Module 4 Flashcards

Chapter 11 (Anxiety Disorders), Chapter 13 (OCD), Chapter 15 (Somatic Symptoms), Chapter

Agoraphobia

An anxiety disorder in which a person has an intense fear of being in places or situations where escaping might be difficult or help might not be available.

Anxiety

Anticipated fear marked by cautious or avoiding behavior, muscle tension, and active preparation for future danger.

Apprehensive expectation

Excessive anxiety and worry.

Fear

An emotional response to perceived or real immediate danger associated with thoughts of imminent threat, autonomic arousal (fight-or-flight response), and escape behaviors.

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

The brain's main inhibitory (calming) neurotransmitter. It helps slow down nerve activity, reducing brain excitability and promoting relaxation.

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

Excessive worry and anxiety that occurs often for at least 6 months without a specific cause or because of multiple causes such as school, work performance, and/or family concerns.

Panic attack

A sudden episode of intense fear or discomfort that comes on quickly, often reaching its strongest point within 10 minutes. It can happen even when there is no real danger.

Separation anxiety disorder

Excessive and developmentally inappropriate fear and anxiety about loss of an attachment figure that persists in adults for at least 6 months and children/adolescents for at least 4 months, resulting in functional impairments in education, social, occupational, and/or other relevant areas of performance.

Social anxiety disorder

Avoidance and fear of situations that may elicit criticism, embarrassment, or negative evaluation.

Specific phobia

An intense irrational fear of a particular object or situation that leads individuals to avoid the object and situation.

Body dysmorphic disorder

A mental health disorder characterized by an intense preoccupation with a perceived flaw or defect in one’s physical appearance that is either not noticeable or appears minor to others.

Compulsions

Repetitive acts that a person feels driven to perform in response to obsessions.

Hair pulling disorder (trichotillomania)

A body-focused repetitive behavior (BFRB) characterized by an irresistible urge to pull out one’s own hair, including hair from the scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes, or other areas of the body.

Hoarding disorder

A mental health disorder characterized by a persistent difficulty discarding or getting rid of possessions, regardless of their actual value, because of intense distress associated with throwing them away.

Skin picking disorder (excoriation)

A body-focused repetitive behavior (BFRB) characterized by recurrent, uncontrollable skin picking that causes noticeable skin damage, including wounds, scabs, scars, and tissue injury.

Obsessions

Recurring intrusive, irrational thoughts or impulses that cause significant anxiety, distress, or fear.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

A neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by recurrent, unwanted, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) that a person feels driven to perform to reduce anxiety.

Repetitive behaviors

Actions or rituals that a person feels driven to perform repeatedly, often in response to unwanted thoughts, urges, or feelings of anxiety.

Chronic pain

Pain that causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning for a duration greater than 6 months.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

A treatment approach that helps individuals identify and change unhelpful thoughts, emotions, and behaviors related to their physical symptoms.

Dystonic movements

A neurological movement disorder in which sustained muscle contractions cause twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures.

Idiopathic

Spontaneous development of a disease or medical condition for which the cause is unknown.

Illness anxiety disorder

A mental health disorder in which a person has an intense preoccupation or fear of having or developing a serious illness despite having little or no medical evidence of disease. The person may misinterpret normal body sensations or minor symptoms as signs of a severe illness.

Malingering

Intentional production or exaggeration of physical or psychological symptoms for an external benefit or gain. The person knowingly fakes or increases symptoms to achieve something.

Munchausen syndrome

A factitious disorder that intentionally creates, exaggerates, or fakes physical or psychological symptoms in oneself or another person in order to receive attention, sympathy, or the “sick role.” Unlike malingering, the goal is not financial gain or an external reward.

Pain

A physical suffering or discomfort caused by illness or injury.

Psychological factors

Factors affecting other medical conditions that are behavioral or psychological and can exacerbate or influence the pathophysiology of the medical condition.

Somatic symptoms

Physical symptoms (such as pain, fatigue, dizziness, or stomach problems) that cause significant distress and are influenced by a person’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

Which diagnosis is rarely treated with psychopharmacology?

Specific phobias

When is the typical age of onset for panic disorder?

