Key Historical Events from Reconquista to Enlightenment

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70 Terms

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Reconquista

The centuries-long campaign by Christian states to recapture territory from Muslim rulers in Spain, ending in 1492 with the fall of Granada.

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Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer who discovered a sea route to India (1497-1498), marking the beginning of European maritime dominance.

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Habsburg-Ottoman Rivalry

Conflict between Christian Europe (Habsburgs) and the Muslim Ottoman Empire, driven by territorial expansion and religious differences.

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Centralizing States

Monarchs consolidating power by reducing feudal influences, exemplified by Louis XIV's France and Peter the Great's Russia.

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Passion Plays

Religious dramas depicting the suffering, death, and resurrection of Jesus, popular during the Middle Ages and Renaissance.

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Martin Luther/Lutheranism

95 Theses challenging Catholic practices, leading to Protestant Reformation; emphasized justification by faith.

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John Calvin/Calvinism

Focused on predestination and strict moral discipline, shaping Protestant movements in Switzerland and beyond.

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Catholic Reformation (Counterreformation)

Catholic Church's response to Protestantism, including reforms (Council of Trent) and new orders (Jesuits).

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St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

1572 massacre of Huguenots (French Protestants) during religious wars in France.

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Methodism

Religious revival movement led by John Wesley, emphasizing personal faith and social reform.

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Dutch War of Independence

Also called the Eighty Years' War (1568-1648); the Netherlands gained independence from Spain.

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Thirty Years' War

Devastating European conflict (1618-1648) fueled by religious and political rivalries; ended with the Peace of Westphalia.

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Glorious Revolution and Constitutionalism

Overthrow of James II in England (1688), establishing parliamentary sovereignty and constitutional monarchy.

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Humanism

Intellectual movement emphasizing classical learning, individual potential, and secularism.

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Niccolo Machiavelli

Author of The Prince, advocating pragmatic and sometimes ruthless political tactics.

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Renaissance Art

Celebrated humanism, perspective, and realism; notable artists include Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo.

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Baroque Art

Dramatic, emotional, and ornate style, exemplified by works of Caravaggio and Bernini.

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Scientific Revolution/New Sciences

Transformative period of scientific discoveries; emphasis on observation, experimentation, and reason.

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Nicolas Copernicus

Proposed heliocentrism, challenging geocentrism.

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Galileo Galilei

Used the telescope to support heliocentrism; faced Inquisition for his views.

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Isaac Newton

Formulated laws of motion and universal gravitation, unifying physics and astronomy.

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Renee Descartes

Philosopher and mathematician; 'Cogito, ergo sum' and analytical geometry.

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Colombian Exchange

Transfer of crops (maize, potatoes), animals (horses), and diseases between the Old and New Worlds.

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Multi-racial Social Hierarchies

Castas system in the Americas, stratifying society by race and heritage.

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Missionaries in the New World

Catholic missions aimed at converting Indigenous populations.

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New World Slavery and Labor

Systems like encomiendas and haciendas exploiting Indigenous and African labor.

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Virgin of Guadalupe

Religious icon blending Indigenous and Catholic traditions in Mexico.

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Songhai Empire

West African empire known for trade, education, and Islam; fell in 1591.

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Ethiopia

Christian kingdom in East Africa resisting Muslim incursions and colonialism.

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Kongo Kingdom

Central African state, major player in Atlantic slave trade.

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Queen Nzinga

Leader of Ndongo and Matamba; resisted Portuguese colonization and slavery.

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Middle Passage

Harsh journey of enslaved Africans to the Americas.

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Effect of Slave Trade on Africa

Depopulation, social disruption, and economic changes.

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Religious Policy in the Mughal Empire

Akbar's tolerance vs. Aurangzeb's orthodoxy.

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Neo-Confucianism

Revival of Confucian thought in China, emphasizing morality and societal order.

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Civil Service Examination

Merit-based system for selecting officials in Imperial China.

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China and Christianity

Jesuit missions, syncretism, and eventual suppression.

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Tokugawa Japan: Seclusion

Policy of limiting foreign influence and trade.

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Dutch Learning

Study of Western science via Dutch traders.

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Japanese Theater and Art

Kabuki, woodblock prints, and the flowering of Edo culture.

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John Locke

Natural rights philosophy, influential in liberalism and political theory.

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Advocated for the social contract and general will.

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Voltaire

Critic of organized religion, champion of free speech and reason.

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Adam Smith

Father of modern economics; Wealth of Nations.

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Denis Diderot

Editor of the Encyclopédie, spreading Enlightenment ideas.

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Carl Linnaeus and Scientific Racism

Developed taxonomy but also laid foundations for racial classifications.

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Deism

Belief in a rational, impersonal deity.

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Enlightened Despotism

Absolute monarchs adopting Enlightenment ideas, e.g., Frederick the Great.

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Conflict between Christian Europe and the Ottoman Empire

A conflict between Christian Europe (Habsburgs) and the Muslim Ottoman Empire over territorial and religious dominance.

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Centralizing states

States where monarchs consolidated power, reducing feudal influences (e.g., Louis XIV's France, Peter the Great's Russia).

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Passion Plays

Religious dramas depicting the suffering, death, and resurrection of Jesus.

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Martin Luther's primary contribution to the Reformation

Posting the 95 Theses, challenging Catholic practices and emphasizing justification by faith.

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Counterreformation

The Catholic Church's response to Protestantism, including reforms like the Council of Trent and the founding of the Jesuits.

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Thirty Years' War

A European conflict (1618-1648) fueled by religious and political tensions, ending with the Peace of Westphalia.

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Glorious Revolution

The overthrow of James II of England in 1688, establishing parliamentary sovereignty and constitutional monarchy.

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Humanism

An intellectual movement emphasizing classical learning, individual potential, and secularism.

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Niccolo Machiavelli

The author of The Prince, advocating pragmatic and often ruthless political tactics.

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Isaac Newton's contribution to science

He formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation, unifying physics and astronomy.

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Colombian Exchange

The transfer of crops, animals, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds.

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Virgin of Guadalupe

A religious icon blending Indigenous and Catholic traditions in Mexico.

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Encomienda system

A labor system where Spanish settlers exploited Indigenous peoples for labor and tribute.

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Queen Nzinga

A leader who resisted Portuguese colonization and the Atlantic slave trade in Ndongo and Matamba.

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Middle Passage

The brutal journey of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas.

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Effects of the slave trade on Africa

Depopulation, social disruption, and economic changes due to the loss of millions of people.

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Civil Service Examination in China

A merit-based system for selecting officials in Imperial China.

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Policy of seclusion in Tokugawa Japan

A policy limiting foreign influence and trade, keeping Japan isolated from most outside contact.

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Dutch Learning in Japan

The study of Western science and technology through Dutch traders.

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John Locke's contribution to political theory

He developed the concept of natural rights, which influenced liberalism and democracy.

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Voltaire

An Enlightenment thinker who criticized organized religion and championed free speech and reason.

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Deism

The belief in a rational, impersonal deity that created the universe but does not intervene in human affairs.