9,000,000 dead
somme american cemetery located in France
116,516 americans died
German surrender
surrendered after losing their final offensive + exhausting their forces
Kaiser forced to abdicate on november 8 → democratic republic established
how would the allies deal with a defeated Germany?
Wilhelm was supposed to be tried as a war criminal, but was eventually just exiled to the netherlands
newspaper correspondent with british army: "the fires of hell have been put out"
WWI casualties
allies: 4,608,000; $117 billion
central: 3,006,000; $60 billion
aftermath + effects of wwi
social costs
10-13 million dead → battle deaths
20 million dead → battle-related
millions of civilians → casualties + refugees
united states → 120,000 deaths
"world left aflame": hatred, intolerance + extreme nationalism
economic costs
$350 billion (Germany → $33 billion, reparations)
heavy taxes
lower standard of living
trade → high protective tariffs
military industrial system
russia → new political + economic system (communism)
political costs
us: leading world power → isolationist
rejection of the league of nations
3 dynasties dethroned - Germany, austria-hungary, russia
new map of europe - new eastern european nations
league of nations - us rejected membership
weakness → no military power
rise of dictators: russia - italy - Germany - spain
communism - fascism - nazism
economic + political discontent
aftermath: american memorials
tomb of the unknown soldier (arlington national cemetery)
wwi → the poppy
poppies grew wild in belgium's battlefields during wwi
served as a symbol and reminder of the bloodshed
1921 → american legion auxiliary adopted poppy as organization's memorial flower
treaty of versailles: june 28, 1919
negotiating the peace - role of the us
big four at paris peace talks: woodrow wilson (president of us), georges clemenceau (premier of france), david lloyd george (prime minister of britain), vittorio orlando (foreign minister of italy)
reparations - war guilt - military restrictions - German colonies - territorial losses - league of nations
why did the Germans dislike the treaty of versailles?
impact of wwi
changes in map of europe
president wilson + the league of nations
ratification of the treaty of versailles (2/3 vote in senate)
us senate debates treaty of versailles
groups/people: isolationists, hun-haters, hyphenated-am, irish-americans, german-americans
senate: republican senators
henry cabot lodge
irreconcilables
reservationists
democrats
president wilson → ratification
1918: congressional elections
vote democratic party → act of patriotism
backfired: republicans won majority in both house + senate
1919: wilson's national tour
solemn referendum
last casualty of wwi
presidential campaign issue: treaty + league
suffered stroke - never recovered
november 1919 → treaty failed
republican won presidential election
nobel peace prize 1919 was awarded to woodrow wilson
preserved in that year and awarded in 1920 to wilson in recognition of his fourteen points peace program and his work in achieving inclusion in the covenant of the league of nations in the 1919 treaty of versailles
roaring twenties: jazz age
republican ascendency: "do-nothing" presidents
warren g harding → return to normalcy (scandal)
calvin coolidge → keep cool with coolidge (honesty)
herbert hoover → the business of america is business
common characteristics
isolationism - rejected league of nations
smaller federal government - less regulation - reduced federal spending
pro-business - laissez faire policy - government should serve business - high protective tariffs - few antitrust cases
conservative cultural values - claimed to be american values - rugged individualism
foreign policy: us isolationism (rejection of the league of nations)
washington naval arms conference: reduce size of navy
five power naval treaty of 1922: ship ratios
four power treaty: status quo in the pacific
nine power treaty: keep open door policy in china
kellogg-briand peace pact: peaceful means to settle disputes, no longer use war
dawes plan: provide loans to Germany to pay reparations, created $ circle → US - Germany - England + France
1919: year of turmoil
rejection of the treaty + league of nations
postwar depression → change from wartime production to peacetime consumer production
strikes and labor disputes → 4 million workers
radical strife → race riots + anti-immigration laws
red scare → fear of communism + its spread in the us
18th amendment → prohibition
19th amendment → women's suffrage
economic policies
prosperity: high wages - growing businesses - new products - new machines - advertising + marketing - brand names
laissez-faire capitalism: no government regulations - business good for america
"welfare capitalism": business provide incentives, pensions, etc. to workers
oligopolies: power of the wealthy class - growing the gap between the rich + poor
easy money: make + spend rather than save - buy buy buy
buying on credit: installment plans - little money down + pay later
playing the stock market: get rich quick - speculators - buying on margin
Knowt