Early to middle adulthood

Older adults who are prescribed benzodiazepine medication for their anxiety are at risk for which of the following?

Falls due to the side effects impacting balance

Social phobia is an outdated term. The new classification of this diagnosis is which of the following?

Social anxiety disorder

When do phobias typically arise?

Childhood

A sociocultural contributor to BDD is:

Unhealthy attitudes associated with physical appearance, along with maladaptive beliefs about the importance of appearance.

A serious complication with HPD is:

Development of hairballs in the stomach from chewing/swallowing hair.

HPD and SPD are often discussed together because:

It appears that SPD shares etiological elements with HPD.

BDD represents a severe preoccupation with a perceived defect that:

May be a normal variation of a body trait.

HD is notoriously hard to treat because:

The standard CBT approach for treating OCD is inadequate.

When medical testing is considered normal or when one or more symptoms related to a motor or sensory impairment reported are inconsistent in nature, the disorder is called:

Conversion disorder.

Preoccupation with the fear of having or the idea that one has a serious disease based upon the person’s misinterpretation of bodily symptoms is called:

Illness anxiety disorder.

This disorder is the exaggerating of an illness upon a child typically to gain sympathy for the caregiver.

Munchausen syndrome by proxy.

Illness anxiety disorders are noted to have an unclear development and course but are noted to be rarer in:

Children.

Individuals with _________ disorder could go to extremes to alter medical test results to help support their subjective complaints.

Factitious

Affect

The display of emotion, particularly facial expression

Anhedonia

Lack of interest in previously pleasurable activities

Avolition

Lack of drive or ambition to complete goal-directed tasks or activities

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

A personality disorder defined by chronic emotional instability, impulsivity, fear of abandonment, and intense, short-lived mood swings

Cyclothymia

A chronic, mild mood disorder

Depression

A common, serious mood disorder that causes persistent feelings of sadness, emptiness, and a loss of interest in activities

Flight of ideas

Rapidly changing, disconnected thoughts

Grandiosity

An inflated sense of self-esteem or importance

Hypomania

Elevated mood that is less intense than full mania

Mania

A period of extreme high energy or mood associated with bipolar disorder

Psychosis

The presence of delusions or hallucinations without insight

The most widely prescribed “second-generation” medications for MDD that work by regulating neurotransmitters are called:

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)

Which medication for BPD was the first approved and most commonly used for mood stabilization?

Lithium

Which statement is true of MDD?

Women are more frequently diagnosed with MDD than men

Which of the following statements best describes depression among older adults?

The risk of depression and suicide increases when co-occurring physical illness or pain affects ability to function

Acute extrapyramidal side effects (EPS)

Sudden, involuntary movement disorders caused by drugs that block dopamine receptors, primarily antipsychotics

Alogia

Diminished speech output

Anosognosia

Lack of insight or awareness about the presence of their illness

Asociality

A lack of interest in social interactions

Catatonia

Marked psychomotor disturbances including lack of psychomotor activity or response to the environment, sudden muscle weakness while awake, rigidity or resistance to movement of body parts, mutism, lack of response to instructions, posturing or holding odd postures for long periods of time, agitation, grimacing, echolalia, and mimicking other’s movements

Delusions

Fixed false beliefs

Hallucinations

Perceptual disturbances that occur without external stimulus, such as hearing or seeing things that are not there

Negative symptoms

Symptoms experienced internally and may be less visible to others, including diminished emotional expression (restricted affect) and lack of volition

Positive symptoms

Symptoms easily observed by others, such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and disorganized behavior

Schizophrenia

A chronic brain disorder that alters how a person interprets reality, leading to hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking

Which one of the following is considered a safe, effective treatment for individuals with schizophrenia who are not responding to medications?

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Which one of the following has been linked to higher rates of schizophrenia?

Chronic cannabis use

Which is an example of a “negative” symptom of schizophrenia?

Avolition

Serious side effects of medications can contribute to decreased quality of life. What side effect is characterized by involuntary facial and body movements that can remain permanent even after medication is stopped?

Tardive dyskinesia

An example of a referential delusion is the fixed belief that:

Celebrities on TV are secretly communicating to him or her through coded messages