Three types of muscle tissue
o Compare and contrast the three basic types of muscle tissue.
• List four characteristics of muscle tissue.
• List the functions of muscle tissue
• Describe the gross structure of a skeletal muscle.
o Organization of muscle, fascicle, muscle fiber, myofibril, myofilaments
o Connective tissue sheaths of skeletal muscle:
▪ epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium.
o Describe what origins and insertions are in a general terms
• Describe the microscopic structure and functional roles of the myofibrils, sarcomere, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and T tubules of skeletal muscle fibers.
o Myoglobin, glycosomes
o M line, Z disc
o Triad
• Sliding filament model of muscle contraction
• Composition of thick and thin filaments
o Structure of Actin, Tropomyosin, Troponin, Myosin
• AP, hyperpolarization, depolarization
• Ion channel function
• Refractory period
• Explain how muscle fibers are stimulated to contract by describing events that occur at the neuromuscular junction.
• Follow the events of excitation-contraction coupling that lead to cross bridge activity.
• Describe cross bridge cycling
• Define motor unit and muscle twitch, and describe the events occurring during the three phases of a muscle twitch.
• Muscle Atrophy
• Explain how smooth, graded contractions of a skeletal muscle are produced.
o Temporal summation
o Multiple motor unit summation (recruitment)
▪ Know the recruitment thresholds
• Differentiate between isometric and isotonic contractions.
• Describe three ways in which ATP is generated during skeletal muscle contraction.
o Be able to compare and contrast the three modes of ATP generation
o Know important molecules (i.e. creatine), whether oxygen is necessary, by-products (i.e. lactic acid)
• Define EPOC and muscle fatigue. List possible causes of muscle fatigue.
• Describe factors that influence the force, velocity, and duration of skeletal muscle contraction.
• Describe the three types of skeletal muscle fibers (slow and fast oxidative, fast glycolytic)
• Compare and contrast the effects of aerobic and resistance exercise on skeletal muscles
• Compare the gross and microscopic anatomy of smooth muscle cells to that of skeletal muscle cells
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