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Republican party voters

Republican party voters

White and black northerns, protestants, middle class. They most wanted to restrict immigration and supported temperance legislature which Catholic and immigrants viewed as a direct assault to their cultures.

Democratic party Voters

White Southerns wanted to preserve white supremacy, Catholics, immigrants, poorer workers

Half-Breeds

One of the 2 factions competing for the control of the Republican Party. Captained by James G. Blaine, they favored tariff reform and social reform, major issues from the Democratic and Republican parties. They did not seem to be dedicated members of either party.

James G. Blaine

champion of the Half-Breeds. He was a dominant Republican leader of the post Civil War period, obtaining the 1884 Republican nomination,highly disgusted the mugwumps (many Republicans turned to Democrat Cleveland). he lost to Democrat Grover Cleveland

Stalwarts

A faction of the Republican party led by Roscoe Conkling in the ends of the 1800s. Supported the traditional, professional machine politics and patronage. Conservatives who hated civil service reform; supported Cleveland

Roscoe Conkling

a politician from New York; He was the leader of the Stalwart faction of the Republican Party.

Gilded Age

1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor; the term was coined by Mark Twain

Civil War Pension System

money to veterans and their widows; not made permanent because party patronage and corruption

Lemonade Lucy

Rutherford B. Haye's wife; leading founder of Women's Temperence Movements which did away with alcohol; she forbade alcohol to be served in the White House

Election of 1880

James A. Garfield, Chester A. Arthur (republicans) vs.Winfield Scott (democrats). Garfield won election, but was assassinated and Arthur took over

Chester A. Arthur

close ally of Roscoe Conkling, was corrupt and implemented a heavy spoils system. He was chosen as Garfield's running mate. Garfield won but was shot, so Arthur became the 21st president; Republican Stalwart. he ended up keeping most of Garfield's appointees and supported civil service reform.

The Spoils System

Employed by Jackson. System by which the victorious political party rewarded its supporters with government jobs.

Patronage

(politics) granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support

Pendleton Act

First national civil service measure passed in 1883. The Act created a federal civil service so that hiring and promotion would be based on competitive written exams rather than patronage

Election of 1884

Republicans nominated Blaine as president but suspicions about his honesty led the Mugwumps (liberal Republicans) to campaign for Democratic nominee Grover Cleveland (honest, frugal, enemy of corruption) who won

Grover Cleveland

Winner of 1884 election; democrat; supported tariffs reduction.

Mugwumps

Liberal Republicans who supported Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in the election of 1884. They switched parties because they rejected the financial corruption associated with Republican candidate, James Blaine.

Sherman Antitrust Act

passed without dissent , an 1890 law that banned the formation of trusts and monopolies in the United States; virtually no impact

Mckinley Tariff

1890 tariff that raised protective tariff levels by nearly 50%, making them the highest tariffs on imports in the United States history; caused backlash that cost Republicans votes in the 1890 congressional election

Election of 1892

James Weaver of Iowa, was the Populist candidate lost badly in the South and failed to attack urban workers in the North; Harrison (republican) vs. Cleveland again and Cleveland won because of the unpopularity of the high-tax McKinley tariff (first president to serve two unconsecutive terms)

Benjamin Harrison

Republican, 23rd President; won the election of 1888 against Democrat Cleveland. obscure but respectable leader, endorsed protection (higher tariffs) introduced the McKinley Tariff and increased federal spending to a billion dollars

James B. Weaver

He was the Populist candidate for president in the election of 1892; received only 8.2% of the vote. He was from the West.

Wilson-Gorman Tariff

tariff passed by Cleveland weakened by senate, it included only a few very modest reductions.

Wabash Case

1886, Wabash St. Louis and Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois, ruled one of the Granger Laws in Illinois unconstitutional as it was an attempt to control interstate commerce. supreme court limited the power of States to regulate commerce even within their own boundaries.

Interstate Commerce Act

in 1887 Congress passed the Act which banned discrimination in rates between long and short hauls, required that railroads published their rate schedules and file them with the government and declared that all interstate rates must be reasonable and just.

