History 102 Unit 3 Exam Flash Cards

By the end of the nineteenth century, the sole major independent kingdom in Africa was

a. Sudan

b. Ethopia

c. Libya

d. Egypt

Ethiopia

Which nation gained control over both the Suez Canal and Egypt during the 1870s and 1880s?

a. Britain

b. Germany

c. Russia

d. France

Britain

_________________ was a poem written by Rudyard Kipling in 1899 that explicitly connected assumptions about European civilizational superiority to commonly held beliefs about racial differences.

a. The Jungle Book

b. Europe’s Destiny

c. The March of Civilization

d. The White Man’s Burden

The White Man’s Burden

The most important figure in British colonial development in Africa was the tycoon and politician

a. Joseph Conrad

b. Henry Morton Stanley

c. Leopold II

d. Cecil Rhodes

Cecil Rhodes

The British gained Hong Kong “in perpetuity” as a result of

a. the Treaty of Shantou

b. the Treaty of Paris

c. the Treaty of Nanking

d. the Treaty of Xiamen

the Treaty of Nanking

The Boer War was a contest between

a. Cecil Rhodes and native tribes who resisted his rule

b. the British and the Dutch settlers

c. the French and frustrated colonists

d. Boers and the Dutch

the British and the Dutch settlers

Although the Berlin Conference declared the Congo a “free state” controlled by no single European power, who actually came to control the region?

a. Otto von Bismarck

b. Napoleon III

c. a joint venture between the Dutch and Germany

d. King Leopold’s private company

King Leopold’s private company

Growing out of international antislavery movements, the ________ brought the rhetoric used earlier to combat slavery to bear against the excesses of European imperialism.

a. Pan-African Conference of 1900

b. Paris Accords

c. Berlin Conference

d. Concordat of 1899

Pan-African Conference of 1900

Which European power engaged in extermination of the Herero and Nama peoples in 1904 after an uprising?

a. France

b. Germany

c. Italy

d. Portugal

Germany

Which of the following statements about the colonization of French Algeria is true?

a. The French granted indigenous Muslim Algerians full citizenship rights

b. The French did not seek economic gains from the colony, valuing its strategic and symbolic value only

c. Non-French Europeans were prohibited from residing within the colony

d. It became a “settler colony” similar to South Africa

It became a “settler colony” similar to South Africa

US economic interests in Cuba and the sinking of a US battleship led to the outbreak of war between the US and _____________ in 1898.

a. Spain

b. France

c. Panama

d. Mexico

Spain

Which two European powers were locked in competition for influence in Central Asia in "the Great Game"?

a. Great Britain and France

b. France and Germany

c. Russia and Germany

d. Great Britain and Russia

Great Britain and Russia

Charles Darmin's concept of ________ became a powerful tool for nineteenth-century social scientists looking for evidence of racial superiority and inferiority.

a. the White Man’s Burden

b. natural selection

c. eugenics

d. manifest destiny

natural selection

Where did British and French forces nearly go to war over Sudan in 1898?

a. Agadir

b. Omdurman

c. Fashoda

d. Khartoum

Fashoda

One result of the Sino-Japanese War was that it secured the independence of

a. Manchuria

b. Cambodia

c. Vietnam

d. Hong Kong

Manchuria

Which of the following is an example of formal imperialism?

a. European powers share power with local African rulers

b. A protectorate is established between an African and European power

c. A European power establishes a colony in Africa and settlers migrate there

d. European powers reduce trade barriers to get access to African goods

A European power establishes a colony in Africa and settlers migrate there

A European nation that reached agreements with local leaders and governed a colony through them was engaged in imperialism by means of

a. indirect rule

b. settler sovereignty

c. direct rule

d. federalism

indirect rule

China’s Boxers were opposed to

a. England’s importation of Chinese tea

b. foreign influence and missionaries

c. U.S. imperialism

d. open markets

foreign influence and missionaries

The London Pan-African Conference of 1900 issued a proclamation, To the Nations of the World, which had an introduction written by

a. W. E. B. DuBois

b. Houston Stewart Chamberlain

c. Joseph Conrad

d. Theodore Roosevelt

W. E. B. DuBois

The Afrikaners, or Boers, were European settlers in South Africa from

a. Russia

b. Sweden

c. Germany

d. the Netherlands

the Netherlands

At the _________________ in 1884, the leading colonial powers met and established ground rules for the partition of Africa by European nations.

