US History 2 - Nixon: Domestic Policy 1969-1974

economic ______ of 50s and 60s ended with the ___________ of the 1970s

growth, stagnation

How did President Nixon change the welfare system?

In 1969, the president advocated the so-called Family Assistance Plan (FAP). Under the FAP, every family of four with no outside income would receive a basic federal payment of $1,600 a year, with a provision to earn up to $4,000 a year in supplemental income. Unemployed participants, excluding mothers of preschool children, would have to take job training and accept any reasonable work offered them.

Nixon expanded Great Society

programs like _________ and __________

Medicare, Medicaid

What is “stagflation”? How did President Nixon use it in the economy?

High inflation and high unemployment. In August 1971, the president turned to price and wage controls to stop inflation. He froze workers’ wages as well as businesses’ prices and fees for 90 days. Inflation eased for a short time, but the recession continued.

What role does OPEC play in energy production? How did this organization effect the energy crisis in the 1970’s?

During the 1960s, America received much of its petroleum from the oil-producing countries of the Middle East. Many of these countries belonged to a cartel called OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries). During the 1960s, OPEC gradually raised oil prices. Then in 1973, the Yom Kippur War broke out, with Israel against Egypt and Syria. When the United States sent massive military aid to Israel, its longtime ally, the Arab OPEC nations responded by cutting off all oil sales to the United States. When OPEC resumed selling its oil to the United States in 1974, the price had quadrupled. This sharp rise in oil prices only worsened the problem of inflation.

Identify what “New Federalism” is:

Nixon’s plan to distribute a portion of federal power to state and local governments. To implement this program, Nixon proposed a plan to give more financial freedom to local governments.

Revenue Sharing:

Normally, the federal government told state and local governments how to spend their federal money. Under this, state and local governments could spend their federal dollars however they saw fit within certain limitations. In 1972, the revenue-sharing bill, known as the State and Local Fiscal Assistance Act, became law.

Nixon is seen as a ______ _______________ yet set in motion some _________ policies.

social conservative, liberal

Title IX:

a federal civil rights law enacted in 1972 that prohibits sex-based discrimination in education programs or activities that receive federal financial assistance. It ensures equal opportunities for everyone in education, including access to sports, financial aid, and a safe learning environment. 

The EPA:

The new agency was given the power to set and enforce pollution standards, to conduct environmental research, and to assist state and local governments in pollution control. Today, this remains the federal government’s main instrument for dealing with environmental issues.

School Busing:

President Nixon then attempted to stop yet another civil rights initiative—the integration of schools through busing. In 1971, the Supreme Court ruled in Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education that school districts may bus students to other schools to end the pattern of all-black or all-white educational institutions. White students and parents in cities such as Boston and Detroit angrily protested busing. One South Boston mother spoke for other white Northerners, many of whom still struggled with the integration process.

26th Amendment:

ratified in 1971, lowered the voting age to 18, expanding the right to vote to millions of young adults. This amendment was largely a result of the Vietnam War era, where young people were being drafted at 18 to fight but couldn't vote until 21, sparking the phrase "old enough to fight, old enough to vote". 

AFDC:

established by the Social Security Act of 1935. It was a grant program that enabled states to provide cash welfare payments to children who had been deprived of parental support or care due to their parent's absence, incapacitation, or death. 

SSI:

provides monthly payments to low-income, elderly, blind, and disabled individuals. 

Nixon raised ______ _________

social security

Philadelphia Plan:

It required government contractors in Philadelphia to set minority hiring goals to address historical discrimination within the skilled building trades unions. The plan aimed to ensure that federal contractors would hire a specific percentage of minority workers to remedy the exclusion of minorities from union membership and skilled construction jobs. 

Affirmative Action:

a set of policies and practices designed to address historical and ongoing discrimination by taking proactive steps to ensure equal opportunities in areas like education and employment. It aims to remedy past discriminatory practices and promote diversity by giving preferential consideration to historically underrepresented groups. 

OSHA:

a regulatory agency within the Department of Labor, to ensure safe and healthy working conditions for workers. The OSH Act, also known as the Williams-Steiger Act, aimed to address growing concerns about workplace injuries and illnesses. 

Clean Air Act:

the primary federal air quality law in the United States, aimed at reducing and controlling air pollution. It was initially enacted in 1963 and has been amended several times since then. The Act sets standards for air quality and regulates emissions from various sources. 

Endangered Species Act:

aims to protect imperiled plants and animals, including their habitats, from extinction. It does this by listing species as endangered or threatened, designating critical habitats, requiring federal agencies to avoid jeopardizing listed species, and prohibiting certain actions like "take" of these species. The ESA also facilitates species recovery through the development and implementation of recovery plans. 

Nixon removed US from ____ ________ but

his policies did little to improve the __________

gold standard, economy

Silent Majority:

an unspecified large group of people in a country or group who do not express their opinions publicly.

Griswold v. Connecticut:

the Supreme Court established a constitutional right to privacy, specifically within the context of marriage, by striking down a Connecticut law that prohibited the use of contraceptives. The Court's decision, written by Justice William O. Douglas, found that the law violated the right to marital privacy, which was inferred from the Bill of Rights. 

Roe v. Wade:

established a constitutional right to abortion, based on the right to privacy guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. The case was brought by Norma McCorvey, who was denied an abortion in Texas. The Court's decision, while controversial, significantly impacted abortion access and legal frameworks across the nation. In 2022, the Supreme Court overturned Roe in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, ending federal protection for abortion rights. 

Roe v. Wade protects abortion rights for women (“right to privacy”) over turned in 2022 ______ __ __________

Dobbs v. Jackson

hoping to create a more _____________ court

Nixon replaced the retiring Earl Warren with

_______ _______ (but court remained focused

on social reform through 1970s)

conservative, Warren Burger