Grade 10 science exam

chemical properties

describes how a substance will react with something else to form a new substance

physical property

describes a substance on its own

qualitative property

describes without numbers ex.colour

quantitative property

describes using numbers ex. boiling point

hardness

the ability of a substance to resist being scratched

ductility

the ability of a substance to be stretched into a wire

clarity

to be able to see through a substance

solubility

the ability of a substance to dissolve in water

boiling point

the temperature liquid becomes gas

lusture

the shine or dullness of a substance

physical changes

a change in which a new substance IS NOT formed and is reversible. ex. state, size, colour, shape and/or density

chemical change

a new substance IS formed and is not easily reversible.

ex. new colour/odour, heat or light produced, bubbles of gases, a solid precipitate is formed

particle theory of matter

1. all matter is made of tiny particles

2. all particles in one substance are identical

3. the spaces between the particles are very large compared to the particles themselves

4. particles are in constant motions

5. particles have forces of attraction between eachother

Bohr rutherford diagram

a model used for representing the arrangements of the first 20 e-'s (only for first 20 elements)

ions

atoms with a positive or a negative charge and a full valance shell, they gain or loose electrons to achieve full outer shell

valance e-'s

electrons on the outer most shell can be lost or gained when not full valance shell

cations

positively charged ions (metals)

anions

negatively charged ions (non-metals)

ionic charge

the difference between the number of protons (positive) and the number of electrons (negative) if more e-'s negative symbol if more p+'s positive symbol

ionic compounds

compounds composed of cations and anions

lewis dot diagram

a method for representing an atom's valence electrons using dots around the element symbol.

multivalent

elements with 2 or more possible charges

*represent used charge with roman numerals

monovalent

elements with one possible charge

writing ionic compounds

write each element with their charge and CROSS & DROP.

*if polyatomic used and more than one after cross and drop put brackets

naming ionic compounds

write first element, add ide to the end of second element

* if multivalent add roman numerals (IV)

* dont add ide if polyatomic

polyatomic ions

an ion composed of two or more atoms

Ammonium= NH4+1

Phosphate= PO4-3

Sulfate= SO4-2

Carbonate=CO3-2

Hydrogen Carbonate= HC03-1

Hydroxide= OH-1

Nitrate= NO3-1

Chlorate= CLO3-1

molecular compound

two non-metals that share e-'s to form full outer shell

drawing molecular compounds

use lines to show shared electrons

writing molecular compounds

use prefixs to show how many there are of each atom

mono=1 di=2 tri=3 tetra=4 penta=5 hexa=6 hepta=7 octa=8 nona=9 deca=10

* dont criss cross

* if first element is mono dont write mono

* do not reduce

chemical formula of molecular compounds

based on drawing:

write how many of each element there is the one with less always first

or based on name:

use prefixes to determine how many of each element there is

hydrogen as the first element in molecular compounds

no prefixes are used when hydrogren comes first

use criss cross method

diatomic molecules

molecules made up of two atoms of the same element

H2= hydrogen N2=nitrogen F2=fluorine O2=oxygen I2=Iodine Cl2=chlorine Br2=bromine

properties of molecular compounds

-formed by covalent bonds

-2 non metals

- shared electrons

- doesnt conduct electricity

-low melting and boiling point

-not soluable in water

-diatomic compounds

properties of ionic compounds

-formed by ionic bond

-metal and non-metal

-electrons are transferd

-conducts electricity

-high melting and boiling points

- soluable in water

- forms cations and anions

chemical reactions

the making and breaking of chemical bonds represented as chemical equations

coefficients in chemical reactions

numbers placent in front of molecules that tells us how many are involved in the reaction to because balanced

reactants (chemical reactions)

what you start with

products (chemical reaction)

what is produced as a result of a chemical reaction

law of conservation of mass

"atoms are neither created nor destroyed, during any chemical reaction."

