Unit 3 Biology 2 "Homeostais, Organ System, & Integration"

What is homeostasis?

Maintenance of a stable internal environment

What is dynamic equilibrium?

Conditions fluctuate within limits

What are the levels of biological organization in order?

Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

Protection, absorption, secretion

What is the function of connective tissue?

Support, binding, transport

What is the function of muscle tissue?

Movement

What is the function of nervous tissue?

Communication

What does "structure determines function" mean?

Form fits function

How is surface area increased in biological systems?

Folding, branching, flattening

What is negative feedback?

Reverses change

What is positive feedback?

Amplifies change

What hormone lowers blood glucose?

Insulin

What hormone raises blood glucose?

Glucagon

What organ controls glucose levels?

Pancreas

What is diffusion?

Movement from high to low concentration

What is facilitated diffusion?

Passive transport using proteins

What is osmosis?

Movement of water

What is active transport?

Movement against gradient using ATP

Which transport processes require no energy?

Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?

It shrinks

What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution?

It swells

What is the function of a neuron?

Electrical signaling

What do glial cells do?

Support and protect neurons

What do dendrites do?

Receive signals

What does the soma do?

Integrates signals

What does the axon do?

Sends signal away

What do axon terminals do?

Release neurotransmitters

What causes resting membrane potential?

Ion gradients

What is selective permeability?

Membrane allows some substances through

What is a graded potential?

Variable, local signal

What is an action potential?

All‑or‑none signal

Which signal is all‑or‑nothing?

Action potential

What is the CNS?

Brain and spinal cord

What is the PNS?

Nerves and ganglia

What is the somatic system?

Voluntary control

What is the autonomic system?

Involuntary control

What does the hindbrain control?

Balance and vital functions

What does the midbrain control?

Vision, hearing, movement

What does the forebrain control?

Thinking and memory

What do photoreceptors detect?

Light

What do mechanoreceptors detect?

Touch/pressure

What do chemoreceptors detect?

Chemicals

What do nociceptors detect?

Pain

What do baroreceptors detect?

Pressure

What is an exoskeleton?

External support

What is an endoskeleton?

Internal support

What do osteoblasts do?

Build bone

What do osteoclasts do?

Break down bone

What do osteocytes do?

Maintain bone

Which muscle type is voluntary?

Skeletal

Which muscle types are involuntary?

Cardiac and smooth

What does a flexor do?

Decreases joint angle

What does an extensor do?

Increases joint angle

What is a sarcomere?

Contractile unit

What is actin?

Thin filament

What is myosin?

Thick filament

What are organic nutrients?

Carbs, proteins, lipids, vitamins

What are inorganic nutrients?

Water and minerals

What do carbohydrates break into?

Monosaccharides

What do proteins break into?

Amino acids

What do lipids break into?

Fatty acids and glycerol

What happens in the mouth?

Chewing and starch digestion

What is the function of the esophagus?

Transport

What happens in the stomach?

Protein digestion begins

What happens in the small intestine?

Absorption

What does the liver do?

Produces bile

What does the gallbladder do?

Stores bile

What does the pancreas do?

Releases enzymes and bicarbonate

What is open circulation?

Blood not always in vessels

What is closed circulation?

Blood stays in vessels

What is plasma?

Liquid part of blood

What do RBCs do?

Carry oxygen

What do platelets do?

Clotting

What do arteries do?

Carry blood away

What do veins do?

Carry blood toward

What do capillaries do?

Exchange

What does vasodilation do?

Decreases resistance, increases flow

What does vasoconstriction do?

Increases resistance and BP

What is the function of the trachea?

Air passage

What are bronchi?

Lung branches

What are bronchioles?

Smaller branches

What are alveoli?

Gas exchange

What is the main nitrogen waste in humans?

Urea

What do kidneys regulate?

Water, ions, pH

What does the renal corpuscle do?

Filtration

What does the proximal tubule do?

Reabsorption

What does the loop of Henle do?

Concentrates urine

What does the distal tubule do?

Secretion

What does the collecting duct do?

Final urine concentration

What are water‑soluble hormones?

Fast, surface receptors

What are lipid‑soluble hormones?

Slow, intracellular

What does ADH do?

Increases water reabsorption

What does aldosterone do?

Increases sodium retention

What happens during hemorrhage?

Increased HR, vasoconstriction, hormone response

What is the body's goal during hemorrhage?

Maintain blood pressure and flow