topic 13 - fermentation

in cell. resp. all ATP created in all 3 stages added up to 34 ATP, if 36 ATP is generated according to eq., where did 2 extra ATP come from?

mitochondria makes 2 ATP

what happens w/ respiration when there's no O₂?

• cell resp. = aerobic resp.

• fermentation = anaerobic resp.

• so, fermentation just occurs

fermentation is really ______________.

evolutionarily old

glycolysis does NOT require __________.

oxygen (O₂)

is oxygen terminal e⁻ acceptor in fermentation?

no

wht is terminal e⁻ acceptor in fermentation?

an organic molecule

how many pts. r there in fermentation?

2 pts.

what r the 2 pts. of fermentation?

1. glycolysis

2. recycling NAD⁺

wht happens during glycolysis?

there always has to be enough NAD⁺ to keep it going

wht happens when recycling NAD⁺?

e⁻s/H⁺ given to organic molecule; reducing it rather than oxidizing it

what r 2 basic kinds of fermentation?

1. lactic acid fermentation

2. alcohol fermentation

wht do both kinds of fermentation hv to begin w/?

sugar

alcohol fermentation

glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing carbon dioxide.

lactic acid fermentation

the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates (sugars) that produces lactic acid as the main end product; produces energy in the form of ATP

glucose is not typically _______________.

fuel used for cell. resp.

how r carbs fuel for cell. resp.?

we eat disaccharides n polysaccharides; broken down into glucose

how r proteins fuel for cell. resp.?

amino acids = intermediates in glycolysis + citric acid cycle

how r lipids fuel for cell. resp.?

glycerol = intermediate in glycolysis; fatty acids can be turned into acetyl-CoA

glycerol

a 3-carbon alcohol to which fatty acids are covalently bonded to make fats and oils

how r nucleic acids fuel for cell. resp.?

related to ATP (phosphate group), NAD⁺, FAD

biosynthesis

kinda like cell. resp. in reverse; cells can make molecules it needs; any extra molecules r reverse engineered into fats (in animals)

how is cell. resp. regulated?

thru inhibition; [ATP] decreases n allows rate of cell. resp. to increase n vice versa