A&P Exam 5

The sensory receptors, neurons and their pathways make up the ________ division of the nervous system.

afferent

The conversion of a stimulus into an action potential is

transduction.

Which of the following best explains why the body "remembers" painful injuries long after they have been healed?

Pain receptors are slow-adapting receptors, so they adapt very slowly to changes in the PNS, such as the healing of an injury.

Your brain is not constantly bombarded with signals telling it that you are wearing socks. This is because the touch receptors around your ankle are

phasic receptors and fast-adapting.

In order for a sensation to become a perception,

it must reach the somatosensory cortex.

Central adaptation refers to

inhibition of nuclei along a sensory pathway.

Peripheral adaptation ________ the number of action potentials that reach the CNS.

decreases

Sensory information from all parts of the body is routed to

the thalamus.

A ________ potential is a depolarization of a sensory dendrite that can lead to an afferent nerve impulse.

generator

If a nerve impulse was transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS) on a C fiber, __________.

it would lead to a slow sensation of pain

Which of the following is the best illustration for Golgi tendon organ activation?

a male gymnast performing an iron cross on the rings apparatus

You cannot tell when your small intestines shift position as food enters because you do not have any ________ there.

proprioceptors

Receptors in your stomach that determine when food enters because the pH changes are

chemoreceptors.

Two types of receptors that are least likely to adapt are

proprioceptors and nociceptors.

Chemoreceptors of the general senses do not send information to the primary sensory cortex but instead send information to the

brain stem.

Endorphins can reduce the perception of sensations initiated by

nociceptors.

Mechanoreceptors that respond to changes in blood pressure are

baroreceptors.

A fast-adapting tactile receptor that is composed of a single dendrite enclosed by concentric layers of collagen is a

lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscle

For the last few weeks, you have had an odd sensation on your upper thigh. When you touch the naked skin, it feels very strange, like you are touching your skin through layers of cloth. The surrounding area feels normal. Your doctor thinks that this may be related to spinal nerve damage due to a herniated disc. The doctor calls this change in sensation

paresthesia.

The tract that carries sensations from muscle spindles to the CNS is the __________.

spinocerebellar

What is the minimum number of synapses that must be crossed before an afferent nerve impulse becomes a perception?

three

The spinal tract that relays information concerning pain and temperature to the CNS is the

lateral spinothalamic.

Your uncle was just diagnosed with a heart attack. One of his major symptoms is left arm pain. This phenomenon is ________ pain.

referred

Each of the following is an ascending tract in the spinal cord

except

the

reticulospinal tract.

The afferent neuron that carries the sensation and enters the CNS is a ________ neuron.

first-order

We can localize sensations that originate in different areas of the body because

sensory neurons from specific body regions project to specific cortical regions.

The motor pathway that decussates in the medulla oblongata is the __________ tract.

lateral corticospinal

The corticospinal pathway begins in which area of the brain?

primary motor cortex

The larger the body structure is on the motor homunculus the ________ they have.

more motor units

The rubrospinal tracts originate in the

red nuclei.

The neurons of the primary motor cortex are ________ cells.

pyramidal

The spinal tract that plays a role in the subconscious regulation of the muscles of the arms is the ________ tract.

rubrospinal

The spinal tract that unconsciously maintains balance and muscle tone is the ________ tract.

vestibulospinal

The medial pathway that controls involuntary movements of head, neck, and arm position in response to sudden visual and auditory stimuli is the ________ tract.

tectospinal

Some neurons within the basal nuclei are known to

inhibit neurons with GABA and stimulate neurons with acetylcholine.

The sympathetic division of the ANS is also known as which of the following?

thoracolumbar division

Preganglionic fibers leave the CNS and then synapse on

ganglionic neurons.

Preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system are located in

both the brainstem and the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord.

Ganglionic neurons innervate all of the following

except

skeletal muscle.

A visceral motor neuron whose cell body is within the CNS is called a(n) ________ neuron.

preganglionic

In which system are the ganglia in or near the target organ?

parasympathetic division of the ANS

Visceral motor neuron nuclei are located in which part of the brain?

hypothalamus

Sympathetic nerve activity would cause all of the following responses EXCEPT __________.

increased stomach motility

Sympathetic postganglionic fibers that innervate the small intestines originate from the

superior mesenteric ganglion.

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers are ________ and have ________ axons.

short; myelinated

Postganglionic axons are usually

unmyelinated.

Collateral ganglia innervate tissues and organs in which cavity?

abdominopelvic

Which of the following is a modified sympathetic ganglion that releases hormones?

adrenal medullae

Splanchnic nerves

innervate the viscera.

Brad was in an accident that severed the white rami communicantes of spinal nerves T1 and T2 on the left side. What organ(s) would you expect to be affected by this injury?

left pupil and heart

Sympathetic axon terminals form a branching network of swollen segments called

varicosities.

Stimulation of the beta-1 receptors on heart muscle cells results in all of the following

except

decreased oxygen use.

If the receptor on the postsynaptic membrane binds to norepinephrine, the synapse is called

adrenergic.

Norepinephrine may lead to an increase or decrease in cAMP levels in a target based on the

type of receptor.

Which response is NOT part of sympathetic activation?

decreased muscle tone

Which of the following statements concerning the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is

false

Short preganglionic fibers and long postganglionic fibers.

Damage to the glossopharyngeal nerve would likely cause

a reduction in saliva.

The ganglia located lateral to the vertebral column are part of the sympathetic

chain.

Dual innervation refers to an organ receiving

both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation.

Nerve networks that include both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers that reach the same structure are called

autonomic plexuses.

A decrease in the autonomic tone of the smooth muscle in a blood vessel would result in

an increase in blood flow through the vessel.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a visceral reflex?

tendon reflex

Long-term memories that are with you for a lifetime are called ________ memories.

tertiary

Conversion of a short-term memory to a long-term memory is called memory

consolidation.

The regulation of sleep-wake cycles appears to involves brain stem nuclei that use different neurotransmitters. The one that favors alertness is ________ and the other promoting deep sleep is ________.

norepinephrine; serotonin

During ________ sleep, dreaming occurs.

REM

Huntington's disease is caused by the destruction of basal nuclei that produce the neurotransmitters ________ and ________.

acetylcholine; GABA

During deep sleep, which of these changes is/are NOT normally observed?

rapid eye movements

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by all of the following

except

that it

has a clear genetic basis.

Which of these changes DOES NOT normally accompany aging?

decreased subarachnoid space