a. Berlin Conference

b. Geneva Accords

c. London Pan African Conference

d. Congress of Vienna

London Pan African Conference

The opening of the ___________________ in 1914 cemented US dominance of the seas in the western hemisphere and the eastern Pacific.

a. Northwest Passage

b. Transcontinental Railroad

c. Panama Canal

d. Transatlantic Cable

Panama Canal

Armed with modern weapons, which eastern African kingdom successfully fought off an invading Italian force in 1896?

a. Zanzibar

b. Sudan

c. Madagascar

d. Ethiopia

Ethiopia

The Boxer Rebellion resulted in

a. the occupation of the major Chinese cities by Westerners until 1920

b. the end of the monarchy and establishment of a democratic state

c. China being forced to make new trade concessions to foreign governments

d. China becoming a client state of Japan

China being forced to make new trade concessions to foreign governments

What tactics did the British use to defeat the Boers in the latter part of the Boer War?

a. offering massive bribes to Boer leaders that came over to the British side

b. arming the native white South Africans to fight their neighbors

c. ceding parts of South African territory to the Germans in exchange for military intervention

d. burning crops and fields, and confining civilians to concentration camps

burning crops and fields, and confining civilians to concentration camps

What new independent political party was created by the new trade unions and middle class socialist societies in Britain in 1901?

a. Social Democratic Party

b. British Socialist Workers’ Party

c. Labour party

d. Communist Front

Labour party

The nineteenth-century philosopher ________ categorically denied the possibility of knowing truth or reality, arguing instead that all knowledge was filtered through linguistic, scientific, or artistic systems of representation.

a. Charles Darwin

b. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

c. Friedrich Nietzsche

d. Sigmund Freud

Friedrich Nietzsche

Following France’s defeat in the Franco Prussian War and the collapse of the Second Empire, a new democratic system of government was created in 1875 known as the ______________. 

a. Third Republic

b. Democratic Commonwealth

c. United Provinces of France

d. The Directory

Third Republic

As a result of the 1905 revolution, Tsar Nicholas II issued the October Manifesto, which

a. guaranteed individual liberties and more liberal franchise for the election of a Duma

b. completed the work begun by the Treaty of Portsmouth, which ended the Russo-Japanese War

c. freed all the serfs from their ancestral lands

d. created the secret police, which ruthlessly crushed all opposition to the tsar

guaranteed individual liberties and more liberal franchise for the election of a Duma

Educational opportunities for women helped the advancement of science. For example, ________ became a professor of physics at the Faculty of Sciences of Paris in 1906 and eventually won two Nobel prizes.

a. Marie Curie

b. Millicent Fawcett

c. Humphrey Ward

d. Octavia Hill

Marie Curie

Women’s rights advocates first focused on winning educational opportunities and legal reforms. The next major goal was

a. changing the way women were portrayed in novels, theatre, and the press

b. female suffrage

c. equal pay for equal work

d. reforming the church to allow female ordination

female suffrage

Published in 1903 and 1905, The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion

a. was forged by the Russian secret police and detailed a Jewish plot to dominate the world

b. set out the Zionists’ proposal to establish a Jewish state

c. defended the economic interests of the Rothschild banking family

d. demonstrated that Jews and Christians could live together in peace

was forged by the Russian secret police and detailed a Jewish plot to dominate the world

The Paris Commune obtained its greatest support from the

a. middle classes

b. workers of Paris

c. army officer corps

d. soldiers of the Paris barracks

workers of Paris

The Third Republic in France was shaken in 1894 by the “Dreyfus Affair,” which saw the rise of ________ in French society.

a. anti-Semitism

b. militarism

c. communism

d. republicanism

anti-Semitism

When the Mensheviks regained control of the Social Democratic Party in Russia, ________ broke away with a splinter group of Bolsheviks, who called for a strongly centralized party of active revolutionaries.

