Central Nervous Sys - Exam 5!

why is central nervous system known as CNS

organs in it sit in the centre of the body - includes brain and spinal cord

brain + spinal cord protected by what

brain is protected by skull bones

spinal cord protected by vertebrae

name of protective coverings/membranes that sit around brain + spinal cord **

where is it located?**

meninges

• they sit underneath skull and under vertebrae

4 parts of adult brain (most inferior to up) and subparts **

• brainstem

• —> medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain

• cerebellum

• cerebrum - biggest part of brain

• diencephalon

• —> epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus

what part of brain continues down as spinal cord **

• medulla oblongata of the brainstem!

diencephalon diagram

gray matter (in brain) **

whr unmyelinated dendrite and cell bodies

white matter(in brain) **

whr myelinated axons

most outer region of brain is made of what

gray matter - only has cell bodies + dendrites

middle area of brain is made of what

white matter - only has myelinated axons

deepest area of brain is made of what

• gray matter - only has cell bodies + dendrites!

brain development started from what

• a straight neural tube

• anterior (rostral) part

• posterior (caudal) part

• blue is the hollow space - called neural cavity/cavity of the brain/tube

• —> will be later filled with fluids of brain

primary brain vesicles (bumps) derived from neural tube (/anterior to posterior)

• prosencephalon - made into forebrain (prosefor)

• mesencephalon - made into midbrain (mesmid)

• rhombencephalon - made into hindbrain (rhombhind)

secondary brain vesicles (bumps) derived from primary brain vesicles anterior to posterior

• prim: prosencaphalon (which makes forebrain) = telencephalon + diencephalon

• prim: mesencephalon (midbrain) = mesencephalon

• prim: rhombencephalon (hindbrain) = metencephalon + myelencephalon

what forms from telencephalon

• cerebrum / cerebral hemispheres

what forms from diencephalon

diencephalon (epithalmus, thalmus, hypothalmus) +(retina)

what forms from mesencephalon

midbrain of brainstem

what forms from metencephalon

• pons of brain stem

• cerebellum

what forms from myelencephalon

• medulla oblongata of brain stem

what cells makes brain and spinal cord

neurons

3rd ventricle connected to 4th ventricle via **

cerebral aqueduct

where is 4th ventricle located

brainstem

each of 2 lateral ventricle connected to third ventricle via **

interventricular foramen

where is 3rd ventricle present

diencephalon

outer region of spinal cord is made of what

• white matter

deeper region of spinal cord is made of what

• gray matter

cavities of brain called what and they are what

ventricles - are CSF filled spaces in the brain that are continuous with each other

what are ventricles

• cerebrospinal fluid filled spaces that are continuous with one another in the brain

what makes CSF ***

ependymal cells

what are ventricles lined with

ependymal cells that make CSF for ventricles

1st and 2nd ventricles of brain called

2 lateral ventricles

• they are like ram horns - c shaped

• they are present in the cerebrum / cerebral hemispheres

• filled with CSF

• 1ST AND 2ND LATERAL VENTRICLE SEPARATED BY A MEMBRANE CALLED SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM

all ventricles in brain

filled with CSF made by ependymal cells

hindbrain AKA

brainstem

how many ventricles in brain

4

central canal

• cavity in the spinal cord filled with CSF

what is biggest part of brain

• cerebrum

3 markings of the cerebrum

• gyri

• sulci

• fissures

• sulci + fissures = depressions

gyri + func **

• ridges/bumps of cerebrum

• func: increase surface area of cerebrum

sulci

• shallow grooves of cerebrum

fissures

• deep grooves of cerebrum

longitudinal fissure

• is deep groove in middle of brain that separates cerebrum into right + left cerebral hemispheres

transverse cerebral fissure

• separates cerebrum and cerebellum

right side of brain controls

left side of body

left cerebral hemisphere controls

right side of body

central sulcus **

• separates frontal lobe and parietal lobe

lateral sulcus

• outlines temporal lobes

parieto-occipital sulcus

• separates occipital and parietal lobes

what things divide cerebrum into lobes **

sulci - shallow grooves

what thing divides cerebrum into hemispheres **

(longitudinal) fissure

most outer region of cerebrum is called **

cerebral cortex - made of gray matter - cell bodies and dendrites

middle region of cerebrum is callled

white matter - no name

deepest region of cerebrum is called

• is made of gray matter - cell bodies and dendrites

• -is called basal ganglia / basal nuclei

cerebral cortex

• most outer region of brain - made of thin superficial layer of gray matter - cell bodies and dendrites

