A-Level OCR Ethics

What is missing from this list of Primary Precepts? Protecting life, reproduction, teaching, worship God, __

Ordered Society

What is synderisis?

Do good, avoid evil

What is eudaimonia?

Humanity flourishing

What are the four cardinal virtues identified by Aquinas?

Prudence

Temperance

Fortitude

Justice

What is the second-highest tier of law according to Aquinas?

Divine Law

What is the doctrine of double effect?

When bad things will happen regardless, so the intention is investigated instead

What does telos mean?

End result

What are apparent goods, according to Aquinas?

Pleasures which seem tempting but don't fit with the primary precepts

Did Aquinas think people are fundamentally inclined to be good or bad?

Good

What does deontological mean?

Focused on the action

Aquinas thought we could distinguish between real and apparent goods using what?

Reason

What does Aquinas think was the final, ultimate goal in human life?

Being in God's presence

In what year did Fletcher write Situation Ethics?

1966

What does personalism mean in Fletcher's four working principles?

Considering the individual rather than rules

What are teleological ethics?

Ethics which look at the end result

What does pragmatism mean in Fletcher's four working principles?

Whether the action is practically possible to do

According to Fletcher, what is the only thing that is intrinsically good?

Agape (love)

What does Fletcher say justice consists of?

Love (agape: sacrificial love)

What is meant by antinomianism?

Having no rules

Fletcher's four working principles involve relativism, pragmatism, personalism and what else?

positivism

In Fletcher's six propositions, he says love's decisions are made situationally, not prescriptively. What does he mean?

Each situation is judged according to circumstances rather than rules

What's the fifth of the six propositions?

If love is the end result, the means are justified

Does Fletcher agree morality should be judged by consequences?

Yes

What might a follower think about a law which completely banned euthanasia?

Nothing should be ruled out so would be against the ban

Did Kant think moral knowledge is a priori or a posteriori?

A priori

What kind of knowledge did Kant think arises from sense perception?

A posteriori

What did Kant think is the only think that can be called good without qualification?

Good will

What name is given to a rule you must follow if you want to achieve certain results?

Hypothetical Imperative

Why does Kant postulate human immortality?

So justice can be done

Kant has three maxims: universal law, end in itself and what?

The Kingdom of Ends

How does Kant think we can know moral laws?

Reason

What does Kant mean when he talks about kingdom of ends?

People should act as they think laws would see fit in a higher kingdom

Under what circumstance did Kant think its permissible to not tell the truth?

Never

What is the name given to a system of ethics based on duty?

Deontological

What did Kant mean by sunnum bonum?

The highest good

What does Kant when when he says a moral law must be universalisable?

It should be able to apply to everyone

What is the principle of utility?

Greatest good for the greatest number

Who introduced Utiltarianism: Bentham or Mill?

Bentham

What is the name given to a system of ethics which looks at outcomes?

Teleological

What did Bentham thin was the main motivator for human action?

Seeking pleasure

What does propinquity mean?

How far in the future the happiness will be experienced

What does fecundity mean?

Can the happiness cause other happiness?

What did Bentham mean when he talked about the purity of moral action?

Whether it'll bring about only happiness or some harm too

Mill added a qualitative dimension- what does this mean?

Higher and lower pleasures

What is the name of Mill's book about utiltarianism?

Utiltarianism

What kind of utiltarian would judge each action it its own circumstances?

Act

How far does utiltarianism rely on taking account God's will?

They don't

Is utiltarianism relativist or absolutist?

Mainly relativist

What's the difference between non-voluntary and involuntary euthanasia?

Non-voluntary is when they can't make the decision and involuntary is against their will

Why might some people think it acceptable to euthanise a dog but not a grandparent?

Humans have a sanctity of life whereas a dog does not

What did Fletcher suggest was a verb not a noun in his ethical system of decision making?

Conscience

How might follows of natural law apply the Doctrine of Double Effect when making decisions on euthanasia?

The main aim is to relieve pain but a side-effect may be shortening lifespan

What is the slippery slope argument?