a. Joseph Stalin

b. Vladimir Lenin

c. Rasputin

d. Karl Marx

Vladimir Lenin

Tsar Alexander II

a. led Russia to victory in the Crimean War

b. was assassinated in spite of his decision to free the serfs

c. was a repressive ruler who reversed all the reforms of his father

d. was an intellectual who founded the Bolshoi Ballet

was assassinated in spite of his decision to free the serfs

The revolution of 1905 in Russia was caused by

a. Russia’s defeat in the Russo-Japanese War

b. a shortage of bread in Saint Petersburg

c. the October Manifesto

d. the inflammatory writings of Lenin

Russia’s defeat in the Russo-Japanese War

The ________ was the most transformative event in France during the second half of the nineteenth century in that it ended the Second Republic and helped create a unified Germany.

a. Franco-Prussian War

b. Second Empire

c. 1848 revolution

d. Reign of Terror

Franco-Prussian War

______________________ was a Hungarian born Jewish journalist in Paris during the late nineteenth century who called for the establishment of a separate Jewish homeland outside of Europe.

a. Theodor Herzl

b. Georges Adda

c. Morton Levin

d. Benjamin Netanyahu

Theodor Herzl

Who, as a revisionist socialist, argued that workers' rights could be gained through moderate and gradual reforms within the electoral system rather than through violent revolution?

a. Charles Fourier

b. Eduard Bernstein

c. Rosa Luxemburg

d. Vladimir Lenin

Eduard Bernstein

In his groundbreaking publication of 1859, Charles Darwin dealt with the natural world and developed his theory of evolution occurring by means of natural selection. That book is entitled

a. Natural Selection and Human Beings

b. On the Theory of Natural Selection

c. The Theory of Evolution and Man

d. On the Origin of the Species

On the Origin of the Species

Which political party was the most successful model of the Marxist Party in the late nineteenth century?

a. National Socialist Workers’ Party

b. International Workingmen’s Association

c. German Social Democratic Party

d. Independent Labor Party

German Social Democratic Party

Limited-liability laws of the nineteenth century

a. limited the international diversity of corporate investing

b. were limited to state and railroad bonds after 1870

c. ensured company control of founders and local directors

d. ensured that stockholders would lose only the value of their shares in the event of bankruptcy

ensured that stockholders would lose only the value of their shares in the event of bankruptcy

The British suffragist ________ was the founder of the Woman’s Social and Political Union (WSPU), an organization that adopted tactics of militancy and civil disobedience.

a. Clare Zetkin

b. Lily Braun

c. Millicent Fawcett

d. Emmeline Pankhurst

Emmeline Pankhurst

________ involved a number of different and sometimes contradictory theories and practices that shaped artistic forms and aesthetic values including a new idea of what art could do that emphasized expression over representation.

a. Modernism

b. Futurism

c. Neo-Classicalism

d. Progressivism

Modernism

British philosopher Herbert Spencer’s phrase “survival of the fittest” described what worldview that became prominent among many in Europe and America?

a. utilitarianism

b. Christian Nationalism

c. Social Darwinism

d. the Social Gospel

Social Darwinism

Executive power in Germany during the late nineteenth century was concentrated solely in the hands of __________, the Prussian king and German Kaiser.

a. Frederick William IV

b. Nicholas II

c. Otto von Bismarck

d. Wilhelm I

Wilhelm I

The Kulturkampf of Otto von Bismarck was a campaign waged against the

a. socialists

b. Lutherans

c. immigrants

d. Catholics

Catholics

The “Young Turks”

a. formed an alliance with France to aid in the prevention of future encroachments on its territory

b. were a group of Ottoman Nationalists who fought in the Russo-Turkish War

c. were a group of educated Turks, who, in 1908, forced the Turkish sultan to establish a constitutional government

d. rejected the introduction of Western science and political reforms

were a group of educated Turks, who, in 1908, forced the Turkish sultan to establish a constitutional government

Friedrich Nietzsche believed that human beings must become “supermen” and

a. control their irrational impulses through artistic expression

b. transcend the bounds of cultural conformity

c. achieve mastery over all antisocial behavior

d. reform social, economic, and political organizations

transcend the bounds of cultural conformity

Bismarck enacted several social reforms, including sickness insurance, because

a. his ethical standards were high and he saw legislation as his Christian duty

b. Germany was experiencing a typhoid epidemic

c. he wanted to win the loyalty of the German working class

d. reports showed that the German population was seriously undernourished

he wanted to win the loyalty of the German working class

Which European city acted as the money market of the world during the late nineteenth century?

a. Brussels

b. Vienna

c. Paris

d. London

London

The almost universal adoption of ________ helped make global trade possible by making currency exchanges predictable and safe.

a. floating currency

b. the gold standard

c. the International Monetary Fund’s guidelines

d. free silver

the gold standard

The League of Nations

a. consisted of both nations from the Allied and Central Powers, as a way to create goodwill

b. was well intentioned as a way to avoid future world wars, but was hobbled from the start by the interests and fears of its members

c. was bitterly opposed by the American President Woodrow Wilson, because he feared it threatened American independence

d. had failed to stop the First World War, and as a result, was abolished in the Treaty of Versailles

was well intentioned as a way to avoid future world wars, but was hobbled from the start by the interests and fears of its members

In order to blockade Britain and apply pressure on the Allies, Germany resorted to

a. bombing the English Channel with airships

b. suicide attacks on British shipping vessels

c. unrestricted submarine warfare

d. sabotaging British ports

unrestricted submarine warfare

What or who were the soviets?

a. field officers of the Bolshevik movement who directed revolutionary forces during 1917

b. special committees of the Duma (Russia’s parliament)

c. local councils of workers and soldiers throughout Russia after the February Revolution

d. non-Russian territories controlled by Moscow during the Russian Revolution

local councils of workers and soldiers throughout Russia after the February Revolution

Which Allied leader proposed the “Fourteen Points” as a plan for peace toward the end of the war?

a. Georges Clemenceau

b. Woodrow Wilson

c. Vittorio Orlando

d. David Lloyd George

Woodrow Wilson

During World War I, the ________ gave British approval to establish a national home for European Jews in Palestine.

a. Balfour Declaration

b. Churchill Decree

c. Jerusalem Accord

d. Atlantic Charter

Balfour Declaration

Prior to World War I, the Triple Entente consisted of Britain, France, and which country?

a. Russia

b. Italy

c. Germany

d. Belgium

Russia

With so much of the male population of European countries in uniform during the war, women increasingly filled industrial positions from which they had heretofore been excluded. In Britain, these women were collectively dubbed

a. Angels of the Factories

b. Bombadiers

c. Rockettes

d. Munitionettes

Munitionettes

In the early days of the war, the German army won a stunning victory over the Russians at the battle of ____________________, taking 92,000 prisoners and halting the Russian advance.

a. Verdun

b. Lutsk

c. Brest-Litovsk

d. Tannenberg

Tannenberg

The sinking of the British passenger ship _____________ by a German submarine in 1915 was a major factor in provoking the animosity of the Unites States.

a. the Queen Mary

b. Highlander

c. Lusitania

d. Andrea Doria

Lusitania

Which nations competed to replace the Ottoman empire in the Balkans before World War I?

a. Germany and Britain

b. Austria-Hungary and Russia

c. Belgium and France

d. France and Austria-Hungary

Austria-Hungary and Russia

The Bolsheviks in Russia were ultimately able to triumph in October 1917 under the leadership of the young, dedicated revolutionary

a. Alexander Alexandravich Kerensky

b. Nicholas Alexandravich Romanov

c. Vladimir Lenin

d. Lev Denisovich Bronnstein

Vladimir Lenin

Although the dual monarchy of Austria–Hungary had ethnic problems within many of its provinces, the most volatile of all proved to be within the province of ______, which sparked World War I.

a. Bosnia

b. Croatia

c. Bulgaria

d. Serbia

Bosnia

Germany depended upon imports for a third of its food supply. The logic of “total war” therefore led the Allies to initiate ________ Germany in order to weaken its economy.

a. a bombing campaign against

b. a series of tariffs on goods from

c. a naval blockade

d. a series of economic sanctions against

a naval blockade

“Lawrence of Arabia” was, in real life, British officer T. E. Lawrence, who

a. popularized Arab guerrilla actions against the Turks

b. was responsible for the plan to draw the Americans into the war on the side of the British

c. worked as a spy for the Americans during the war

d. wrote Catch-22 about his experiences in the war

popularized Arab guerrilla actions against the Turks

The Ottoman Empire’s involvement in the First World War altered the dynamics of the war by threatening Russia’s supply lines and

a. the safety of the British–French fleet in the Aegean sea

b. the fortified Greek city of Athens

c. Britain’s control of the Suez Canal

d. disallowing a combined striking force of French and British on the Eastern front

Britain’s control of the Suez Canal

The abdication of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia in February 1917 was caused by

a. poor health exacerbated by the harsh conditions he experienced at the front lines, where he was personally commanding the Russian army

b. Russia’s unconditional surrender to Germany following the loss of over 1 million men at the battle of Tannenberg

c. a loosely organized march of women demanding food, fuel, and political reform that quickly spiraled into a mass strike which the army joined

d. a widespread conspiracy headed by Grigorii Rasputin that included many members of the royal family

a loosely organized march of women demanding food, fuel, and political reform that quickly spiraled into a mass strike which the army joined

The Zimmerman telegram

a. revealed that Germany would support Mexican attempts to reclaim territory if the United States entered World War I

b. revealed a detailed German plan to invade Belgium

c. outlined Germany’s plan to engage in a naval blockade of Atlantic ports

d. detailed Germany’s plan to expediate the construction of tanks

revealed that Germany would support Mexican attempts to reclaim territory if the United States entered World War I

Which European power benefited the most from its vast network of colonial dominions in supporting its efforts in World War I?

a. Germany

b. Britain

c. Spain

d. Russia

Britain

After the assassination of Franz Ferdinand, Austria–Hungary held the nation of ________ responsible. The military mobilization of these two countries against one another activated the treaty obligations of other nations, such as ________, that were committed to helping Austria-Hungary.

a. France; Russia

b. Serbia; Germany

c. Germany; Britain

d. Serbia; France

Serbia; Germany

The president of the United States during the First World War was

a. Franklin D. Roosevelt

b. William McKinley

c. Woodrow Wilson

d. Theodore Roosevelt

Woodrow Wilson

The German Schlieffen Plan envisioned a

a. sudden attack on Russia through what is now Poland

b. naval blockade of the British Isles

c. sweeping attack through Belgium to defeat the French outside Paris

d. joint attack with Italy against France

sweeping attack through Belgium to defeat the French outside Paris

Great Britain fought against the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East, where the most crucial advantage in its victory over the Turks was

a. the ability to read coded Turkish messages after the British cracked the Turkish military code in 1915

b. the Turkish inability to fight on Saturdays, their holy day when no violent acts could be committed

c. that the Turks were forced to rely on mercenaries to fight since they had no standing army

d. the support of various Arab peoples seeking independence from the Turks

the support of various Arab peoples seeking independence from the Turks

The German ________ Plan, which was developed in the 1890s, laid out a strategy for how to avoid fighting a two-front war.

a. Bismarck

b. von Hindenburg

c. Schileffen

d. Valkyrie

Schileffen

The Ottoman Empire’s involvement in the First World War altered the dynamics of the war by threatening Russia’s supply lines and

a. disallowing a combined striking force of French and British on the Eastern front

b. Britain’s control of the Suez Canal

c. the safety of the British–French fleet in the Aegean sea

d. the fortified Greek city of Athens

Britain’s control of the Suez Canal

The ________, signed in 1918, officially announced Russia’s withdrawal from the First World War.

a. Treaty of Kiev

b. Treaty of Hesse Darmstadt

c. Treaty of Versailles

d. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

One of the most important reasons for the American entry into the First World War was

a. Woodrow Wilson’s idealistic interest in extending the Fourteen Points throughout postwar Europe

b. the German U-boat attacks on neutral and unarmed American ships

c. Austrian plans to invade Cuba

d. England and the United States had a longstanding contractual obligation to aid each other in their international conflicts

the German U-boat attacks on neutral and unarmed American ships

In 1915, _______________ joined Germany and Austria in the Central Powers and _______________ joined the Allied Powers.

a. Spain, Russia

b. The Ottoman Empire, Italy

c. Russia, The United States

d. Iran, Brazil

The Ottoman Empire, Italy

Which of the postwar treaties assigned primary responsibility for starting the war to Germany?

a. Treaty of Saint Germain

b. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

c. Treaty of Versailles

d. Treaty of Sèvres

Treaty of Versailles