• is executive suite of brain

• is responsible for most activities of the body

• controls awareness, resp for receiving any type of sensations (pressure, pain etc.), voluntary movements, memory storage, understanding, communication

• also has BVs + no axons

func of left hemisphere

• is dominating hemisphere

• controls speech, language, reading, planning, writing. math, analysis, logic (all IQ funcs)

func of right hemisphere

• is chill will hemisphere

• is creative/artistic hemisphere

• controls emotions, artistic behavior, imagination, musical skills, visual + spatial skills (hands on skills?)

corpus callosum

• fibers responsible for taking info between cerebral hemispheres

2 areas of cerebrum/cerebral cortex

• sensory areas

• motor areas

sensory area of cerebral cortex

• part of brain receives info from body

motor area of cerebral cortex

• send info from brain back to body

sensory

• info from body to brain

motor

• info from brain to body

lobes of brain

• frontal

• parietal

• occipital

• temporal

frontal lobe func

• controls behavior + emotions

• resp for problem solving

• resp for thinking + concentrating

• controls body movements

• Broca’s area in frontal lobe controls expressive speech (when u listen to somoene + express your thoughts into words)

Broca’s area **

• in frontal lobe

• func": resp for expressive speech

• -if broca’s area is damaged, you can understand what someone is saying but you cant express yourself

parietal lobe

• resp for senses like pain, temp, touch, pressure, vibration

• resp for processing, vision, hearing

occipital lobe func

• controls vision / eyesight

temporal lobe

• controls speech, hearing, memory, understanding, language

• controls balance, equilibrium

• has wernicke’s area

WERNICKE’S area **

• in temporal lobe

• controls comprehension of speech

• if area is damaged, you cant comprehend your thoughts into your words

basal nuclei/ganglia of cerebrum **

• deepest area of brain - made of gray matter

• adjusts + refines (smoothens0 voluntary movements

• controls subconscious skeletal muscle tone

• provides a basic pattern / rhythm to skeletal muscles

• HELP COORDINATE LEARNED MOVEMENT PATTERNS (E.g. walking)

cells of basal nuclei/ganglia do what

• release neurotransmitter called dopamine

• resp for giving slight tone in skeletal muscles

diencephalon is made of what

• gray matter - only has (unmyelinated) cell bodies + dendrites - we call it nuclei in CNS

• assoc with (enclose) third ventricle

• 3 parts: epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus

epithalamus **

• is most dorsal part of diencephalon

FORMS ROOF OF 3RD VENTRICLE

• HAS PINEAL GLAND/PINEAL BODY IN IT

• PINEAL GLAND PRODUCES MELATONIN THAT HELPS YOU SLEEP (sleep / wake cycle)

thalamus **

• is egg shaped part, biggest part of diencephalon

• makes the upper and lateral walls of the 3rd ventricle!

• we have many cell bodies/nucleis here

• most imp func: IS RELAY STATION / correction centre/ rest area for all info

• —> THIS AREA RECEIVES INFO + sorts info + editing info then processing it to the next part of the brain

• any info coming from brainstem, cerebellum, cerebrum will stop in the thalamus, edited, sorted, then moved to wherever it needs to go!

• info comes from body, goes up to cerebrum, or comes from cerebrum and goes towards the body!

hypothalamus **

• func: FORMING CAP OVER BRAINSTEM + MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS + CONTROL AUTONOMIC/AUTOMATIC ACTIVITIES e.g. BREATHING, DIGESTION

• IMPORTANT NUCLEI: HERE

• has mamillary bodies/mamillary nuclei:

• —> func: all info relating to smell will stop + be sorted in the mamiillary bodies!

• may control pleasure, fear, anger, sex drive, body temp by shivering/ sweating

• may regulate hunger + satiety

• control water balance

• maybe control sleep

mamillary bodies

• collection of cell bodies in hypothalamus resp for processing + sorting smell info

nuclei

• cell bodies in CNS

brain stem is made of

gray matter

• cell bodies + dendrite of neuron

cell bodies + dendrite of neurons in CNS = *

nuclei

what part of brainstem continues down as spinal cord

• medulla oblongata

midbrain **

• is 1st part of brainstem

• SITS BETWEEN DIENCEPHALON + PONS