Anatomy and Physiology - Chapter 18: The Endocrine System

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms and concepts related to the endocrine system as outlined in the lecture notes.

Pituitary Gland

A small gland located at the base of the brain that produces hormones influencing growth, metabolism, and maturation.

Hypothalamus

A brain region that controls the pituitary gland and regulates homeostasis through hormone secretion.

Diabetes Mellitus

A metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar due to insufficient insulin production or action. Causes glycosuria:excess glucose in urine.

ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)

A hormone from the posterior pituitary that promotes water reabsorption in kidneys to regulate fluid balance.

Oxytocin

A hormone released from the posterior pituitary that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding.

Glucagon

A hormone secreted by the pancreas that raises blood glucose levels by promoting glycogenolysis in the liver.

Insulin

A hormone produced by the pancreas that lowers blood glucose levels by facilitating cellular glucose uptake.

Calcitonin

A hormone produced by the thyroid gland that lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity.

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that raises blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity.

Gonadotropins

Hormones, including LH and FSH, that regulate the function of gonads (ovaries and testes) in the reproductive system.

Melatonin

A hormone secreted by the pineal gland that regulates sleep-wake cycles and circadian rhythms.

Epinephrine

Also known as adrenaline, a hormone released by the adrenal medulla that prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses.

Command center of endocrine system

hypothalamus and pituitary gland

Anterior pituitary (Adenohypophysis)

Hypophyseal portal system

Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis)

Hypophyseal Tract

GHRH-Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone or Somatotropin (Secreted by Hypothalamus)(MOST ABUNDANT)

Increase Growth Hormone Secretion Stimulates the anterior pituitary to release growth hormone, promoting growth of bones, tissues, internal organs, muscles and metabolism.

GHIH- Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone (Secreted by Hypothalamus)

Decrease Growth Hormone Secretion

TRH- Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone(Secreted by Hypothalamus)

Increase Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Secretion

CRH-Corticotropin Releasing Hormone(Secreted by Hypothalamus)

Increases Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Secretion and stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol.

GnRH-Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone(Secreted by Hypothalamus)

Increases Luteinizing Hormone and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Secretion.

PIH-Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone(DOPAMINE)(Secreted by Hypothalamus)

Decreases Prolactin Secretion

Prolactin Releasing Hormone

Increases Prolactin Secretion and is also known as PRH. It stimulates mammary gland development and milk production.

PG(prolactin and GH)

Act directly on cell for action

FLAT(Tropic Hormones)(FSH,LH,ACTH,TSH)

Hormone acts on another Hormone

TSH-Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and release thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism.

ACTH-Adrenocorticotropin Hormone

Stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoids, particularly cortisol, which help regulate metabolism and stress response.

Hypersecretion of GH

Gigantism(b4 plates close), Acromegaly(after plates close)

Hyposecretion of GH

Pituitary Dwarfism

What cells in thyroid produce hormones?

Follicular cells produce thyroid hormones. Parafollicular cells produce calcitonin.

Thyroglobulin (T₃ and T₄)

Made of tyrosine and iodine

Goiter and Graves’ Disease

Hyper secretion of thyroid hormone, lack of iodine

Zona Glomerulosa (outerlayer)

Produces Mineralocorticoids, primarily aldosterone. Increases sodium reabsorption in kidneys and regulates blood pressure.

Hyposecretion of Mineralcorticoids(Aldosterone)

Addisons disease

Zona Fasciculate(middlelayer)

Produces glucocorticoids, primarily cortisol. Increases fat and protein breakdown and helps regulate glucose metabolism.

Hypersecretion of Glucocorticoids(cortisol)

Cushings syndrome

Zona Reticularis(innerlayer)

Adrenal Androgens contributes to sexual development and function.

Hypersecretion of adrenal androgens

in females, excess facial and body hair and loss of regular menstruation.

Alpha cells

secrete glucagon which raises blood glucose levels.

Beta cells

secrete insulin which lowers blood glucose levels.

Delta Cells

secrete somatostatin (GHIH)

Diabetes Mellitus type 1

hyposecretion of insulin (born with)

Diabetes Mellitus type 2

hypoactivity of insulin (develop this type over time)

3 Cardinal signs of DM

Polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia.