Unit 5 Energy Fermentation

Fermentation

_____ enables aerobic species to make ATP temporarily under anaerobic conditions

• It Enables Glycolysis To Make ATP Under Anaerobic (Low O2)

  Conditions

  • Muscle Cells Make ATP By Glycolysis When O2 Levels Are Insufficient To

  Support ATP Synthesis In Mitochondria By Cellular Respiration

12

There are ____ or more types of fermentation in nature

 Glycolysis Stops Without NAD+

 Fermentation Converts The

Reduced NADH Molecule To

The Oxidized NAD+ Form

Glycolysis Requires

• Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate

Dehydrogenase (Triose

Phosphate Dehydrogenase)

Converts NAD+ To NADH During

The Energy-Payoff Reactions Of

Glycolysis

Lactic Acid

____ ____ fermentation enables your cells to produce ATP molecules by glycolysis for 1-3 minutes under anaerobic conditions

 Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Converts -

• NADH To NAD+

• Pyruvate To Lactate (Lactic Acid)

Long Term

Lactic Acid Fermentation Cannot Satisfy The ____ ____Energetic Needs Of Your Cells (2-3% Efficiency

 The Efficiency of Cellular Respiration is ~35-40%

• ~38 ATP Produced From Glucose By Cellular Respiration

• 2 ATP Produced From Glucose By Lactic Acid Fermentation

Isozymes

Human Cell Types Produce Distinct Forms Of Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Enzymes Called _____

 Each Isozyme Is Specialized For 1 ≥

Cell Types

 Isozymes Have Different Structures &

Identical Catalytic Function

 Ruptured Cardiac Muscle Cells Release

LDH-1 & LDH-2 Isozymes Into Blood,

Which Indicates A Heart Attack

Recycles

The Human Body _____ The Energy-Rich, 3-Carbon, Lactate Molecules Produced By LDH

 Lactate Made In Muscle Cells Is Exported & Transported To -

• Oxygenated Cells That Convert It To Pyruvate, Which Enters Cellular Respiration

• Liver Cells That Convert Two Lactate Molecules To Glucose (Cori Cycle

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Baker’s Yeast)

______ Is A Single-Cell Fungus That Performs Alcohol Fermentation

 It Enables S. cerevisiae To Inhabit Carbohydrate-Rich, Anaerobic, Environments That Can’t Support ATP Synthesis By Cellular Respiration

 S. cerevisiae Performs Fermentation For Extended Periods, Unlike Human Cells

Dehydrogenase & Pyruvate (2 enzymes)

Enable Saccharomyces cerevisiae To

Perform Alcohol (Ethanol) Fermentation

Bakers yeast

We used to use ___ ____ to make nutritious foods

 Alcohol Fermentation Enabled Our Ancestors To Convert Crop Carbohydrates Into Foods That Could Be Stored

• Fruit Carbohydrates Converted To Wine

• Seed Carbohydrates Converted To Beer (“Liquid Bread”) & Bread

Drinking water

Our ancestors used bakers yeast to produce safe ____ ____

 Pathogenic Fecal Bacteria Contaminated Our Ancestors’ Drinking Water

• Ethanol Molecules In Beer & Wine Destroy Pathogenic Microbes

• Consuming Beer & Wine Was Much Safer For Our Ancestors Than Consuming Watera a a