoskeleton

A network of filaments and tubules that provides structural support and aids in cellular movement.

Ribosome

A molecular machine that synthesizes proteins by translating messenger RNA.

Autophagy

The process by which cells recycle their own components.

Diffusion

The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Signal Transduction

The process by which a cell responds to signals from the environment.

Homeostasis

The ability of a cell or organism to maintain stable internal conditions.

Nucleolus

The region within the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is synthesized and ribosome assembly begins.

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death that is a normal part of development and homeostasis.

Vesicle

A small, membrane-bound sac that transports substances within the cell.

Endocytosis

The process by which cells take in substances by engulfing them with the plasma membrane.

Exocytosis

The process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane to release their contents outside the cell.