Interstate Commerce Commision

5-person agency that was to administer act but had to rely on court to enforce rulings; haphazardly enforced act as result

Grangers

First major farm organization that appeared in the 1860's. Originally called the National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry, was organized in 1867, by leader Oliver H. Kelley. The Grange was a group of farmers that worked for improvement for the farmers. By 1875 because of the 1873 depression which caused major declines in farm prices,membership rapidly increased, and the Grangers began to focus more on the economic possibilities, by organizing marketing cooperatives to help farmers to skip the hated middlemen, and strove to regulate railway rates and storage fees charged by railroads, warehouses, and grain elevators through state legislation. These laws that were passed, but eventually reversed, are referred to as the Granger Laws.

Oliver Kelley

considered the "Father" of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry (more commonly known as "The Grange"). a fraternal organization for American farmers that encouraged farm families to band together for their common economic and political good.

Farmers' Alliances

successor to the Grange as the leading vehicle of agrarian protest. began to emerge in 1875 when farmers mostly in the South (most notably in Texas), banned together to tackle local problems; established stores, banks, processing plants, and other facilities for members; they argued for a sense of mutual, neighborly responsibility that would enable farmers to resist oppressive outside forces. The Alliances were also notable for the prominent role played by women.

Mary Lease

A fiery speaker for the Populist Party and the Farmer's Alliance. One of the founders of the Populist Party.

Chautauquas movement

began in 1874 when two men in Chautauqua Lakes, NY, established a series of "Assemblies" for the instruction of Sunday school teachers. in a few years Assemblies had expanded to include lectures on literary, scientific, theological and practical subjects. The movement emerged because of the thirst for knowledge among America farmers.

Ocala Demands

in 1890 the Alliances held a National convention in Ocala, Florida and issued the so called Ocala Demands, effectively a Party platform called for the abolition of national banks, the creation of federal sub-treasuries that would provide low-interest loans to farmers against the value of their crops (party platform in 1890 election)

People's Party (populists)

Created in 1892 in Omaha Nebraska, Started as Farmer's Alliance, farmers came together and became organized, . Wanted to unite farmers of south/west/poor blacks and whites and industrial/factory workers. James B. Weaver of Iowa received the Party nomination after the death of Leonidas Polk.

Populist Constituency

Populism appealed principally to small farmers with little long-range economic security, people whose operations were minimally mechanized, who relied on one crop and who had access only to limited mechanism of credit. Populists tended to be economically and culturally marginal. Populists failed to attract Labor groups even though they added a labor plank to their platform calling for shorter hours for workers and restrictions on immigration.

Free Silver

the idea of permitting silver to become along with gold the basis of the currency so as to expand the money supply. Supported by farmers and William Jennings Bryan

Colored Alliances

Alliances accepted African-American members.

Most white Populists were willing to accept the help of African-Americans as long as it was clear that whites would remain in control. When southern conservatives began to attack the populists for undermining white supremacy, the interracial character of the movement faded.

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Omaha Platform

the 1892 platform spelled out the reform program of the Populist Party.Proposed a system of "subtreasuries" to replace the cooperatives. the government would establish a network of warehouses where farmers could deposit their crops and use those crops as collateral to borrow money from the government at low rates and wait for the prices to go up to sell their crops. they called for the abolition of national banks; the end of absentee ownership of land; direct election of US senators; they demanded a system of government operated postal savings banks, a graduated income tax and the inflation of the currency. repudiating laissez-faire and demanding economic and political reform

Crime of '73

in 1870 the value of the silver to gold for the purpose of creating currency was lower than the silver commercial value, therefore silver owners could get more by selling silver for manufacture into jewlery and other objects than they would by taking it to the mint for conversion to coins, so they stopped taking it to the mint and the mint stopped coining silver. in 1873 Congress passed a law officially discontinuing silver coinage. Many Americans concluded that a conspiracy of big bankers was responsible for the demonetization of silver and referred to the law as the "crime of '73".

Depression/ Panic of 1893

It began in March 1893 when the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad unable to meet payments on loans, declared bankruptcy. two months later the National Cordage Company also declared bankruptcy. Together they triggered the collapse of the stock market and since many NY banks were investors in the market, it triggered also a wave of bank failures which caused a contraction of credit which meant that businesses heavily loan dependent also went bankrupt. there was a slight economic improvement in 1895 but prosperity didn't return until 1901.

Coxey's Army

a protest march by unemployed workers from the United States, led by the populist Jacob Coxey. They marched on Washington D.C. in 1894, advocating a massive public works program to create jobs and inflation of the currency.

Bimetallism

a monetary standard under which the basic unit of currency is defined by stated amounts of two metals (usually gold and silver) with values set at a predetermined ratio

Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890

It required the treasury to purchase (but not to coin) silver and to pay for it in gold. thus draining gold reserves

William H. Harvey's Coin's Financial School

book taught Americans that the depression was caused by conspiracy of rich bankers and that prosperity would return if only the government coined silver in unlimited quantities

Election of 1896

Republican leaders were confident to win because of Cleveland failure to deal with the depression. party leaders chose William McKinley to run and he defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan in 1896. Bryan was the nominee of the Democrats, the Populist Party, and the Silver Republicans. the republican platform opposed the free coinage of silver and supported higher tariffs.

William Mckinley

Republican, 25th president responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism. Is assassinated by an anarchist

William Jennings Bryan

politician who ran for president; populist leader advocated free silver. Defeated by McKinley in 1896 elections.

Cross of Gold

William Jennings Bryan's famous speech in support of free silver. Criticized the monetary policy of the government for being too hard on the farmer; said in the speech that farmers were being crucified on a cross of gold. The convention voted to adopt the pro-silver platform. Bryan was nominated for President.

Dingley Tariff

McKinley's administration immediately began working on this tariff, which raised duties to the highest point in American history. Supported by big northern industries and businesses

Currency Act (Gold Standard Act of 1900)

Confirmed the nation's commitment to the gold standard by assigning a specific gold value to the dollar and required all currency issued by U.S. to adhere to that value; passed by republicans.

Pan-American Conference (1889)

first headed by Blaine and held in Washington, D.C.; led to the formulation of a plan for reciprocal tariff reduction and the beginnings of long and increasingly important inter-American relations

Richard Olney

Attorney General of the U.S., he obtained an active injunction that state union members couldn't stop the movement of trains. He moved troops in to stop the Pullman strike.

Election of 1900

The Republicans nominated William McKinley on a platform that advocated imperialism while the Democrats chose Willima J. Bryan on a platform of free silver. During the election, the Republicans professed tha free silver would end U.S. prosperity. McKinley won the election with an overwhelming victory in the urban areas.

progressivism

The movement in the late 1800s to increase democracy in America by curbing the power of the corporation. It fought to end corruption in government and business, and worked to bring equal rights of women and other groups that had been left behind during the industrial revolution.

Muckrakers

This term applies to newspaper reporters and other writers who pointed out the social problems of the era of big business. The term was first given to them by Theodore Roosevelt.

Ida Tarbell

A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil; led to demands for tighter control on trust

Lincoln Steffens

Writing for McClure's Magazine, he criticized the trend of urbanization; started era of muckraking journalism

Social Gospel

the idea that churches should address social issues, predicting that socialism would be the logical outcome of Christianity

Father John Ryan

A Catholic liberal who took to heart the pope's warning that " a small number of very rich men have been able to lay upon the masses of the poor a yoke little better than slavery itself". He worked for decades to expand Catholic social welfare organizations.

Hull House

Settlement house founded by progressive reformer Jane Adams in Chicago in 1889; welfare agency

Jane Addams

1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom.

