Unit 5.4 Exploring the Nervous System

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What is homeostasis? Maintenance of a stable internal environment What is dynamic equilibrium? Conditions fluctuate within limits What are the levels of biological organization in order? Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism What is the function of epithelial tissue? Protection, absorption, secretion What is the function of connective tissue? Support, binding, transport What is the function of muscle tissue? Movement What is the function of nervous tissue? Communication What does "structure determines function" mean? Form fits function How is surface area increased in biological systems? Folding, branching, flattening What is negative feedback? Reverses change What is positive feedback? Amplifies change What hormone lowers blood glucose? Insulin What hormone raises blood glucose? Glucagon What organ controls glucose levels? Pancreas What is diffusion? Movement from high to low concentration What is facilitated diffusion? Passive transport using proteins What is osmosis? Movement of water What is active transport? Movement against gradient using ATP Which transport processes require no energy? Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution? It shrinks What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution? It swells What is the function of a neuron? Electrical signaling What do glial cells do? Support and protect neurons What do dendrites do? Receive signals What does the soma do? Integrates signals What does the axon do? Sends signal away What do axon terminals do? Release neurotransmitters What causes resting membrane potential? Ion gradients What is selective permeability? Membrane allows some substances through What is a graded potential? Variable, local signal What is an action potential? All‑or‑none signal Which signal is all‑or‑nothing? Action potential What is the CNS? Brain and spinal cord What is the PNS? Nerves and ganglia What is the somatic system? Voluntary control What is the autonomic system? Involuntary control What does the hindbrain control? Balance and vital functions What does the midbrain control? Vision, hearing, movement What does the forebrain control? Thinking and memory What do photoreceptors detect? Light What do mechanoreceptors detect? Touch/pressure What do chemoreceptors detect? Chemicals What do nociceptors detect? Pain What do baroreceptors detect? Pressure What is an exoskeleton? External support What is an endoskeleton? Internal support What do osteoblasts do? Build bone What do osteoclasts do? Break down bone What do osteocytes do? Maintain bone Which muscle type is voluntary? Skeletal Which muscle types are involuntary? Cardiac and smooth What does a flexor do? Decreases joint angle What does an extensor do? Increases joint angle What is a sarcomere? Contractile unit What is actin? Thin filament What is myosin? Thick filament What are organic nutrients? Carbs, proteins, lipids, vitamins What are inorganic nutrients? Water and minerals What do carbohydrates break into? Monosaccharides What do proteins break into? Amino acids What do lipids break into? Fatty acids and glycerol What happens in the mouth? Chewing and starch digestion What is the function of the esophagus? Transport What happens in the stomach? Protein digestion begins What happens in the small intestine? Absorption What does the liver do? Produces bile What does the gallbladder do? Stores bile What does the pancreas do? Releases enzymes and bicarbonate What is open circulation? Blood not always in vessels What is closed circulation? Blood stays in vessels What is plasma? Liquid part of blood What do RBCs do? Carry oxygen What do platelets do? Clotting What do arteries do? Carry blood away What do veins do? Carry blood toward What do capillaries do? Exchange What does vasodilation do? Decreases resistance, increases flow What does vasoconstriction do? Increases resistance and BP What is the function of the trachea? Air passage What are bronchi? Lung branches What are bronchioles? Smaller branches What are alveoli? Gas exchange What is the main nitrogen waste in humans? Urea What do kidneys regulate? Water, ions, pH What does the renal corpuscle do? Filtration What does the proximal tubule do? Reabsorption What does the loop of Henle do? Concentrates urine What does the distal tubule do? Secretion What does the collecting duct do? Final urine concentration What are water‑soluble hormones? Fast, surface receptors What are lipid‑soluble hormones? Slow, intracellular What does ADH do? Increases water reabsorption What does aldosterone do? Increases sodium retention What happens during hemorrhage? Increased HR, vasoconstriction, hormone response What is the body's goal during hemorrhage? Maintain blood pressure and flow

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