If something is allowed in a few cases, it'll become unstoppable

Why might some think making euthanasia illegal discriminates against the disabled?

Able-bodied people can commit suicide whereas some disabled people are physically incapable of doing so

Who wrote Situation Ethics?

Fletcher

What's the name for unconditional love at the heart of Situation Ethics?

Agape

Which precepts of natural law are inconsistent with allowing Euthanasia?

Preservation of life, ordered Society, word of God

What does sanctity of life mean?

Life is holy, sacred and special

Which medieval thinker had a profound influence on natural law?

Aquinas

What does it mean to call euthanasia apparent good?

It seems to be good but there's hidden problems

What does it mean to be a shareholder?

Having money invested and taking shares

What does the term stakeholder mean in the context of business?

Being affected in some way by the business

What ethical system advocates doing your duty because it's right?

Kant's

Give an example of an issue where an employee might resort to whistle-blowing

When health and safety is being ignored

What is the name given to the idea that businesses should care about the impact they have on society?

Corporate social responsibility

How might consumerism be defined?

Putting a high value on acquiring possessions

What ethical system advocates calculating the greatest happiness for the greatest number then making a decision based on the result?

Act utiltarianism

What ethical system advocates having some general principles to achieve the greatest happiness for the greatest number?

Rule utiltarianism

Who wrote a book called Business Ethics: A European Perspective?

Crane and Matten

What economist claimed the only duty a business has is to increase shareholder's profits?

Friedman

What's the name of the economic system that allows free competition and private ownership of the means of production?

Capitalism

What is mean by corporate social responsibility?

Businesses taking a wider responsibility for the community

What is meant by the term naturalistic fallacy?

It's a mistake to think good can be defined in any other term

Who developed Ayer's emotivism by saying when we make moral statements, we're recommending our feelings to others?

Stevenson

What's Hume's Law? (Hume's fork)

An ought cannot be derived from an is

What is the name of the book which Hume explained his views about moral statements?

A Treatise of Human Nature

What's meant by moral absolutism?

Views are fixed, eternal and universal

Was Aquinas a moral absolutist?

Yes

What's the name given to the belief morality if flexible rather than fixed?

Relativism

What's an empiricist?

Someone who believes we can learn meaning and truth using the five senses

Why did Ayer think ethical statements cannot be about facts?

They cannot be subjected to empirical testing

What's meant by prima facie duty?

Something that seems to be a duty at first glance

What did Aquinas mean by synderisis?

Do good, avoid evil

What did Aquinas think was the role of reason in the conscience?

Reason is given by God to help humans make moral judgements

What normative ethical system is associated with Aquinas?

Natural Law

What is the difference between vincible and invincible ignorance?

Vincible ignorance is lack of knowledge when you could've found out so you're at fault, invincible ignorance is when you could not have taught yourself so aren't to blame

What are thee three aspects of the mind that Freud identifies?

Id, Ego and Super-ego

What does Freud mean by the super-ego?

The part of the mind contradicting the id

Who said he would drink to 'Conscience first, and to the Pope afterwards'?

Cardinal Newman

What did Freud think was the role of God in the operation of the conscience?

No role

What did Freud think was the role of the ego in human personality?

Mediator between id and super-ego

Give an example of a thinker who believed, unlike Aquinas, that conscience was the voice of God within us

Cardinal Newman

Who developed Freud's ideas and wrote about the immature and mature conscience?

Fromm

Why did Aquinas think it would be wrong to act against your conscience?

He thought it's the operation of reason so it makes no sense to do something irrational

What is the word used for people living together, sometimes called 'living in sin'?

Cohabitation

Who wrote The Subjugation of Women?

Mill

Which Christian denomination relies heavily on Natural Law?

Catholicism

What is meant by the term premarital sex?

Sex before marriage

In which year did same-sex marriage become legal in Scotland, Wales and England?

2014

What does the Catholic Church teach about same-sex marriage?

It doesn't recognise it as similar to heterosexual marriage