Frances Willard

Worked for women's suffrage as President of the Women's Temperance Union

Women's Clubs

largely cultural organization to provide middle and upper class women with an outlet for their intellectual energies, General federation of women's clubs - to coordinate the activities of local organizations

Carrie Chapman Catt

President of NAWSA, who led the campaign for woman suffrage during Wilson's administration

National American Woman Suffrage Association

(NAWSA) Organization dedicated to gaining the right to vote for women

Nineteenth Amendment

granted women the right to vote in 1920

Alice Paul

United States feminist (1885-1977), head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution; jailed in England

Seventeenth Amendment

allowed americans to vote directly for U.S senators

Secret Ballot

Anonymous voting method that helps to make elections fair and honest

Municipal Reform

Samuel M. Jones introduced a comprehensive program, which included free kindergartens, night schools, and public playgrounds.

City-Manager Plan

Legislation designed to break up political machines and replace traditional political management of cities;hired an outside expert who was usually a highly trained businessman or engineer to take charge of the government; believed that this would result in decrease of corruption in politics

Tom Johnson

Devoted himself to the cause of tax reform and three-cent trolley fares for the people of Cleveland; had little success

Initiative

process that permits voters to put legislative measures directly on the ballot

Referendum

procedure enabling voters to reject a measure passed by the legislature; a legislative act is referred for final approval to a popular vote by the electorate

Direct Primary

an election where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office

Recall

the act of removing an official by petition

Charles Evans Hughes

urged against warships; became chief of justice of supreme court; candidate of 1916 election but lost to Wilson

Robert La Follette

wisconsin progressive who reformed the system so that the people themselves could vote on candidates would be. Made sure people were given jobs based on merit system

"Interest Groups"

groups of people who work together for similar interests or goals

Hiram Johnson

fought for railroad regulation in California by helping to break the dominant grip of the Southern Pacific Railroad on California politics in 1910

W.E.B. Dubois

He believed that African Americans should strive for full rights immediately. He helped found the Niagara Movement in 1905 to fight for equal rights. He also helped found the NAACP.

Niagara Movement

insisted that blacks should seek a liberal arts education so that the African American community would have well-educated leaders

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to work for racial equality

Guinn v. U.S.

declared grandfather clause unconstitutional

Buchanan v. Worley (1917)

Court invalidated a residential segregation ordinance in Kentucky

Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

A group of women who advocated total abstinence from alcohol and who worked to get laws passed against alcohol.

Eighteenth Amendment

prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

Socialist Party of America

political party with a strong representation from immigrants and provided a political outlet for worker grievances, but fared poorly beyond a few local elections in industrial areas; called for more radical reforms such as public ownership of the railroads, utilities, and even of major industries such as oil and steel.

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

a labor union, consisting of African Americans, Immigrants and women, considered radical by many, that was organized in 1905 in Chicago

Theodore Roosevelt

26th President of the United States, hero of the Spanish-American War; Panama Canal was built during his administration; said 'Speak softly but carry a big stick' (1858-1919)

Square Deal

President Theodore Roosevelt's plan for reform; all Americans are entitled to an equal opportinity to succeed; fair treatment for all

Hepburn Act

Gave ICC enough power to regulate the economy. allowed it to set freight rates and regulate the maximum charge that railroads to place on shipping goods.

Pure Food and Drug Act

the act that prohibited the manufacture, sale, or shipment of impure of falsely labeled food and drugs

Conservationism

environmental view which stated that land should be protected for carefully managed development, led to the formation of the National Parks System (roosevelt)

New lands Reclamation Act

TR 1902, irrigation projects (supplying dry land with water) should be financed out of public land sales, restricted use of public land for private power concerns

Gifford Pinchot

head of the U.S. Forest Service under Roosevelt, who believed that it was possible to make use of natural resources while conserving them

William Howard Taft

27th president of the U.S.; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff; he lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term.

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

Initially a tariff lowering tariff, but became a protective measure when compromises were made in the Senate. Harmed Taft's reputation (broke campaign promise of lower tariffs) and the unity of the Republicans.

New Nationalism

Roosevelt's domestic platform during the 1912 election accepting the power of trusts and proposing a more powerful government to regulate them

Bull Moose Party

The Republicans were badly split in the 1912 election, so Roosevelt broke away forming his own Progressive Party;His loss led to the election of Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson, but he gained more third party votes than ever before.