*both sides of the equation MUST be equal

endothermic

when energy is absorbed (reactant)

exothermic

when energy is relesed (products)

synthesis reactions

when 2 or more chemical compound are combined to form one complicated chemical compound

a+b=ab

decomposition reaction

when one complicated chemical compound is broken down into 2 or more simpler chemical compound

ab= a+b

single displacement reactions

when a metal replaces a less reactive cation or a non-metal replaces a less reactive anion *a higher or more reactive element can go into the compound if less reactive (NO REACTION)

m+ab= mb+a

n+ab= na+ b

double displacement reactions

when the anions and cations form two different compounds and switch places

ab+cd=ad+bc

properties of acids

taste: sour

texture: rough

PH is less than 7

ALWAYS HAVE HYDROGEN

ex. fruits, vinegar, coke

binary acids

contain only 2 elements hydrogren and one other element

naming bianary acids

use hydro as the prefix and and ic acid at the end

oxy acids

these acids contain hydrogen, oxygen and one other element.

naming oxyacids

identitify the polyatomic ion, if ending is -ate then drop the ending and add -ic acid to its name. do not add hydro

properties of bases

taste: bitter

texture: slippery

PH greater than 7

ALWAYS CONTAIN HYDROXIDE (OH-1)

ex. oven cleaner, baking soda, glass cleaner

naming bases

metal + hydroxide

neutral acidity

pH of 7

red litmus paper

acid: stays red base: turns blue

blue litmus paper

acid turns red base base stays blue

phenolphthalein

colourless paper

in acid: stays colourless in base:turns pink

neutralization reactions

a chemical reaction in which an acid and a base combine to produce water and a salt (double displacement)

acid +base= salt +water

the cell theory

- all living things are made up of one or more cells

- cells are the basic unit of life

- all cells come from pre existing cells

metabolism

The process of turning food (like glucose) into energy using oxygen.

unicellular

single celled organism

multicellular

organisms with more than one cell

prokaryotes

do not have a nucleus

ex. bacteria

eukaryotes

contain a nucleus and other complex structures , single or multicellular

ex. animal plants, amoeba

asexual reproduction

one, parent genetically identical

sexual reproduction

two parents, fusions of sex cells genetically different

why do cells divide?

to repair any damage

how do cells divide sucessfully

- the cells genetic information is copied

- the copies of genetic info must seperate from eachother

- the entire cell must divide

chromatid

one side of a chromosome filled with dna in the nucleus

chromosomes

condensed double strands of DNA

sister chromatids

Identical copies of a chromosome; full sets of these are created during mitosis

daughter cells

new cells produced by cell division

Interphase

Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases

G1 phase

Growing large enough to divide

synthesis

DNA replication is duplicated

G2 phase

make sure cell is ready to divide

mitosis

division of the nucleus consists of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Prophase

Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle fibers forms

metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell spindle fibers attach to each chromatid

anaphase

sister chromosomes are pulled to opposite sides by spindle fibers

telophase

The "Reset" stage: Two new nuclei form and chromosomes turn back into chromatin.

cytokinesis

divison of cytoplasm

tumor

mass of rapidly dividing cells that can damage surrounding tissue

benign and malignant

benign tumour

cells that do not intere with function of normal cells or spread. ex. warts, cysts

malignant

cancerous tumours that can spread causing secondary tumours and have affects on surrounding tissue

metastasis

cells breaking away from tumour entering the blood stream and settles somewhere else in your body

causes of cancer

hereditary factors (specific gene mutations)

environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, viruses

what can u do to reduce cancer

1. eat high fiber, reduce sugar and carbs

2. stop smoking and drinking

3. use protection from the sun

4. avoid radiation

5. exercise

6. good sleep, low stress

detecting cancers

1. screening

2. biopsy

3. ultrasound

4. treatment

screening of cancer

-pap test (cervical cancer)

-mammography (breast cancer)

-colonoscopy (colorectal cancer)

-digital rectal exam (prostate cancer)

biopsy

a sample of the body tissue is removed for examination

ultrasound (cancer)

- endoscopy

-x-ray

-ultrasound

-ct/cat scan

cancer treatment

1. surgery to remove tumour

2. chemotherapy drugs that target rapidly diving cells

3. radiation to kill cells

red blood cells

microscopic, no nucleus . carries oxygen from lungs to the body tissues and carbon dioxide as a waste

skin cells

flat. create a barrier between the body and outside

muscle cells

elasticity for movement

photosynthetic cells

light sensitive to capture solar energy and convert it into useable energy

stem cells

cells that are undifferentiated can turn into any kind of cell

types:

embryonic stem cells

adult stem cells

embryonic stem cells

• Source: Taken from a human embryo.

• Power: They are undifferentiated, meaning they can turn into ANY type of cell in the body (muscle, nerve, bone, etc.).

adult stem cells

can form specific types of cells

brain

controls every process that regulates the body