AP Psych Memory

What is the 3 step process of memory

Encoding, Storage, Retrieval

What is encoding

The processing of information into the memory system

What is storage

The retention of endoded material over time

What is retrieval

The process of getting the information out of memory storage

What is Sensory memory

The brief inital stage of memory that holds a detailed unprocessed snapshot of info from your senses for a little bit of time before it fades or is transferred to short term memory

What is Echoic memory 

Auditory sensory memory

What is Iconic memory

Visual Sensory memory

What is short term memory

The concept of a temporary information storage system that holds a small amount of information for a brief period, typically around 30 seconds

Short term memory is the encoding of 

information to eventually get to long term memory

What is working memory

Using information that was retrieved from long term memory

How can things in STM go to LTM

Chunking, Mnemonic devices, Reheasal, Method of Loci

What is Chunking

A technique that improves short term memory by grouping individual pieces of information into larger, more manageable units or chunks

What are Mnemonic devices

Memory aids or strategies that use assoications,Imagery, or patterns to help encode and recall information more effectively

What is the method of loci

A mnemonic technique that improves memory by associating information with specific locations in a familiar place, like a home or familiar route

What is long term memory

An unlimited storehouse of information, explicit + implicit memories

What are explicit memories

The conscious, intentional recall of facts and personal experiences. They include Episodic and semantic memories

What is episodic memory 

THe auotbiographical recollection of specific perosnla events, including the context of when and where they occured

What is semantic memory

Stores general factual knowledge, concepts, and the meaning of words and objects

What are implicit memories

The unconscious retention of information that influences behavior, skills, and habits without conscious awareness or intentional recall. Includes procedural and conditioned memories

What is Procedural memory

Stores information on how to preform tasks and skills, like riding a bike or playing an instrument

What is conditioned memory

A learning process where an association is made between a stimulus and a behavioral response. White, What do cows drink?

What is the primacy effect

A bias where people tend to remember the first piece of information they receive in a series between than later information

What is the recency effect 

A bias where people tend to remember the most recently presented information better than earlier information

What is the serial position effect

A bias where people tend to remember the beginning and end of a list better than those in the middle

Recall vs recognition

Recall: You must retrieve the information from your memory

Recognition: you must identify the target form possible targets

What are some ways we can encode

Structural: Focusing on what a word looks like (long, short, uppercase, lowercase etc.)

Phonemic: Focuses on how a word sounds

What is flashbulb memory

A vivid and detailed and ednduring memory of the circumstances in which a person first learned about a surprising, emotionally charged, and consequential event

Mood congruent memory

Where people tend to recall memories that are consistent with their current emotional state

What is state dependent memory

Where memory recall is improved when an individual is in the same internal state as they were during initial encoding of the information

What is Constructive memory

Where memory is actively rebuilt or reconstructed from our past knowledge, perceptins, and new information, rather than being a perfect, exact recall of an event

What is Spacing effect

Where learning is enhanced when study sesions are spread out over time rather than concentrated in a single session

What is the the difference between Retroactive Interference and Proactive Interference

PORN

Proactive = Old information block out new

Retro = New informaiton blocks out old 

Long term potentiation

Two neurons that result from stiumlating them synchronously, the neurons learn to fire together and get better at it creating a memory

What is the difference between Anterograde Retrograde and Source Amnesia

Antero - Can’t remember new events

Retro - Can’t remember old events

Source - Can’t remember the orginial time or place of information

What is prospective memory

The ability to preform a future intention or carry out a planned action at the appropriate time